Development of novel EST-SSR markers for cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and their transferability to related species

We report on the development of novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from publicly available Cucumis sativus expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and on their transferability among related species. In total, 533 di- to penta-type SSRs were identified from 6344 cucumber ESTs retrieved from GenBank. Identified SSRs mainly comprised of di- and tri-nucleotide repeats, of which AG and AAG motifs were much abundant. A total of 392 SSR-containing unigenes (non-redundant ESTs/consensus sequences) were suitable for primer design. From these, 35 primer pairs were designed as representative samples and 28 were usable markers. Twenty-six out of 28 usable markers revealed polymorphism among 21 cucumber accessions with 2–7 alleles detected (mean = 3.77) and their polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.091 to 0.748 (mean = 0.388). The polymorphism observed herein partially arose from the null alleles which occurred at the multiple homoeoloci detected by the markers. Transferability of the 28 EST-SSR markers was investigated in four other cucurbits: melon, watermelon, pumpkin and gourd which showed frequency of 92.9%, 57.1%, 53.6% and 60.7%, respectively. The EST-SSR markers developed herein will complement the currently available genomic SSR markers and may be useful for genetic studies in cucumber and related species.     

菜薹转录组中SSR信息与可用性分析

利用菜薹转录组分析检测到48 975条unigene（38.17 Mb）序列数据,运用MIcroSAtellite（MISA）工具发现其中具有1 ~ 6个核苷酸重复类型的SSR位点11 879个,SSR位点发生频率为1/3.2 kb（312.5/Mb）。6种SSR位点类型中主要为1 ~ 3个核苷酸重复,占总SSR位点数的99.01%,其中单、二和三核苷酸类型分别为41.11%、28.23%和29.67%。发现重复序列的基序58个,重复次数在5 ~ 23之间,其中出现频率高的基序主要有A/T、AG/CT、AT/AT、AC/GT、AAG/CTT和AGG/CCT。重复序列长度在10 ~ 60 bp之间,大多小于20 bp,大于20 bp的仅有7.9%（938个SSR位点）。设计出676对具有潜在多态性的SSR引物组合,从中随机抽取30对引物进行PCR扩增验证其可用性,发现22对引物在4份菜薹种质中的扩增产物条带清晰稳定,其中12对引物具有多态性。     

蓝靛果忍冬转录组SSR信息分析及其分子标记开发

利用MISA软件筛选蓝靛果忍冬（Lonicera caerulea L.）转录组测序获得的45 656条Unigene,共检测出14 841个SSR位点,分布于11 251条Unigene中,出现频率为32.51%,平均分布距离为2.58 kb。优势重复基序为单核苷酸、二核苷酸和三核苷酸,分别占总SSR位点的34.81%,42.79%和20.64%。二核苷酸重复基元中以AG/CT为优势重复基元,占总位点27.2%,三核苷酸重复基元以AAG/CTT为主,占6.18%。利用 Primer 3.0 共设计出 21 867 对SSR引物。随机选择20对引物进行PCR扩增,其中8对扩增出清晰可重复的条带,5对在16个蓝靛果忍冬材料中表现出多态性。利用UPGMA作图,将16份供试材料分为3类。丰富的SSR多态性为蓝靛果忍冬遗传多样性分析和遗传图谱构建提供更加丰富可靠的标记选择。     

南方红豆杉转录组SSR挖掘及分子标记的研究

 利用Trinity软件对NCBI公共数据库中公布的南方红豆杉（Taxus chinensis var. mairei）根、茎和叶的转录数据进行转录组的重新拼接。通过对13 737 528条序列组装得到96 279条Unigenes（38 Mb）,通过SSR检测程序从96 279条Unigenes中得到2 160个SSR位点（2.24%）,其平均发生率为1/18.01 kb,基序长度为14 ~ 25 bp之间。优势重复基序为六核苷酸和三核苷酸,分别占总SSR位点的38.56%和37.08%。2 160个SSR位点由703种重复基序构成,其中六核苷酸占60.96%,主要分布在3 ~ 4重复;二、三核苷酸占总SSR位点的44.81%,其中以（AG/CT）_n、（AT/AT）_n、（AAG/CTT）_n、（AGC/CTG）_n、（AGG/ CCT）_n 和（ATC/ATG）_n重复基序最为丰富,合占总SSR重复类型的34.73%,并出现少量的（CG/CG）_n和（CCG/CGG）_n重复。通过L₉（3⁴）正交试验得到最优的SSR-PCR体系,10 μL PCR体系中含DNA 20 ng,1× PCR缓冲液,MgCl₂ 20 mmol,dNTPs 0.35 mmol,引物0.25 μmol,Taq酶0.45 U。随机挑选62对SSR引物进行8个南方红豆杉株系的SSR扩增,有效扩增率为53.23%,多态性比率为38.71%。这些多态性转录组SSR引物的开发为红豆杉遗传多样性的分析、分子标记辅助育种、遗传图谱构建和功能基因的挖掘提供了更丰富的标记。     

