The effect of spectral filters and nitrogen dose on the growth of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., cv. Snowdon)

Summary

This study has searched for interactions between the effects of nitrogen dose, applied at one of four levels, 0.316, 1.0, 3.16 and 10 mM, and four different spectral filters on the growth and development of chrysanthemums. The filters used included two controls with different overall transmissions to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and two further materials, which selectively filtered either red or far-red light, but with PAR transmission similar to one of the controls. Increasing the nitrogen dose to a maximum of 10 mM from the lowest level led to a four-fold increase in plant dry mass, and a near two-fold increase in plant height. The FR absorbing spectral filters produced significantly shorter plants than both controls (by ca. 10% at final flowering) and for this variable there were no interactions with nitrogen dose. At 10 mM N, the FR-absorbing material also led to an increase in leaf area compared with the R-absorbing material (by 55% after 40.d). However, a significant interaction occurred with N dose, such that the FR-absorbing filter increased leaf area only at the highest levels of N. The results are discussed in terms of the potential use of spectral filters for the control of the growth of ornamental crops.     

光周期对秋菊品种‘神马’花芽分化和开花的影响

 研究了不同光周期处理下秋菊‘神马’花芽分化的进程和生长开花状况。扫描电镜等结果表明, 花序由顶端生长点分化而成, 分为未分化期, 花芽分化起始期, 总苞鳞片分化初期及终期, 小花原基分化初期及终期, 花冠形成初期、中期和后期9个时期。分化顺序是向心的, 由外而内。雌雄蕊的发育与小花花冠分化同时进行。分化进程历时23 d, 其中花序分化与小花分化相比, 历时相对较长。短日处理植株花芽分化和花发育进程整齐均一, 生长正常; 短日加长日处理花芽分化无规律, 开花延迟, 产生畸形花;长日处理不能诱导开花。     

菊花FT类似基因的克隆与表达分析

以地被菊（Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.）‘七月桃花’为材料,利用同源基因克隆法结合RACE技术克隆了光周期调控开花重要基因FLOWERING LOCUS T（FT）的类似基因（基因登陆号GQ925916,命名为CmFT）。该基因开放阅读框有525 bp,可编码174个氨基酸。蛋白比对发现,CmFT所推测的氨基酸序列包含FT类蛋白保守基序和两个关键性氨基酸残基。通过系统遗传进化树分析进一步表明CmFT属于FT亚家族成员。SYBR GREEN法实时荧光定量RT-PCR表达分析结果表明CmFT在花芽的表达量最高,茎的表达量次之,叶片表达量最低。在短日条件下,该基因的表达量呈昼夜节律表达型,在光照期间呈下降趋势,在夜间逐渐上升,光照前4 h时达到最高水平。在长日条件下,其相对表达量显著低于短日条件下且趋于零。由此推测,该基因主要与菊花光周期敏感性密切相关,可能在光周期促进开花中发挥一定的作用。     

Influence of salt stress on stock plant growth and cutting performance of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat

Summary

In hydroponically grown stock plants, growth was reduced by 7 d stress treatments with NaCl at concentrations of 2, 4 or 6 g l²¹. The uptake of other ions (except Mg) was unaffected. Rooting of cuttings from the stressed plants was depressed, with a 45% decrease in root numbers, almost 70% in root length and 52% for root weights. This drastic effect on the rooting was overcome after two weeks of postpropagation growth, when the cuttings had recovered, except for those from the highest salt stress treatment.     

切花夏菊优香银川地区促成栽培试验

为培育抗性强、产量高、品质优良的切花菊花品种,在银川地区首次进行夜间补光促进营养生长,GA₃不同浓度喷施调节节间长度、B₉不同浓度喷施调节花梗长度等切花夏菊优香的促成栽培试验。结果表明:在夏菊优香定植后开始进行夜间补光可有效促进植株营养生长;通过GA₃和B₉处理可调节菊花节间长度和花梗长度且株型匀称优美、应时开花。     

切花菊再生株的形态和细胞学变异的研究

以切花菊新品种金潮和５９－１９品系为试材，以带有腋芽的茎段为外植体，两种基因型的再生株与各自的对照在主要性状上无显著差异，用幼蕾培养时，再生株的变异则随品种而异，５９－１９的再生株表现稳定，而金潮的再生株除叶形指数外，几乎所有观察的性状都发生了变异，随继代时间的延长，变异程度有所增加，细胞学观察表明，金潮的幼蕾再生株中染色体数小于５４条的各种非整倍体比例显著增加；减数分裂期观察到落后染色体，微核等     

The effects of day and night temperature on Chrysanthemum morifolium: investigating the safe limits for temperature integration

