紫罗兰色素的提取和稳定性研究

以紫色紫罗兰花瓣为原料,采用溶剂提取法,通过单因素试验和正交实验,对紫罗兰色素的提取工艺进行优化,并对色素的稳定性进行了研究。结果表明:紫色紫罗兰花瓣色素最佳提取工艺为:丙酮为提取剂、1∶40料液比、3.0h提取时间、55℃温度下效果最好;该色素不耐高温,耐氧化性较弱,紫外光有明显减色作用,中性偏弱酸性下能保持稳定,葡萄糖、柠檬酸对其有保护作用;Fe3+对色素有较大影响。     

Juvenile Phase and Flower Initiation in Brilliant Stocks (Matthiola Inc Ana R.Br.)

The effect of temperature and day-length on growth and flowering of the Scandinavian Brilliant-type stock (Mattkiola incana R. Br.) has been studied. Flower differentiation and development were examined.

Flower initiation was favoured by low temperature and long days, but a temperature as high as 20° C. (68 °F.) did not prevent flowering even under short-day (9 hours) conditions. A close interaction between temperature and day-length was observed.

High temperature was favourable for further development of the flowers, but abnormal flowers were developed if the plants were removed to high temperature before the first flower primordium was visible under the microscope.

Flower initiation was associated with accelerated stem elongation. Therefore, optimal temperature conditions for stem elongation changed with the developmental stages of the plants.

The plants responded to a low-temperature treatment as early as 12 days after germination, at which stage they had only two small leaves in addition'to the cotyledons. The Brilliant stocks have evidently a much shorter juvenile phase than that previously described for the Column type. This might be the main reason why the Brilliant stocks flower very early.

In single-flowered plants the differentiation of floral organs took place in the following sequence: sepals, stamens, carpels, petals. In this respect the stock showed a similar behaviour to that previously described for certain other cruciferous genera.

The results of the experiments are discussed in the light of previous studies concerning low-temperature effects, vernalization and related phenomena, on flowering. It is concluded that no true vernalization process is involved. The facts that the initiation took place immediately after exposure to low temperature, and that removal to high temperature caused abnormal flower development unless differentiation had reached a certain stage, form the main basis for this conclusion.     

Aerial tubers induced in turnip (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa (L.) Hartm.) by gibberellin treatment

We investigated the tuberization ability of the turnip (Brassica rapa L. var. rapa (L.) Hartm.) epicotyl. Epicotyl elongation was forced by continuous gibberellin (GA₃) application to make the epicotyl distinguishable from the fleshy hypocotyl and root. Tubers were induced mainly on the stunted apical parts that formed after cessation of GA₃ application. All of the five cultivars tested included non-tuberized plants and plants with various degrees of tuberization. Tuberization was caused by secondary growth of the xylem. Many long rows of vessels were arranged radially on the cross-section of the tuber. These histological characteristics are the same as those of the fleshy hypocotyl and root. Tuberization was very likely a genetic trait, because tuberous and non-tuberous lines were clearly distinguishable in the S₂ generation. These results suggest that B. rapa has potential for tuberization ability similar to that of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.) and swollen-stem mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. et Coss. var. tumida Tsen et Lee).     

Artificial cold treatment,gibberellin application and flowering response of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L.)

Juvenility, cold requirement and the effect of GA₃-application on flowering have been studied for some cultivars. If present, the juvenile phase was very short. Cold treatment for 8–12 weeks at 4 °C followed by 2 weeks at 10 °C gave flowering in all cultivars. Gibberellin sprays (250 or 500 p.p.m., 3 times) after an incomplete cold treatment promoted bolting and flowering even in the slow-bolting ‘Trero’, having the highest cold requirement.     

Cold and heat requirements of the apricot tree (Prunus armeniaca L.)

Summary

The cold units (CU) and heat units (HU) required for the flowering of 13 apricot cultivars (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivated in AbaraÂn (Murcia) have been established. The end of the dormancy period was determined on the basis of the dry-weight increase of the flower buds. The tests in which the dry weight was measured after forcing the flower buds at 208C turned out to be more precise in detecting the beginning of the reactivation phase than those in which they were not forced.     

Managing faba bean residues to enhance the fruit quality of the melon (Cucumis melo L.) crop

Mulching and/or topsoil incorporation of plant residues from green manure legumes can increase cropping system sustainability, and can supply and retain nutrients. Two field experiments were conducted in Italy over the period of 2006–2007, to investigate the effect of faba bean grown in a temperate environment to fruit morphology, quality and chemical composition of the subsequent melon (Cucumis melo L.) crop. Flowering faba bean plants were managed as mulch on the melon plant rows and cut and incorporated into the soil, in comparison with cultivated soil (control) and black plastic mulch.     

