果园地面覆盖对苹果果实品质和矿质营养的影响

以‘华红’苹果为试材,研究了果园地面覆盖方式对果实品质和矿质营养含量的影响。结果表明,覆盖能降低果实可滴定酸含量,提高单果重、可溶性固形物含量和维生素C含量,改善果实质地,增加果实磷、钙、镁、硼、铁、铜含量。稻壳炭覆盖、秸秆覆盖和生草覆盖可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量分别比清耕(对照)高2.69%和4.77%以上。稻壳炭覆盖果皮穿刺强度最大,地布覆盖果肉坚实度和果肉纤维指数最大。果实钾、钙、镁含量以稻壳炭覆盖最高,氮、磷、铁含量以生草覆盖最高,钙、硼含量以秸秆覆盖最高。     

菌剂和有机质处理对苹果园土壤微生物和果实品质的影响

研究施用菌剂和有机质处理对苹果园土壤微生物和果实品质的影响,以探究提高苹果品质的措施。以'新红星'苹果为试验材料,设置菌剂和有机质的不同处理,测定不同处理条件下苹果园土壤微生物和果实品质的变化情况。结果表明,有机肥菌剂与有机肥生物炭处理土壤中的细菌、放线菌、真菌数量均高于有机肥氮肥和有机肥处理,有机肥菌剂处理单果重比有机肥处理增加了5.72%,果实硬度比有机肥处理和有机肥氮肥处理分别下降了7.73%、5.48%,可溶性固形物含量分别比有机肥生物炭和有机肥氮肥处理提高了12.61%、6.75%,可溶性糖含量分别比有机肥处理与有机肥氮肥处理增加了9.02%、15.11%。'新红星'的主要挥发性香气是酯类,有机肥生物炭处理和有机肥菌剂处理的果实中共检测到35种酯类物质,2-甲基丁酸丁酯在酯类中含量最高,有机肥菌剂处理果实的酯类含量最高。有机肥菌剂处理和有机肥生物炭处理均可增加土壤微生物数量,提高苹果品质。     

液体授粉对苹果坐果率及果实的影响

苹果液体授粉试验结果表明:液体授粉的花朵坐果率较自然授粉提高61.41%,花序坐果率提高13.73%;偏斜果率较自然授粉降低19.6%,果实纵径较自然授粉增加6.43 mm,果实横径较自然授粉增加8.27 mm。     

Light penetration,growth, and fruit productivity in ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to four growing systems

The study was conducted to document the range in soil nutrients, trunk and shoot growth, leaf characteristics and nutrient content, flower bud characteristics, yield, fruit quality, disease occurrence, light penetration, and shoot bark color in a 15-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard on M.26 rootstocks trained to four growing systems. SS trees naturally growing had greater width and volume than the LT lightly heading, MLT heavily heading, and S trees thinning and bending. LT trees had more upward terminal shoots at old branches, large numbers of lateral shoots, and longer total shoot length. Leaf [N], [P], and [K] were the lowest for the MLT trees. SS and S trees had greater flower bud density and fruit yield, but LT trees had poor fruit color and less soluble solids and firmness. Percent light penetration into the canopy was the highest with the S system but not different from MLT or SS. The lowest was for the LT system, however, it was not statistically different from MLT or SS.     

渭北产区苹果不同树形光照分布对果实品质的影响

试验以13年生自由纺锤形、小冠疏层形和中干开心形红富士果树为试材,测定了不同树形冠层的光照分布和果实品质指标。结果表明,中干开心形树冠光照分布均匀良好,果实品质优良,好于自由纺锤形和小冠疏层形,是优质苹果生产优先选择的树形。     

Reflective materials under hailnet improve orchard light utilisation,fruit quality and particularly fruit colouration