Summary

The impact of day and night temperatures on pot chrysanthemum (cultivars ‘Covington’ and ‘Irvine’) was assessed by exposing cuttings, stuck in weeks 39, 44, and 49, to different temperature regimes in short-days. Glasshouse heating set-points of 12°, 15°, 18°, and 21°C, were used during the day, with venting at 2°C above these set-points. Night temperatures were then automatically manipulated to ensure that all of the treatments achieved similar mean diurnal temperatures. Plants were grown according to commercial practice and the experiment was repeated over 2 years. Increasing the day temperature from approx. 19°C to 21°C, and compensating by reducing the night temperature, did not have a significant impact on flowering time, although plant height was increased. This suggests that a temperature integration strategy which involves higher vent temperatures, and exploiting solar gain to give higher than normal day temperatures, should have minimal impact on crop scheduling. However, lowering the day-time temperature to approx. 16°C, and compensating with a warmer night, delayed flowering by up to 2 weeks. Therefore, a strategy whereby, in Winter, more heat is added at night under a thermally-efficient blackout screen may result in flowering delays. Transfers between the temperature regimes showed that the flowering delays were proportional to the amount of time spent in a low day-time temperature regime. Plants flowered at the same time, irrespective of whether they were transferred on a 1-, 2-, or 4-week cycle.     

Effects of temperature and plant growth regulators on anthocyanin synthesis and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

Summary

This study addresses the effects of air temperature and plant growth regulators on anthocyanin synthesis, sugar content and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). Anthocyanin in chicory was synthesised at the highest level under 15°/10°C (day/night) temperatures, followed by 20°/15°C, and 25°/20°C; while synthesis was inhibited > 90% at 30°/25°C, resulting in an almost green colour. Sugar contents paralleled anthocyanin development under the same temperatures. The plant growth regulators, abscisic acid (ABA), ethephon and uniconazole all stimulated anthocyanin synthesis, with uniconazole treatment showing the greatest effect. Gibberellic acid (GA₃) inhibited anthocyanin development, while GA₃ in combination with uniconazole alleviated this inhibition.

PAL activity was higher at 15°/10°C or 20°/15°C (day/night) temperatures when plants were treated with ABA, ethephon or GA₃, than at 25°/20°C and 30°/25°C (day/night) temperatures. These results suggest that, under lower temperatures, plant growth regulators may play an important role in anthocyanin synthesis and PAL activity in chicory.     

温度对甜樱桃花芽酚类物质含量和相关酶活性及休眠的影响

以7年生甜樱桃红灯(PrunusaviumL.cv.Hongdeng)带有花芽的离体枝条为试材,研究了不同温度对红灯花芽酚类物质含量、相关酶活性及萌芽率的影响。结果表明,不同温度处理对酚类物质含量影响效果不同,自然休眠前期低温(5℃)减缓了酚类物质的积累,中期提前达到其高峰并进入下降阶段,后期加速其降低;高温(20℃)则效果相反,变温(5℃/20℃)的效果不明显。自然休眠的不同时期,不同的温度处理对PAL和PPO活性的影响效果也不相同,低温(5℃)在休眠前期抑制PAL活性的增长而提高了PPO活性,中期使PAL活性迅速降低的同时却加速了PPO活性的升高;后期降低了PAL活性,提高了PPO活性。高温(20℃)的作用效果与低温(5℃)相反。变温(5℃/20℃)对PAL和PPO活性的影响效果不明显。低温(5℃)在自然休眠的3个阶段都能打破休眠促进萌发;高温(20℃)抑制了花芽的萌发;变温(5℃/20℃)对花芽的萌发影响不大。     

S-诱抗素处理对'巨峰'葡萄果实花青素含量及品质的影响

为研究S-诱抗素对'巨峰'葡萄果实生长、果实着色效果、果实品质、花青素含量及相关酶活性变化的影响,指导S-诱抗素在'巨峰'葡萄生产上合理使用,采用不同质量浓度(0、100、200、300、400 mg/L)的S-诱抗素在葡萄果实转色初期进行茎叶喷雾处理。结果表明:S-诱抗素处理后外观色泽得到有效改善,葡萄果皮着色指数(CIRG)、花青素、叶绿素含量显著提高;随着时间推移,果实可溶性固形物、维生素C含量有不同程度的提高,可滴定酸含量明显下降;花青素合成相关酶PAL、CHI活性提高。葡萄果实转色初期(第2次膨大期,转色面积为50%～10%)不同浓度S-诱抗素处理对葡萄着色存在低促高抑的影响,其中用300mg/LS-诱抗素茎叶喷雾处理1次作用效果最好。     

