我国一串红的研究进展

一串红(Salvia splendens)是我国公共场所节日装饰的主要花卉.近年来,随着应用量的增多,一串红的研究取得了明显的进展.现对我国一串红的种子萌发、栽培技术、繁育、生理及生殖生物学等研究现状进行了综述,并对今后的研究重点进行了展望.     

丹参开花与繁育特性研究

 通过田间观察和人工授粉等方法, 对丹参( Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. ) 的开花生物学和繁育特性进行了初步研究。结果表明: 丹参为无限开花植物, 总状花序上通常有两性花近50朵, 单花花期5～7d, 从花前2 d到开花6 h花粉活力和柱头可授性都较大, 两者有效可遇期约为1.5 d, 可同花自交; 丹参自交结实和自然结实主要是通过同株异花传粉获得; 结合花粉/胚珠比、杂交指数以及繁育处理的结果认为,丹参不存在无融合生殖, 繁育类型为兼性异交, 自交亲和, 需要传粉者; 传粉媒介主要是蜂类。初步推断丹参为常异花授粉植物, 并对丹参育种中适宜采用的杂交方法及育种途径进行了探讨。     

不同观赏海棠品种的花粉及授粉特性研究

以14个观赏海棠品种为试材,进行了花粉萌发率和耐贮藏能力、热激处理诱导2n花粉和观赏海棠与国光苹果杂交亲和力测定等试验。结果表明,14个品种的花粉在-20℃条件下贮藏1~2个月后,除个别品种外,均能保持一定的萌发率,具有一定的耐贮藏能力;38℃/6小时热激处理可以提高观赏海棠2n花粉的发生率;大部分品种观赏海棠与国光苹果有较强的杂交亲和力,坐果率达30%以上,高于红星,可作为苹果杂交育种亲本使用。     

不同温度对一串红不同品种生长影响

对不同品种的一串红成株进行不同温度处理:相对低温26.87~18.51℃;相对中温30.10~18.35℃;相对高温35.88~17.70℃,研究其生长发育状况。结果表明:温度对所选的4个品种生长发育都有影响,相对低温对一串红的冠幅影响最大,可差4倍,其次为鲜重、株高、叶量和地径;相对低温下,品种因素对一串红的生长发育也有一定的影响,株高和冠幅受品种影响较显著。     

一串红花卉品种市场综合分析研究

一串红是庭园中广泛栽培的草本花卉之一,其品种也较为丰富。为筛选适合北京地区应用的一串红新品种,现采用灰色关联度分析和消费者市场调查相结合的方法,对7个一串红新品种的主要性状进行综合评价,并对7个品种的主要性状与理想性状进行了加权关联度分析。结果表明:在引导花卉市场发展的问题上,一定要对花卉市场的研发、生产、消费进行全盘考虑,不仅要通过专家对花卉的研发、生产把关,更要了解消费者对于花卉的市场需求,才能使花卉市场良性发展,使花卉产业的发展更具目标性和驱动力。     

外源激素对一串红种子萌发及休眠的调控效应

以一串红陈种子为试材,用不同浓度的赤霉素、脱落酸处理后进行标准发芽试验,研究外源激素对一串红种子发芽与体眠的影响.结果表明:适宜浓度(80mg/L)的赤霉素处理可促进一串红种子的萌发,加快发芽速度,提高发芽活力;适宜浓度(0.1mg/L)的脱落酸处理可抑制种子萌发,降低发芽速度,促进种子休眠,有利于种子保存.     

多效唑对一串红植物学及产量性状的影响

通过在一串红初花期叶面喷施多效唑(PP333),研究了不同浓度处理对一串红植物学性状及产量性状的影响.结果表明:喷施150 mg/L、200mg/L的多效唑可以显著抑制一串红的株高,减小冠幅,增加分枝数;喷施100mg/L、150mg/L的多效唑能够显著提高一串红的结实率和种子产量,但对千粒重基本无影响.     

黑木耳菌糠复合基质对一串红生长发育的影响

以常用基质配方(草炭∶蛭石=2∶1)为对照,研究了7种不同配比黑木耳菌糠复合基质对一串红株高、茎粗、壮苗指数、冠幅、叶面积、叶面积指数、干鲜重以及现蕾时间等生长发育指标的影响。结果表明:体积比为4∶3∶3的黑木耳菌糠-草炭-蛭石复合基质明显优于对照处理,为一串红栽培的最佳基质。     

多效唑和比久对一串红穴盘苗矮化效果的研究

分别于第1阶段(胚根伸长期)、第2阶段(子叶展齐期)用多效唑处理一串红穴盘苗,发现浓度越高,幼苗保存率越小,约50%左右;调整浓度后在子叶展齐期、二叶一心期,三叶一心期用多效唑和比久处理.结果表明:30 mg/kg PP333处理后,一串红株高在不同处理时期之间存在极显著差异,以二叶一心时处理植株株高最矮,为6.09 cm;B9处理各时期和浓度之间无显著差异.2种生长延缓剂处理均使一串红花期提前7～10 d.综合研究结果认为,多效唑处理效果优于比久,以30 mg/kg的多效唑在二叶一心期喷施一串红1～2次效果较好.     

Analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from ornamental plant production: A nursery level approach

The focus of the work is to define a methodology to evaluate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the nursery industry, comparing two different plant production systems (field- and container-grown plants) and assessing different scenarios for the reduction of the emissions. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, with the “from cradle to gate” approach, was used. The analysis revealed that the total emission of CO₂eq is higher in container cultivations than in field cultivations, with emissions ranging between 26.1 and 34.7 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 for the former, and between 2.3 and 6.6 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 for the latter; greenhouse horticultural crops emit 2.2–10.3 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 of CO₂eq and arable crop emissions were measured as 6.2 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 of CO₂eq.Different scenarios for the reduction of GHG emission were tested and a 15.5% reduction of GHG emission was achieved. Two of the scenarios applied – 50% recycled water usage (scenario 1) and 10% of green waste recovery for substrates (scenario 3) – are already in use in nursery farms.     

应用滇池淤泥作为基质种植一串红的研究

通过盆栽试验,以土壤作对照,研究滇池淤泥和蛭石不同体积配比对一串红生长和开花的影响。结果表明:不同处理在促进一串红株高、株冠、花串生长和花期等方面差异较明显,使用纯滇池淤泥种植一串红的长势和开花状况最佳,其它不同淤泥与蛭石配比种植一串红的生长和开花状况都要比单独用淤泥种植的效果差。其长势和开花状况分别为淤泥∶蛭石=4∶0>淤泥∶蛭石=2∶1>淤泥∶蛭石=1∶1>淤泥∶蛭石=1∶3>土壤,单独用土壤种植的一串红其生长和开花状况比其它所有处理差。因此,可以直接应用滇池淤泥种植一串红等花卉。     

Isolation from forest reduces pollination,seed predation and insect scavenging in Swiss farmland

Habitat loss and fragmentation lead to changes in species richness and composition which may affect ecosystem services. Yet, few studies distinguish between the effects of habitat loss and isolation, or how multiple ecosystem services may be affected simultaneously. We investigated the effects of variation in cover of woody and open semi-natural habitats and isolation from forest on the relative functioning of pollination, seed predation and insect scavenging in agricultural landscapes. We established 30 sites in grassland locations in the Swiss plateau around Berne. The sites varied independently in their isolation from forest edges, in the percentage of woody habitats and in the percentage of open semi-natural habitats in the surrounding landscape (500 m radius). We experimentally exposed primroses, sunflower seeds and cricket corpses during spring 2008. None of the three studied services was affected by variation in woody or open semi-natural habitat cover. However, the proportion of flowers setting seed was significantly reduced by isolation from forest. Further, seed predation and insect scavenging were significantly lower at isolated sites than at sites connected to woody habitat. This pattern was particularly pronounced for seeds and insect corpses that were enclosed by wire netting and thus inaccessible to vertebrates. Thus, all three studied services responded quite similarly to the landscape context. The observed small-scale determination of seed set, seed predation and insect scavenging contrasts with larger-scale determination of pollination and insect pest control found in other studies.     

植物调节剂对菊花观赏性状及相关特性的影响

以菊花优良品种冈玉为实验对象,分别用300 mg/kg、600 mg/kg、900 mg/kg(毫克/公斤)浓度的植物调节剂(比久)溶液作叶面喷施,以清水为对照.结果表明:植物调节剂(比久)能使菊花株型矮化,根系发达,叶绿素含量提高,推迟花期,延长花时,增加花数,提高了菊花的观赏价值.     

Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from leaf cultures of ornamental species of Dianthus

Protocol for direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of economically important species of Dianthus, viz. D. caryophyllus, D. barbatus and D. chinensis has been developed. Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) liquid medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1 mg/l) was used for direct induction of somatic embryogenesis without an intervening callus phase. Initially globular structures were observed after 21 days of culture of leaf explants in liquid medium. Development of embryos to heart and torpedo stages was achieved in the liquid medium incorporated with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) at a concentration of 2.5%. Embryo maturation was further promoted by addition of casein hydrolysate (CH) (200 mg/l) in MS liquid medium. Embryos germinated to form plantlets on solid MS medium supplemented with GA₃ (1 mg/l). Regenerated plants with well-developed root and shoot systems were successfully transferred to field conditions.     

Comparison of flower numbers and pollen production of several dessert apple and ornamental Malus cultivars

The numbers of flowers, and the amount and viability of pollen they released, were recorded on six dessert apple and five ornamental Malus cultivars over several years. M. χ purpurea cv Aldenhamensis produced as much, and M. cv Hillieri, M. cv Golden Hornet and M. cv Winter Gold far more, live pollen per length of branch, per tree or per canopy volume than most of the dessert cultivars studied.     