The increase in hailstorms, possibly due to climate change, has led to installation of hailnets in fruit orchards worldwide. This is associated with poorer fruit quality, particularly fruit colouration, which is determined by the light conditions viz diminishing light intensities and shorter day length in the autumn. To overcome these adverse effects of hailnets, five materials were examined as possible ground covers as to their light reflection and the subsequent effect on fruit quality including fruit colouration, using a 9-year-old apple orchard cv. ‘Gala Mondial’ on M9 under black hailnet near Bonn. The ground covers included the woven white plastic Extenday^R/Daybright™, the kaolin-coated, bio-degradable paper UniSet O™ and the aluminium-coated plastic Mylar™ and Svensson ILS Alu™; the latter is a white plastic interwoven with aluminium strips used as energy saving screen in greenhouses. The ground covers were spread in the alleyways 4–5 weeks before anticipated harvest; adjacent uncovered grass strips under the hailnet served as control. Light reflection, measured perpendicular at 1 m height in the alleyways at the time of fruit colouration, was 79–80% by Extenday^R/Daybright™, 75% by UniSet O™, 68% by Mylar™ and 58% by Svensson Alu ILS™. Apple fruit with any of the reflective ground covers ripened 2–3 days earlier without affecting internal fruit quality and sugar as indicative of taste. The reflective ground covers under black hailnet improved the proportion of well-coloured class I fruit relative to the control (uncovered grass) by an averaged 9%. Economic analysis showed that Extenday^R, with an expected lifetime of ten years (based on 4–6 weeks spread time per year) under hail nets in North-Western Europe, scored best based on 45 t ha⁻¹ yield in cv. ‘Gala Mondial’ and 0.40 € kg⁻¹ farm-gate price, resulting in 200 € ha⁻¹ net return. Manual labour for spreading and retrieving the ground covers had the major share of the overall gross cost and offers scope for improvement by mechanisation.     

套袋对苹果果实钙素吸收与分布的影响

以红富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.Fuji)为试材,进行了套袋处理,以不套袋果实为对照,测定其果实的Ca含量,研究套袋对果实钙素吸收与分布的影响。结果表明,果实套袋后,在花后40～90d,整果钙吸收量高于对照果实;从花后120d开始,对照果实整果钙含量一直高于套袋果实。此外,苹果果实在整个生长发育过程中对Ca都有吸收,花后40d内,苹果果实吸收整果钙含量的20%左右;从花后40d(套袋)到90d,果实钙吸收量迅速升高,对照果实可吸收整果钙含量的66.1%,套纸袋果实可吸收整果钙含量的73.8%;此外,在果实的成熟期仍有少量的钙吸收。果实套袋后,果实各个部分的钙含量变化与对照果实相比,果皮中钙含量明显低于对照果实,而果肉和果心的钙含量却高于对照果实。     

海南最大冬瓜94.2斤!拍出5000元

一个冬瓜卖出5000元！这是什么样的冬瓜？4月8日,海南省农业厅启动全省农产品擂台赛,在海南琼海市举行青皮冬瓜擂台赛。     

4个苹果品种果实品质的分析研究

对4个苹果品种富士、国光、金冠、红星的外观品种及营养成分进行比较分析,测定了其单果重、果形指数、硬度、糖酸含量、酚类物质含量等指标。结果表明,国光的酚类物质中绿原酸含量最高,酸度较高;红星的总多酚含量和原花青素含量最高,甜度高;富士和金冠的酚类物质含量较低。     

套袋对红富士苹果果实品质的影响

对红富士苹果进行套袋,观察套袋对苹果果实品质的影响。结果表明:套袋可促进果实着色,增加果面光洁度,减少病虫害,减少农药污染和残留,提高果实商品价值;但套袋对苹果也有一些不利影响,如降低果实糖度,导致风味变淡等。     

怎样提高''红富士''苹果质量

新疆建设兵团农四师78团位于伊犁地区特克斯县境内,天山支脉乌孙山脚下.该团现有果园800 hm2,主栽品种为‘红富士‘.由于地处山区,积温低,降雨量大,致使果个小,着色不匀,外观不理想.针对以上问题,我团进行了多年的调查和试验,使‘红富士‘苹果的质量得到很大提高,每666.7 m2较以前增收2 000元.我们的主要经验如下.……     