杨梅基因组SSR引物的开发与应用

基于杨梅(Myrica rubar Sieb. et Zucc.)基因组序列信息,研究了1 431条scaffold中SSR位点的分布特点。共发掘到二至六核苷酸SSR位点43842个,分布在623条scaffold中,共有194种重复单元。二核苷酸SSR位点有36 383个,占总SSR的82.99%;AG/CT的出现频率最高,为55.70%,占总SSR位点的46.23%。三核苷酸SSR位点有6 115个,占总SSR的13.95%。四核苷酸SSR位点有827个,占1.89%。五核苷酸SSR位点为245个,占0.56%。六核苷酸SSR位点为272个,占0.62%。设计合成了59对基因组SSR引物,多态性分析显示,高度多态性引物26对,中度多态性引物为33对;将其应用于杨梅优株早鲜856及其他13个主栽品种的聚类分析,结果表明,上述引物在相似系数0.56处将14份杨梅材料分为两个群体,早鲜856与其他13个主栽品种在DNA水平上均存在差异,且与对照品种‘早色’的相似系数为0.86。     

Functional characterization of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.) EST–SSR by gel electrophoresis and high resolution melting analysis

The present work was conducted to characterize the functionality of 257 watermelon EST–SSR primer pairs for their PCR amplification and polymorphisms. EST–SSR markers were tested on DNA sample panels of six watermelon cultigens and two related species of Citrullus lanatus var. citroides and Citrullus colocynthis based on agarose gel electrophoresis and high resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Successful PCRs were shown for 240 primer pairs (79%), and 173 primer pairs (67%) were polymorphic in a watermelon DNA sample panel on agarose gel electrophoresis. In addition, HRM analysis of 24 EST–SSR markers that were monomorphic on agarose gel separation identified an additional 19 polymorphic markers, indicating that HRM is an efficient tool for the rapid screening of sequence variations and allele discrimination. In the assessment of genetic relationships, six watermelon cultivars were closely related together (0.91–0.97) and demonstrated a narrow genetic base in the watermelon genetic pool. A high level of genetic dissimilarity (0.36–0.97) was shown between watermelon species and other related species. Marker transferability to melon species (Cucumis melo L.) was examined by cross-species PCR amplification and genetic diversity assessment in eight melon cultigens. Of the 257 EST–SSR primer pairs, 79 (32.9%) showed successful PCR amplification from melon DNA samples. A dendrogram of the genetic relationship based on 22 EST–SSR markers showed a clear classification of melon genotypes in accordance to fruit characteristics. The EST–SSR markers characterized in this study will contribute to diverse genomic investigations and breeding efforts, including comparative genome mapping, marker-assisted selection, and DNA fingerprinting for genetic diversity and cultivar identification in many cucurbit crops.     

Variety identification and comparative analysis of genetic diversity in yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata spp. sesquipedalis) using morphological characters,SSR and ISSR analysis