Enhancing plant diversity and mitigating BVOC emissions of urban green spaces through the introduction of ornamental tree species

Promoting the plant diversity of urban green spaces is crucial to increase ecosystem services in urban areas. While introducing ornamental plants can enhance the biodiversity of green spaces it risks environmental impacts such as increasing emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) that are harmful to air quality and human health. The present study, taking Qingdao City as a case study, evaluated the plant diversity and BVOC emissions of urban green spaces and tried to find out a solution to increase biodiversity while reducing BVOC emissions. Results showed that: (1) the species diversity and phylogenetic diversity of trees in urban green spaces were 22% and 16% lower than rural forest of this region; (2) urban areas had higher BVOC emission intensity (2.6 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹) than their rural surroundings (2.1 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹); (3) introducing the selected 11 tree species will increase 15% and 11% of species diversity and phylogenetic diversity, respectively; and (4) the BVOC emissions from green spaces will more than triple by 2050, but a moderate introduction of the selected low-emitting trees species could reduce 34% of these emissions. The scheme of introducing low-emitting ornamental species leads to a win–win situation and also has implications for the sustainable green space management of other cities.     

籽瓜植株生长发育规律的研究

对内蒙古地区有代表性的4个籽瓜品种植株(地上部)的生长发育进行了研究,结果表明:内蒙古籽瓜的全生育期为92 d～101 d(天),籽瓜植株的生长发育可分为发芽期、幼苗期、伸蔓期和结果期,结果期分为前期(开花座果期)、中期(果实膨大期)、后期(种子成熟期).发芽期、幼苗期以叶为生长中心,伸蔓期、结果期以茎为生长中心,进入结果期以果实为生长中心,不同生育分期长短的差异主要表现在结果中期的差异上.     

乙烯利和氯吡脲在黄瓜制种中的应用

为了提高黄瓜杂交制种种子产量,结合植物生长调节剂在蔬菜上的应用实践,研究了乙烯利和氯吡脲对黄瓜杂交制种种子产量和质量的影响。结果表明,150～250 mg·L~(-1)乙烯利于母本4叶1心时喷施效果较佳,种子产量提高了45.8%;3～6 mg·L~(-1)氯吡脲于授粉后浸蘸瓜,效果较佳,产量增加30.0%,化瓜率由对照的34.1%降低到8.0%。乙烯利和氯吡脲的研究应用可为黄瓜制种实践提供技术支撑。     

Effects of pollen-load on fruit yield,seed production and germination in melons,cucumbers and squash

Summary

Four cultivars of each of three cucurbit species were used to examine the effects of pollen-load (i.e., the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigma of pistillate flowers) on fruit-set, seed-set, and germinability (i.e., germination percentage and germination rate) in four greenhouse experiments. Increasing pollen-load increased the number of fruit per plant in the four melon cultivars over two growing seasons, and in two non-parthenocarpic cucumbers, but had no effect on all four squash cultivars. In most cases, increasing pollen-load increased the number of fully-developed seeds, decreased the percentage of empty seeds, and tended to decrease mean seed weights. On average, melons produced 2.2 fruits per plant in the Winter, and only 0.9 fruits per plant in the Autumn. In contrast, melons produced 275 fully-developed seeds per fruit in the Autumn, but only 57 seeds in the Winter. Mean melon seed weight was higher in Autumn, and the sum of all seed yield component effects resulted a significantly higher seed yield per plant in the Autumn. Germinability of melon seeds from the Autumn season, and of squash seeds from the Winter season, were not significantly affected by pollen-load treatment. These data are contrary to the theory that microgametophyte competition has a positive effect on the vigour of the progeny. The lower germinability of melon seeds obtained by passive pollination (i.e., self-pollination in covered flowers) may be due to the fact that pollination without insect or human interference yielded only a few seeds per fruit, and, under such circumstances, there may be a survival advantage for slow and distributed germination.     

The effect of seed source, light during germination, and cold-moist stratification on seed germination in three species of Echinacea for organic production

Organic production of one of the most popular botanical supplements, Echinacea, continues to expand in the U.S. Echinacea seeds typically show a high degree of dormancy that can be broken by ethephon or gibberelic acid (GA), but these methods are currently disallowed in organic production. In order to determine the efficacy of non-chemical seed treatments, we evaluated the effect of varying seed source and supplying light, with and without cold-moist stratification, on seed germination of the three most important medicinal species of Echinacea, E. angustifolia DC, E. purpurea (L) Moench, and E. pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Treatments included cold-moist stratification under 24 h light, 24 h dark, and 16/8 h light/dark to break seed dormancy. We found that germination was greater in the E. purpurea and E. pallida seeds from a commercial organic seed source compared to a public germplasm source. When seeds were not cold-moist stratified, 16-24 h light increased germination in E. angustifolia only. Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea, and E. pallida seeds that were cold-moist stratified under 16-24 h of light for 4 wk had a significantly greater percentage and rate of germination compared to seeds germinated in the dark. Therefore, cold-moist stratification under light conditions is recommended as a method to break seed dormancy and increase germination rates in organic production of Echinacea.