控释尿素与尿素配施对杭白菊产量和氮肥利用率的影响

 在大田栽培适量施肥和减量施肥条件下研究施用尿素、尿素与控释尿素配施对杭白菊 （Chrysanthemum morifolium）产量和氮素利用率的影响。设6 个处理：对照不施氮肥（CK₁₁）;适量施肥 氮肥为尿素（N₁₁）、适量施肥氮肥为尿素与控释尿素配施（N₁₂）;减量施肥氮磷钾施用量均减少1/4,对 照不施氮肥（CK₂₂）,减量施肥为尿素（N₂₁）,减量施肥尿素与控释尿素配施减量施肥（N₂₂）。结果表明, 与对照相比,施氮处理提高了株花序数、花序直径和单花序质重。采收期,施肥量相同时,控释尿素与 尿素配施茎叶部氮素分配比例低于单施尿素处理,花部高于单施尿素处理,表明控释尿素与尿素配施有 利于氮素向花序分配,提高产量。适量施肥杭白菊产量高于减量施肥。适量施肥控释尿素与尿素配施比 单施尿素增产87.96 kg · hm^-2,比减量施肥控释尿素与尿素配施增产124.99 kg · hm^-2。施用方式相同时, 适量施肥氮肥利用率高于减量施肥,氮肥农学利用率低于减量施肥。施肥量相同时,控释尿素与尿素配 施氮肥利用率、氮肥农学利用率高于单施尿素。在本试验条件下,施氮量120 kg · hm^-2,控释尿素（150 d） 与尿素按1︰1 混合,基施用量占总施氮量50%,控释尿素（90 d）与尿素按1︰1 混合,8 月15 日追施孕 蕾肥,施用量占总氮量50%,效果最佳。     

采后处理对荔枝果皮花色素苷含量和花色素苷酶活性的影响

研究了冷藏、ABA、1-MCP、热处理及HCl护色等采后处理对桂味荔枝果皮花色素苷含量和花色素苷酶活性变化的影响。结果表明,与冷藏适温(3℃)相比,0℃下果实遭受了冷害,果皮花色素苷酶活性急剧增强,峰值提前出现,花色素苷含量迅速减少。ABA、1-MCP处理能暂时延缓花色素苷酶活性的上升。热水处理不同程度地诱导了果实花色素苷酶活性的升高,果皮褪色,而适当浓度的酸处理能显著抑制花色素苷酶活性,对果皮具有较好的护色效果。     

氮磷钾肥运筹对设施茼蒿产量及硝酸盐含量的影响

以茼蒿为试材,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥配比对茼蒿产量与硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明:施用氮肥的增产效应最好,增产达167%;磷肥增产91.7%;钾肥增产88.5%。氮肥对茼蒿硝酸盐含量的削减效应最强,削减率达23.4%;磷肥削减7.1%;钾肥削减0.4%。采用二次多项式回归方法对试验产量和硝酸盐含量分别进行肥料效应回归模型模拟,得出回归模型为氮、磷、钾三元二次多项式,由此综合茼蒿产量、经济效益和生态效益得到推荐施肥量。     

Effects of vernalization and gibberellic acid on flower bud formation in different genotypes of pea under different photoperiods

The influences of vernalization, photoperiods of 8, 12 or 16 hours, and gibberellic acid (GA) on the flower bud formation of the pea were studied in a Late, a Medium and an Early flowering genotype, each genotypically either Tall or Dwarf, but for the rest genetically identical. The detailed experimental results are summarized on p. 188 (Section 3.4).Just as Medium and Early, Late is considered as a quantitative long-day plant, but its necessary duration of exposure is exceedingly long under short-day conditions. It is suggested to replace ‘critical day length’ by ‘critical duration of exposure’ in the pea and similarly reacting plants. Flower bud formation becomes increasingly more difficult from Early to Medium to Late, from Tall to Dwarf, from photoperiods of 16 hours to 12 hours to 8 hours, and certain combinations become marginal.Vernalization and GA had dramatic effects under the same marginal conditions, but GA was sometimes effective, where vernalization was not. In case of effect of both factors, strong interactions were found: vernalization reduced the effect of GA, and the reverse. This suggests similarity of action.The implications of these results for the mechanism of flower bud formation were discussed. It is presumed that the triple allelic genes for Late, Medium and Early determine a strong, an intermediate and a weak inhibition of flower bud formation, respectively. Inducing factors remove these inhibitions. Long day induces so strongly that vernalization and GA have hardly any supplementary effects, but under decreasing photoperiods, or more general, under marginal conditions, vernalization and gibberellic acid become more and more important as inducing factors.     