Genetic diversity and relatedness of 23 yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata spp. sesquipedalis) accessions and 7 accessions of a hybrid between cowpea (V. unguiculata spp. unguiculata) and yardlong bean (dwarf yardlong bean) in Thailand were estimated using morphological characters, simple sequence repeat (SSR) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. In addition, two mungbean (Vignaradiata (L.) Wilczek) and two blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) accessions were also used as outgroup species for molecular analysis. Five morphological characters were diverse among most accessions. However, five groups of 2–3 accessions could not be distinguished from one another based on these morphological characters alone. Unweighted pair-group arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis of these characters separated these 30 accessions into 2 major groups; the yardlong bean group and the dwarf yardlong bean group. Eleven of the sixteen SSR primers yielded clear SSRs, ten of which were polymorphic (90.91% polymorphism), detecting a total of 54 alleles with an average of 4.91 alleles per locus. These 10 polymorphic SSR markers successfully distinguished 28 yardlong bean and dwarf yardlong bean accessions. The polymorphic information content (PIC) among genotypes varied from 0.251 to 0.752 with an average of 0.597. Among the 16 ISSR primers used, a total of 312 ISSR fragments were amplified for these three Vigna species, revealing the polymorphism percentage of 91.03%. The average ISSR PIC value (0.197) with the range of 0.137–0.276 was lower than that of SSR. Nevertheless, the average marker index of this multilocus marker was 3.495, which was higher than that of SSR (0.669), owing to the differences in the effective multiplex ratio. In addition, Mantel test cophenetic correlation coefficient was higher for ISSR (0.566) than that of SSR (0.198). These results indicated higher efficiency of ISSR for estimating the levels of genetic diversity and relationships among yardlong beans and dwarf yardlong beans in this study. Pair-wise coefficients of SSR- and ISSR-based genetic similarity among all yardlong bean and dwarf yardlong bean accessions averaged 0.87 and 0.91, respectively, suggesting a narrow genetic base that emphasizes the need to broaden genetic diversity to ensure continued breeding success. Clustering of genotypes within groups was not similar when SSR and ISSR derived dendrograms from UPGMA analysis were compared. It appeared that ISSR was the most effective marker system in determining the genetic variability and relationships among yardlong bean and dwarf yardlong bean accessions and differentiating three Vigna species. In addition, ISSR was also most useful for variety identification since all 30 yardlong beans and dwarf yardlong bean accessions can be effectively distinguished by only four ISSR primers with the highest PIC values.     

Cross-amplification of SSR markers developed from Allium sativum to other Allium species

For genetic analysis of the genus Allium, which is composed of diverse species, we acquired 50 transferable and polymorphic microsatellite markers from A. sativum and tested them for transferability in five Allium species. Among the 50 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci, the dinucleotide motif was the most prevalent, with a ratio of 50% (25/50), and (GT)n was more frequent than (GA)n within the dinucleotide motif. The average number of amplified alleles ranged from 1.452 to 1.910 and the accessions of A. tuberosum had a maximum of 4.8 alleles per accession with the GB-AS-104 SSR marker. Whereas A. porrum belonging to the Allium section revealed 73.0% transferability, A. altaicum and A. fistulosum appertaining to different sections showed low transferability, with a ratio of 47.6% and 48.0%, respectively. The phylogenetic results for these SSR markers did not deviate from previous classifications of the genus Allium. As the rate of successful amplification of SSR markers generally correlates with genetic distance, these SSR markers are potentially useful in the analysis of genetic relationships between or within Allium species.     

甜瓜雄全同株与纯雌株基因遗传分析及初步定位

利用甜瓜纯雌系WI998与雄全同株品系TopMark配制杂交组合,通过对P1、P2、F1、F2、BC1P1、BC1P26个世代群体的遗传分析,对决定甜瓜性别表达基因进行研究;同时以F2分离群体为试材,采用SSR分子标记构建甜瓜遗传图谱,定位控制甜瓜性别表达基因。研究结果表明,控制甜瓜性别表达的基因有3个,分别为:雄全同株基因a、雌全同株基因g和纯雌系基因gy。初步构建了一个包括31个SSR标记和2个形态学标记的甜瓜遗传图谱,找到了两个与性别表达基因相关的SSR分子标记,其中MU55491与a基因的遗传距离为13.5cM,MU147232与gy基因的遗传距离为11.6cM。     

菠萝微卫星指纹图谱的构建

初步构建了菠萝种质的SSR指纹图谱,为菠萝种质鉴定提供了依据.从菠萝EST-SSR开发的20对微卫星引物扩增31份不同的菠萝种质,筛选出能够稳定扩增且带型差异明显的SSR引物.挑选5对多态性高、分辨率高、重复性好的SSR引物对,作为标准引物对材料进行扩增.每对引物得到的多态性带数8~15个,平均为11条;引物的多态信息...     

甜瓜重组自交系群体SSR遗传图谱构建及纯雌性基因定位

 以甜瓜（Cucumis melo L.）纯雌株厚皮甜瓜品系WI998为母本,雌雄异花同株薄皮甜瓜品系3-2-2为父本杂交,通过单粒传得到了含有185个F6︰7家系的重组自交系分离群体,构建SSR分子遗传图谱。1 219对SSR引物在亲本间有多态性的为215对,多态率17.6%,构建的图谱共包含210个SSR标记,分属18个连锁群,覆盖基因组长度为937.1 cM,标记间平均距离为4.4 cM。将与性别表达密切相关的纯雌性基因（g）定位到了第1连锁群上,其两侧标记为NR3和MU8294_1,与g基因的遗传间距分别为1.2 cM和2.6 cM。     