新型纸袋对红富士苹果果实品质的影响

以黄条纹纸袋、红蜡袋、新型纸袋3种不同的果袋为试材,研究不同摘袋方法对苹果果实品质的影响。结果表明,新型纸袋能够有效降低自然环境条件如强光、风、雨等对果实品质的影响,有效降低苹果摘袋后日灼发生率,提高果实表光。     

Apple tree growth and overall fruit quality under organic and conventional orchard management

Two apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchards, a conventional and an organic one, were compared in terms of plant growth, marketable fruit quality attributes (fruit weight, shape, color, phenolic compound concentration, nutrients) and yield. The two orchards were located nearby, in order to exclude possible pedoclimatic influences on the measured variables. The two management systems resulted in similar new season's shoot growth and similar fruit quality attributes, in terms of total soluble solids, juice pH, titratable acidity and color indexes, while the conventionally grown trees produced almost twice the yield of the organically managed ones. The flesh plus peel portion of the conventionally produced fruits exhibited higher total flavonoid and o-diphenols concentration, while the flesh portion presented higher flavonoid concentration. Nitrogen concentration was higher in all portions of conventionally grown fruits, while potassium, calcium, sodium and manganese concentrations were higher in the flesh portion of organically produced fruits. Significant differences were observed between management systems concerning fruit nutrient ratios, but their values were within the desired ranges, under both conventional and organic management systems.     

新疆红肉苹果杂交二代2个功能型株系果实风味品质的评价

【目的】探讨杂交二代(F2)2个功能型苹果优株及对照品种‘嘎拉’的果实风味品质,旨在为新疆野苹果资源的利用保存及功能型苹果育种理论与技术提供基本资料。【方法】以2个功能型苹果优株‘红心7号’和‘红心9号’为试材,以栽培品种‘嘎拉’为对照,对果实的类黄酮组分、糖酸组分、挥发性成分等风味物质的组成和含量进行检测分析。【结果】‘红心7号’与‘红心9号’硬度、Ca、Fe、Zn和花青苷含量及抗氧化能力均显著或极显著高于‘嘎拉’;3个参试材料均以果糖和苹果酸含量最高,2个功能型苹果优株糖、酸总量均显著高于‘嘎拉’;‘红心9号’果实各类挥发性成分种类数和特征香气成分种类数最高,含量以‘嘎拉’最高,但‘红心7号’各类挥发性成分和特征香气成分的种类数及含量均最低;‘红心9号’与‘红心7号’类黄酮含量分别是‘嘎拉’的3.1倍和2.3倍,但‘红心9号’味感偏酸,而‘红心7号’味感甜酸适口,与‘嘎拉’基本一致。【结论】‘红心7号’硬脆多汁,甜酸适口,果实类黄酮、花青苷和Ca、Fe、Zn含量及抗氧化能力均显著或极显著高于‘嘎拉’。因此,从新疆红肉苹果杂交二代分离群体中能够选育出综合品质优良的功能型苹果新品系。     

苹果采收适期与果实生物学指标的相关研究

对新红星、金冠等５个品种果实生物学指标在果实成熟和贮藏期变化规律进行了研究，并对其各自在判断果实成熟和确定采收适期中的作用和意义进行了评价。认为果实糖和酸含量、糖酸比例、可溶性固形物、维生素Ｃ等项指标只能指示果实品质的优劣；果肉硬度在果实成熟衰老过程中变化激烈，但进入成熟期有一缓慢变化时间，也降低了其判断成熟的精确性，只可作为参考指标；果实淀粉的消长规律直接反映果实的成熟状态，是果实成熟的重要标志。果实剖面淀粉磺－碘化钾染色面积大小，在一定程度上指示了果实成熟度，不同品种有其特定染色图谱。     