遮光对沪油018油桃果皮花色苷含量及果实着色的影响

以沪油018为试材,在果实硬核期进行套袋遮光处理,以不套袋果为对照,探讨遮光对果皮花色苷、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮等色素含量及果实颜色的影响。结果表明,套袋遮光处理后20d,果皮中花色苷含量迅速下降并接近于0,此后一直保持较低的水平,直到果实成熟时略有回升其含量仅为对照的2%;同时,套袋处理也降低了果皮中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和类黄酮含量,果实成熟时果皮叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量和类黄酮含量分别降低到对照的63.59%、46%和66%。套袋通过改变果实的底色与着色来改变果实的颜色,使果实成熟时的颜色为橘黄色而不同于对照果呈现的浓红色。     

Differences in fruit colour development,anthocyanin content,fruit quality and consumer acceptability of eight ‘Gala’ apple strains

The effect of strain on fruit colour development, chromaticity values and anthocyanin content, fruit quality and consumer acceptance was evaluated on eight ‘Gala’ apple strains (Malus domestica Borkh.) at the IRTA (Spain), during a period from 4 weeks before to 1 week after commercial harvest. Based on fruit colour, measured with a Minolta CR-200 portable tristimulus colorimeter, and anthocyanin content, the most coloured strains were ‘Royal Beaut’, ‘Buckeye Gala’ (both semistriped) and ‘Ruby Gala’ (blushed). ‘Brookfield’ and ‘Schniga’ (both striped) provided an intermediate level of colour, while ‘Galaxy’ and ‘Mondial Gala’ (both striped) were the least coloured ones. The most important increase in colour development was recorded from 2 weeks before the commercial harvest and continued also increasing after harvest. Highly coloured strains developed a red colour on both fruit sides with greater average of fruit surface coloured, while the less coloured strains exhibited different colouration between sides, more bicolour fruits and lower average of fruit coloured.     

南瓜果肉可溶性固形物含量与叶、花、果肉色泽的相关性分析

以14种不同品种的南瓜为材料,在果实成熟期采用CR-3型色差仪测量其叶片、花朵、果肉的Lab值,同时采用PAL-1型测糖仪测量果肉中可溶性固形物含量,并对叶、花、果肉的Lab值与果肉中可溶性固形物含量进行了相关性分析。结果表明,南瓜叶、花、果肉色泽的Lab值的变异系数有差异,果肉中红色成分变异系数最大,达27.43%;果肉中可溶性固形物含量与叶片的亮度呈极显著正相关(r=0.632),与果肉中红色成分呈显著正相关(r=0.412)。这为南瓜品质育种田间筛选可溶性固形物含量高的试验材料提供了便捷的方法。     

Effects of CO2 on greenhouse grown eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) I. Leaf conductance

Leaf conductance of eggplant (Solanum melongena L., cv. Cosmos) was measured comparatively in two glasshouse compartments, with continuously low or high C02 (on average 415 or 685 μmol mol^-1, respectively). Measurements were carried out on eight days between February and June 1991 in an early planted crop. A regression equation was fitted to the data to account for the effects of PAR, air humidity and C02 on leaf conductance. Calculations with this equation demonstrated that leaf conductance was reduced by 10.2% per 100 |imol mol1 increase in C02, which is a three to four times stronger response than in other fruit vegetable crops. When, on some occasional days, C02 was kept equal in the two compartments, leaf conductance was not different, indicating that stomatal behaviour had not adapted to long lasting C02 conditions. The rate of crop transpiration, as estimated with the Penman-Monteith combination equation, was reduced by elevated C02 by only a few percent on average and by about 15% in a period of some weeks in spring.     

The influence of light intensity,temperature and carbon dioxide concentration on anthocyanin content and blueing of ‘Baccara’ roses

The effect of light intensity, temperature and CO₂ concentration on anthocyanin content, blueing of flowers and size of flower buds was examined in ‘Baccara’ roses. Reflectance percentage at 425 nm was found to be an accurate measure of petal blueing. Reflectance was higher as the degree of blueing (determined by subjective estimation) increased and pigmentation decreased. During the first stage of development of the flower branch (elongation stage) temperature and light intensity had no effect on blueing. During Stage 2 of development (main stage of bud development), high temperatures and low light intensities caused blueing, whereas low temperatures during this stage, even at low light intensities, prevented blueing. Blueing was associated with low concentrations of CO₂ (0–100 vpm) as well as darkness. High concentrations of CO₂ (1500–3000 vpm) prevented blueing and increased pigmentation and flower size. The effectiveness of CO₂ in preventing blueing is related to high light intensities.     

套袋对富士苹果果皮叶绿素和花青苷含量的影响

套袋作为促进苹果着色、提高苹果品质的重要措施已在生产中得到推广,并且已成为生产优质、无公害苹果的主要技术之一.本试验测定了套袋富士苹果果实在生长发育不同时期果皮中的花青苷和叶绿素含量,明确其变化规律,为生产上推广苹果套袋提供理论依据.