Polyamines enhance chilling tolerance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through modulating antioxidative system

Cucumber chilling-resistant cultivar Changchun mici and -sensitive cultivar Beijing jietou were used in this study to investigate the effects of exogenous PAs on protection against chilling injury as well as on changes of physiological features, and the fluctuation of free PAs content in the leaves under chilling stress. Upon chilling treatment, free spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm) and putrescine (Put) were remarkably induced in the leaves of cv. Changchun mici 1 day after treatment. The induction of Put declined thereafter, whereas Spd and Spm levels increased steadily. In the leaves of cv. Beijing jietou, Put content was increased only at 1 day after chilling while Spd content decreased significantly upon chilling treatment. Chilling reduced soluble protein content, and decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) only in Beijing jietou. However, these changes could be renovated by exogenous application of Put and Spd. It was also found that pretreatment with Put and Spd diminished the increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content caused by chilling in the leaves of both cultivars. Pretreatment of methyglyoxal-bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), the PAs biosynthetic inhibitor cancelled the effects of PAs in most of the treatments. Moreover, histochemical staining and quantitative measurements showed that exogenous application of Put and Spd eliminated but MGBG exaggerated the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation caused by chilling stress, especially in leaves of Beijing jietou. Interestingly, Changchun mici was found to contain higher endogenous free PAs contents compared to Beijing jietou. While no significant difference of SOD, POD and CAT activities was found between non-chilling Changchun mici and Beijing jietou seedlings, the former exhibited higher APX activity than the latter. These results suggest that PAs play important roles in the tolerance of cucumber against chilling stress, which is most likely achieved by acting as oxidative machinery against chilling injury.     

用于白菜和大白菜品种鉴定的EST-SSR复合标记的建立

 为了有效和全面鉴定白菜和大白菜品种, 研制了由3个引物对组成的6套EST-SSR复合标记 组合, 并形成了多重SSR的最佳实用试验条件。经由这6套标记组合完全鉴别了43个白菜和大白菜品种差异的检测, 并在3个大白菜杂交种个体之间的表现一致, 比较了单引物标记与复合标记的鉴定效率, 验证了这套技术和组合可以表达白菜和大白菜品种间多态性、品种内一致性及稳定性和重复性, 确认其可以高效准确和全面地鉴别白菜和大白菜品种的真实性和杂交种纯度。     

柿种质资源田间耐寒性调查分析

对国家柿种质资源圃内资源进行调查认为,2008年初的低温虽不是陕西历史上冬季的最低温度,但由于持续时间长,同期平均温度低于正常年份,是造成大部分柿资源严重受冻的直接主要原因。冻害程度与柿资源的种类、品种、嫁接采用的砧木、树体生长势的不同有很大关系。调查结果表明:涩柿品种耐寒性高于甜柿品种;我国原产的甜柿品种耐寒性大于日本甜柿品种;甜柿品种中耐寒性强弱顺序为:阳丰次郎禅寺丸大秋早秋西村早生;同一品种嫁接于西村早生为中间砧上的冻害重于直接嫁接在君迁子上的;高接1~2 a的资源及树势衰弱树受冻害程度高。     

结球甘蓝游离小孢子培养及植株再生

 以结球甘蓝的双交种和四交种为材料, 研究了影响甘蓝游离小孢子培养的若干因素。结果表明: 基因型是影响小孢子胚状体产生的最关键因素之一; 用高出胚的材料与不易出胚的材料杂交后, 能明显提高不易出胚材料的出胚能力; 双交种比单交种容易培养出健壮的胚, 成苗率也高; 高糖培养4 d后添加低糖培养液可显著提高胚产量。     

Development of SCAR markers to differentiate between mume (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) and apricot (P. armeniaca L.)

Summary

Mume (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) and apricot (P. armeniaca L.) are similar in fruit and tree morphology, and exhibit high cross- and graft-compatibility with each other. It is therefore difficult to differentiate mume and apricot cultivars on the basis of morphological and phenotypical characteristics. Molecular markers were developed to differentiate nine mume from ten apricot cultivars. Four dominant, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers that can discriminate between mume and apricot cultivars (designated OPA15₆₂₈, OPO10₅₅₀, OPO20₂₅₉, and OPU03₄₁₅) were identified from 21 decamer primers. Two RAPD markers (OPO10₅₅₀ and OPU03₄₁₅) were developed into dominant sequence-characterised amplified region (SCAR) markers (SCO10 and SCU03). These SCAR markers could differentiate between all mume and apricot cultivars.     

The importance of male red mason bee (Osmia rufa L.) and male bufftailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris L.) pollination in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.)

Summary

Male wild bees visit flowers to feed and, despite their lack of specialised organs for carrying pollen, simultaneously pollinate them. We analysed the pollinating efficiency of the males of two bee species for blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.): red mason bee (Osmia rufa L.) and bufftailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris terrestris L.). Both bee species are commercial pollinators and many males are produced during their rearing. Gauze sleeves were used to isolate the inflorescences and to keep the males inside (one per sleeve). In each experimental group, there were six shoots with four neighbouring inflorescences (n = 24). The sleeves were also used to prevent other bees from reaching the flowers, and to allow self-pollination. Non-isolated flowers were pollinated by free-range bees. The effect of male bee pollination was similar to that of free-range bee pollination. The percentages of flowers that developed into fruit were as follows: male bufftailed bumblebee pollination, 79.5%; free-range bee pollination, 71.1%; male red mason bee pollination, 65.1%; and self-pollination, 46.4%; while the mean numbers of fruit per raceme were 5.0, 4.4, 3.6, and 2.4, respectively. The number of non-pollinated flowers per raceme (ranging from 1.3 – 2.8) exhibited an inverse relationship to these numbers of fruit. Our observations showed that male wild bees can pollinate blackcurrant flowers successfully, and could potentially be useful in other crops.     