韭菜全长转录组SSR信息分析及分子标记开发

利用MISA软件筛选韭菜（Allium tuberosum）全长转录组测序获得的49 876条（大于500 bp）转录本序列（89.44 Mb），共检测出13 111个SSR位点，分布在10 332条转录本中，SSR出现频率为26.29%，平均分布距离为6.82 kb。在搜索的6种SSR位点类型中，1 ~ 3个核苷酸重复类型占主要地位，占总SSR位点数的98.74%，其中单核苷酸、二核苷酸和三核苷酸重复类型分别为66.55%、12.52%、19.67%。发现重复序列的基序有103个，其中二核苷酸和三核苷酸重复类型中出现频率高的基序有AC/GT（2.54%）、CA/TG（2.29%）、GAA/TTC（1.85%）和AAG/CTT（1.60%）。重复序列的长度在10 ~ 289 bp之间，其中小于20 bp的有11 128个（84.88%），大于20 bp的有1 983个（15.12%）。根据这些SSR位点，共设计出3 311对SSR引物，在随机选取的208对引物中有164对（78.85%）能进行有效扩增，其中39对引物在24份韭菜种质资源中表现出多态性。利用多态性引物SSR41，鉴定出‘马蔺韭’ב791’后代中的6株有性生殖后代。以上结果表明，基于韭菜全长转录组测序开发的SSR标记可以为韭菜的遗传多样性分析、种质资源鉴定和有性生殖后代筛选提供充足可靠的标记来源。     

甜瓜EST-SSR位点信息及标记开发

 对GenBank中35 547条甜瓜EST进行净化处理, 得到总长度为2.5 ×10⁷ bp 的无冗余EST34 408条。从这些序列中发现2 877 个SSR, 分布于2 119 条EST中, 出现频率为8.36% , 分布密度为1/8.72 kb。单碱基、二碱基和三碱基重复是主导重复类型, 分别占EST2SSR总数的16.61%、22.49%和46.09%。A /T、AG/CT和AAG/CTT分别是单碱基、二碱基和三碱基的优势重复基元, 分别占15.88%、16.02%和28.61%。在所有的EST-SSR中, 69.10%的重复次数为4～10次, 51.34%的长度为12～20 bp。设计了30对EST-SSR引物, 分别对33份甜瓜自交系进行了PCR扩增, 24对引物能够扩增出期望长度的条带, 22对引物产物表现多态性, 平均每对引物能检测到2.73个等位基因。这些引物能比较准确地将甜瓜材料聚为不同类别。24对引物中, 有19对、16对和15对分别在黄瓜、西瓜和葫芦中通用。以上结果说明, 从甜瓜EST中开发SSR标记是一条简便、可行的途径。     

甜瓜‘PMR6’抗白粉病基因的遗传及其定位研究

以甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)感白粉病品种‘Hami413’为受体亲本,抗白粉病品种‘PMR6’为供体亲本构建的255株BC2分离群体为材料,研究‘PMR6’抗白粉病的遗传规律及基因定位。群体遗传分析表明,BC2群体中对白粉病菌Podosphaera xanthii生理小种1的抗性由显性单基因控制,基因命名为Pm-PMR6-1;利用混合分组分析法(Bulked segregant analysis,BSA)从分布于甜瓜12个连锁群上的390个SSR分子标记中筛选出5个多态性标记;通过连锁分析,将该抗性基因定位于12号连锁群SSR标记DM0191与CMBR111之间;根据甜瓜基因组信息设计SSR引物,进一步将该基因定位于SSR12407与SSR12202之间,并且该抗性基因与标记Mu7191共分离;比对基因组序列,两标记间物理距离约226 kb,预测35个候选基因。     

黄皮转录组SSR挖掘及其可用性分析

利用MISA软件筛选黄皮（Clausena lansium）转录组测序获得的68 998条Unigene,共检测出单核苷酸至六核苷酸重复类型的SSR位点11 825个,分布于11 000条Unigene中,出现频率为17.14%,平均分布距离为4.41 kb。6种SSR位点类型中主要为单、二、三个核苷酸重复,分别占总SSR位点的41.48%、24.92%和27.53%。11 825个SSR位点中共发现207种重复基序,重复次数在4 ~ 24次之间,其中出现频率高的基序有A/T、AG/CT、AT/AT、AAG/CTT和AAT/ATT。位点序列长度分布在12 ~ 25 bp之间,其中12 ~ 15 bp最多,占50.95%（6 025个SSR位点）。通过Primer 3设计得到6 102对SSR引物,随机选择30对引物进行多态性验证分析,结果显示24对有效扩增引物中,13对引物在16份不同黄皮种质中表现出多态性。以上结果表明,黄皮转录组测序产生的Unigene信息可作为开发SSR标记的有效来源,开发的大批量SSR标记可为黄皮种质资源遗传多样性分析和遗传图谱构建提供更加丰富可靠的标记选择。     