树盘反光膜铺设时间长短对苹果品质的影响

以13年生红富士苹果为试材,探讨反光膜铺设时间长短对果实品质的影响。结果表明,果园地面铺设反光膜能显著提高苹果果实维生素C含量和着色程度,降低果实可滴定酸含量,且铺设时间越长效果越好;铺设反光膜能显著增加果实红色度,反光膜铺设时间20天时,果实着色效果最好。     

不同果袋对红富士苹果果实品质的影响试验

以红富士为试材,进行不同果袋对苹果果实品质的影响试验。结果表明,套沂源丰华和青岛海王内袋双面压光双层纸袋,可以显著降低病虫果率,提高果面光洁度和着色度,但摘袋后至采收期间果实日烧率稍高;可溶性固形物含量及果实硬度有所降低。套沂源单层纸袋的病虫果率、日烧果率和果锈指数均高于双层纸袋;果面光洁度和着色度低于双层袋,但果实可溶性固形物含量较高。套菏泽塑膜袋的病虫果率和果锈指数均高于套双层和单层纸袋,但果实硬度及可溶性固形物含量较高,日烧果率很低。生产中宜推广应用沂源丰华和青岛海王双层纸袋,其缺点可以通过增施有机肥、摘袋前灌水及改进其他管理措施加以克服。     

红富士苹果不同树形冠层光照参数与果实品质产量关系的研究

以红富士苹果为试材,研究了高干开心形、小冠疏层形和纺锤形树冠外层、中层和内层光照强度以及光合特性的季节变化动态和日变化规律及其与果实品质产量的关系。结果表明,高干开心形红富士树冠外层、中层和内层的光强、光合速率、蒸腾速率显著高于小冠疏层形和纺锤形,且冠层光照分布均匀。不同树形的单株产量和品质也存在显著差异,高干开心形树形果实与其他2种树形相比,着色较好,可溶性固形物含量较高,收获时平均单果重显著高于小冠疏层形和纺锤形,且冠层内、中、外果实个体差异较小,但高干开心形树体产量低于传统树形。     

棕壤土苹果园土壤与叶片营养关系初探

通过苹果园土壤、叶片养分相关性分析 ,烟台棕壤土果园土壤有机质、交换性镁、有效锰、有效锌、有效硼与苹果叶片养分含量呈正相关 ,其中有效锌、有效硼与叶片养分含量分别达到显著和极显著相关 ,相关方程分别为 y =2 0 .88+8.479x和 y=4.2 9+ 6 7.71x ;土壤有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、有效铁与苹果叶片养分含量呈负相关。土壤交换性Ca/Mg以 3.7～ 6 .2较适宜 ,过大不仅影响树体对镁的吸收 ,并且也影响到对钙的均衡吸收 ,其中对镁吸收的影响达到显著水平 ;土壤Mg/K以大于 0 91以上较适宜 ,过低影响树体对钾的吸收 ,二者达到显著水平     

梨园套种平菇对土壤生物活性及果实品质的影响

【目的】为探明套种平菇对梨园土壤生物活性及梨果实品质的影响,【方法】在7 a生梨树行间覆土套种平菇,将出菇后的菇渣旋耕还田,以不套种平菇为对照,测定分析梨园0～60 cm不同土层中细菌、放线菌、真菌数量,微生物量碳、量氮,脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性以及成熟梨果实品质。【结果】结果表明,套种平菇显著提高0～40 cm土层3大类群土壤微生物数量、生物量及脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性,并随套种年限的增加趋于增加。连续3 a套种平菇处理的细菌、放线菌、真菌数量较对照提高47.4%、32.0%、125.1%;微生物量碳、量氮比对照提高25.6%、28.1%;土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性提高42.3%、47.2%、29.5%、11.6%。土壤微生物数量、生物量、脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性随土层加深均有所降低,而过氧化氢酶活性则呈升高趋势。套种平菇后能不同程度改善果实品质,显著提高了梨果单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物及可溶性糖含量,降低了可滴定酸含量。【结论】套种平菇对提高梨园0～40 cm土层土壤肥力、改善梨品质有显著效果。