不同混配基质对棱丝瓜幼苗生长的影响

为筛选出以木渣为基础的适合热带地区棱丝瓜无土育苗的复合有机基质配方,以木渣、蔗渣与椰糠等3种热带有机基质为基础,研究了6个不同混合基质配比(木渣、蔗渣、椰糠按照体积混合,体积比分别为:M_1:10:0:0;M_2:6:0:4;M_3:6:1:3;M_4:6:2:2;M_5:6:3:1;M_6:6:4:0)对棱丝瓜幼苗生长的影响。试验结果表明,M_6处理出芽率最高,为93.06%,其次是M_4、M_3、M_1、M_5;从形态指标上看,M_3处理各项指标表现最优,与其他各处理差异显著或极显著;从生理指标上看,CK_1和M_3处理整体表现最好,与其余各处理差异显著或极显著。综合来看,M_3处理形态和生理指标整体表现最优,是以木渣为基础的适合热带地区棱丝瓜无土育苗基质的较优配方。     

特色蔬菜资源崇明金瓜的研究现状及发展策略

根据崇明金瓜种质资源和研究现状,认为崇明金瓜存在着种性退化、品种抗病性弱、栽培技术和采后技术相对落后等问题,并针对上述问题提出打好种源基础、推广高效栽培和发展产业能力等发展策略。     

薹菜的核型分析

采用根尖压片法对薹菜进行染色体数目和核型分析。结果表明：薹菜为二倍体,染色体数2n=20,核型公式为K（2n）=2X=20=7M+2T+St,染色体相对长度组成为2n=20=2L+4M2+4S,染色体组型为2A型。     

白菜S位点糖蛋白基因的克隆与表达分析

 以白菜自交不亲和系为材料,采用RT-PCR技术,用特异引物对SLG基因进行克隆,获得SLG基因cDNA序列长度为1 324 bp,命名为BcSLG。序列分析表明：所获得的白菜BcSLG基因cDNA序列包含一完整的编码框,编码432个氨基酸,含有12个保守的半胱氨酸残基和7个N-糖基化位点。序列比对和系统进化分析表明：BcSLG与其它植物的SLG基因氨基酸序列具有较高的同源性,与大白菜和甘蓝亲缘关系最近。荧光定量PCR分析表明：BcSLG基因在自交不亲和系的柱头中表达量最高,其次是花蕾,叶片中表达最低, 在自交亲和系的柱头、花蕾和叶片中相对表达较低。     

白菜采后衰老生理的研究

 ‘早油冬’白菜采后在(20±1) ℃、85％～95％相对湿度条件下贮藏时，乙烯释放量呈下降趋势，失重率迅速升高，呼吸速率先下降后上升，于第6天形成呼吸高峰。外叶叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质和类胡萝卜素含量下降比内叶快。外叶贮藏中SOD和CAT活性变化较大，4 d后迅速下降，特别是CAT活性降幅更大；POD活性先逐渐增加，6 d后急剧上升，MDA含量先缓慢增加，4 d后急剧上升，表明活性氧代谢失调，膜脂过氧化加剧。内叶SOD和CAT变化很小，并保持较高水平，POD活性无显著上升，MDA略呈下降趋势，表明活性氧的产生与清除相平衡，从而防止了活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化加强。结论：白菜的衰老是活性氧代谢失调的结果，外叶比内叶容易衰老。     

“桂橙一号”的遗传鉴定

＂桂橙一号＂成熟果实风味浓郁,为探明＂桂橙一号＂的亲本,本研究应用倍性检测、形态学标记和AFLP、SSAP等分子标记对其进行遗传鉴定。倍性检测证实＂桂橙一号＂为二倍体。形态学观察表明,其叶形指数、气孔密度、气孔纵径与冰糖橙的差异显著,叶形比冰糖橙更接近椭圆,气孔密度更高。SSAP标记显示,＂桂橙一号＂与冰糖橙相比存在1个多态性位点。通过对差异片段的回收、测序及序列比对结果表明：该差异片段长102bp,与柑桔抗CTV基因同源性高达87%。表明＂桂橙一号＂是不同于冰糖橙的芽变新种质,可以直接作为品种资源加以利用。     

白菜核基因雄性不育系转育研究

 以大白菜核基因雄性不育系‘1NA’转育成的白菜核不育系00S107为不育源, 根据大白菜核基因雄性不育“复等位基因遗传假说”设计转育方案, 向白菜可育品系‘青梗奶油白菜’中转育核不育基因, 经过3年5个世代杂交转育, 获得了新的白菜核基因雄性不育系及其相应的甲型“两用系”和临时保持系。