三色堇转录组SSR分析及分子标记开发

为解决三色堇(Viola×wittrockiana)缺乏共显性DNA标记的问题,利用MISA软件对其转录组测序获得的167 576条unigene进行筛选,共检测出23 791个SSR位点,出现频率为14.20%,平均分布距离为6.75 kb。SSR位点中主导类型为三核苷酸重复,占总SSR的28.31%;其次是二核苷酸重复,占总SSR的12.86%。AG/CT与GAA/TTC分别是二核苷酸与三核苷酸的优势重复基元,分别占总SSR重复类型的4.01%和1.85%。利用Primer 3共设计出6 863对SSR引物。随机选择30对引物进行PCR扩增,其中18对引物可扩增出清晰、可重复条带,并在42份三色堇资源中表现多态性。基于扩增的多态性SSR信息,42份三色堇种质资源的聚类结果与其遗传背景基本一致。本研究中获得的18对SSR引物可为三色堇遗传图谱构建、功能基因定位等提供有力工具。     

刺梨转录组SSR信息分析及其分子标记开发

利用MISA软件筛选刺梨（Rosa roxburghii Tratt）转录组测序获得的106 590条Unigene,共检测出21 711个SSR位点,分布于18 155条Unigene中,出现频率为20.37%,平均分布距离为1.68 kb。优势重复基序为三核苷酸、四核苷酸和二核苷酸,分别占总SSR位点的26.87%、26.77%和24.93%。AG/CT与AAG/CTT分别是二核苷酸与三核苷酸的优势重复基元,分别占总SSR重复类型的17.80%和11.55%。以不同主导重复基元类型设计合成42对SSR引物,并以刺梨及其他蔷薇属种质的基因组DNA为模板对其有效性及通用性进行初步验证,筛选出具有清晰扩增产物的引物23对,并且均在同属材料中通用。选取16份贵州刺梨资源对筛选出的引物进行多态性检测,获得12对具有多态性的引物。以上结果表明,刺梨转录组测序产生的Unigene信息可作为开发SSR标记的有效来源,获得的大批量SSR标记可为刺梨及其近缘种的遗传多样性分析和遗传图谱构建提供更加丰富可靠的标记选择。     

Use of ISSR,SRAP, and RAPD markers to assess genetic diversity in Turkish melons

The genetic relationships among 63 melon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes collected from various regions of Turkey were determined by comparing their molecular ISSR, SRAP, and RAPD markers with those of 19 foreign melon genotypes to investigate the taxonomic relationships and genetic variation of Turkish melon germplasm. Total 162 polymorphic markers (69, 18, and 75 obtained from ISSR, SRAP, and RAPD primers, respectively) were used to define the genetic similarity among the melon genotypes by dendrogram or two and three dimensional scalings. The average similarity (SM coefficient) between any two pairs of accessions examined as estimated by molecular variation was 0.73 ± 0.48. Within-group genetic similarities ranged between 0.46 and 0.96. Related genotypes or genotypes collected from similar regions were partitioned to similar clusters. Southeastern Anatolian genotypes were distinctly apart from group inodorus and group cantalupensis (sweet) genotypes. This reinforced the position of Turkey in the secondary genetic diversity center of melon. The genetic diversity among Turkish genotypes (H = 0.28 and I = 0.42) was only a little less than that of the world accessions (H = 0.30 and I = 0.45). On the other hand, the percentage of polymorphic loci among Turkish melon genotypes (90.7%) was even higher than that of the world accessions (87.6%).     

二倍体马铃薯栽培品种遗传多样性的SSR标记分析

二倍体马铃薯基因组相对简单,借助二倍体进行育种可以加速马铃薯的育种进程,因此评价二倍体马铃薯种质的遗传多样性,挖掘和有效利用优良性状显得非常必要。为了筛选多态性的SSR标记,用55对SSR引物扩增39个遗传关系相对较远的二倍体马铃薯材料。选取分布在12条染色体上的12个具有高多态性的SSR标记评价192份二倍体马铃薯栽培品种的遗传多样性,共检测到98个等位位点,其中97个为多态性位点;每对SSR引物扩增出的等位位点为6~18个,平均8.2个。用非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类,显示出所有供试材料的遗传关系:12对SSR引物可以将192份材料中的186份区分开;这192份材料被划分为11个组群,其中第一个组群包含了83.3%的材料。