牡丹开花和衰老期间花瓣糖代谢的研究

 以牡丹( Paeonia suffruticosa) 品种‘洛阳红’和‘胡红’为材料, 研究了花开放和衰老过程中花瓣可溶性糖及其代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明: 伴随花瓣的迅速生长展开, 总可溶性糖呈现迅速增加的趋势, 特别是己糖(葡萄糖和果糖) 含量显著增加, 盛开后己糖水平达到最高, 而蔗糖含量呈现逐渐下降的变化。己糖和蔗糖降解指数(SDI) 与花枝质量呈现极显著的正相关; 花瓣酸性转化酶活性维持较高水平, 开花过程中活性逐渐升高, 开放后逐渐下降。经主成分回归分析, 可溶性糖的代谢依赖于酸性转化酶、中性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的共同作用。结果提示, 牡丹花瓣中己糖的积累在花开放和衰老过程中起着重要作用。     

Response of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Allison) to post-harvest treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene

Summary

Experiments were conducted to observe the effect of different concentrations of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the post-harvest life and quality of ‘Allison’ kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Fruit were treated with 1-MCP at 0.5 µl l^–1, 1.0 µl l^–1, or 2.0 µl l^–1, un-treated fruit served as controls. Each 1-MCP treatment was applied for 24 h at 20°C. After treatment, fruit were transferred to ambient temperature storage (22º ± 4ºC; 65 – 70% relative humidity) for 18 d, during which time observations on various physical, physiological, and biochemical parameters were recorded at 3 d intervals. Our results indicated that 2.0 µl l^–1 1-MCP was the most effective treatment to delay softening and ripening in ‘Allison’ kiwifruit, as such fruit showed the lowest mean weight loss (9.8 ± 0.2%), the highest mean fruit firmness value (32.7 ± 0.2 N), and began to ripen only after 12 d in storage, whereas untreated fruit started ripening on day-6 of storage. The activities of fruit softening enzymes such as polygalacturonase (PG; 58.5 ± 0.3 µg galacturonic acid g^–1 FW h^–1), and lipoxygenase (LOX; 3.96 ± 1.3 µmoles linoleic acid oxidised min^–1 g^–1 FW h^–1) were lower, and total phenolics (TP) contents (24.3 ± 0.3 mg 100 g^–1) and anti-oxidant (AOX) activities (12.5 ± 0.03 µmol Trolox g^–1 FW h^–1) were higher in 1-MCP-treated fruit than in untreated fruit (PG, 98.3 ± 0.5 µg galacturonic acid g^–1 FW h^–1; LOX, 4.39 ± 1.0 µmoles min^–1 g^–1 FW h^–1; TP, 5.3 ± 0.6 mg 100 g^–1; AOX, 4.7 ± 0.02 µmol Trolox g^–1 FW h^–1, respectively). In addition, 1-MCP-treated fruit exhibited lower rates of respiration (48.3 ± 0.4 ml CO₂ kg^–1 h^–1) and ethylene production (30.2 ± 0.02 µl kg^–1 FW h^–1) than untreated fruit (58.9 ± 0.6 ml CO₂ kg^–1 h^–1; 38.7 ± 0.04 µl kg^–1 FW h^–1, respectively). Similarly, 1-MCP-treated fruit had higher titratable acidity (TA; 1.33 ± 0.3%) and ascorbic acid (AA) contents (115.9 ± 2.6 mg 100 g^–1 pulp) and lower soluble solids contents (SSC; 8.33º ± 0.2º Brix) than untreated kiwifruit (TA, 1.0 ± 0.2 %; AA, 105.3 ± 2.2 mg 100 g^–1 pulp; SSC, 13.7º ± 0.3º Brix, respectively). Thus, 2.0 µl l^–1 1-MCP can be used for the post-harvest treatment of ‘Allison’ kiwifruit to enhance its shelf-life and marketability by approx. 6 d.     

Characterisation of respiration,ethylene production,and carbohydrate contents during flower opening in Epidendrum ibaguense

Summary

The opening of flowers in Epidendrum ibaguense is characterised by continuous drops in respiration, ethylene production, and 1-aminocyclopropone-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase activity from the bud stage to fully open. Later, an increase in ethylene production and ACC oxidase activity occurred, suggesting autocatalytic production of ethylene, beginning at an early stage of senescence. Regardless of developmental stage, the main non-structural carbohydrates in flowers were non-reducing sugars [23.7% (w/w) fresh weight (FW)]. Starch accounted for 3.1% (w/w) FW and reducing sugars for 0.7% (w/w) FW. No depletion in the level of any carbohydrate was observed throughout senescence. At the beginning of floral senescence, a sharp increase occurred in the activities of acid and alkaline invertases, suggesting a role for both enzymes in the cleavage of sucrose. However, no major changes in sucrose synthase activity were found during flower development.     

Quality changes in hydroponic lettuce grown under pre-harvest short-duration continuous light of different intensities

Summary

The effect of pre-harvest light intensity on the quality of hydroponically-grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) was studied by growing lettuce under 48 h of continuous illumination delivered by red- or blue-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a red:blue ratio of 4.0. Four light intensity treatments (50, 100, 150, or 200 µmol m^–2 s^–1) were applied. The results showed that the nitrate concentrations in lettuce shoots decreased significantly after treatment with 48 h of continuous light, while the contents of soluble sugars and vitamin C increased substantially. It was observed that the effect of pre-harvest short-duration continuous light (PSCL) on improving lettuce quality was significantly influenced by the intensity of the light. The decrease in nitrate concentration and the increases in soluble sugars and vitamin C contents were relatively low at a light intensity of 50 µmol m^–2 s^–1, but increased gradually as the light intensity increased from 50 µmol m^–2 s^–1 to 200 µmol m^–2 s^–1. However, the marginal benefit of increased light intensity in lowering nitrate concentration and increaseing vitamin C content declined rapidly when the light intensity increased beyond 100 µmol m^–2 s^–1. In conclusion, PSCL offers an effective method by which to improve the quality of lettuce, and a light intensity of between 100 µmol m^–2 s^–1 – 150 µmol m^–2 s^–1 is the economic optimum.     

柑橘果实糖积累与蔗糖代谢酶活性的研究

研究了脐橙、柠檬果实发育过程中汁胞和果皮内糖含量与糖代谢酶活性的变化。结果表明：不同柑橘品种、不同部位糖积累和相关酶活性变化不同。柑橘汁胞和果皮中还原糖含量均高于蔗糖含量。随着脐橙汁胞中糖分的积累,酸性转化酶(SAd)活性持续下降,至采收时几乎为零,说明SAd 的下降与脐橙汁胞糖分积累有很大关系。柠檬汁胞中的中性转化酶(NI)活性随着果实成熟而下降,在成熟时保持极低水平,而此时SAd 活性则较高,是其它酶活性的6倍以上,表明柠檬汁胞中糖分的利用在果实成熟前与NI活性有极大的关系,在成熟期则与高SAd 活性有关。脐橙和柠檬汁胞间糖组分的明显差异和相关酶的变化动态表明蔗糖合成酶(SS)和转化酶在柑橘汁胞糖代谢中可能起到重要作用。     

Effects of light,sucrose, and cytokinins on somatic embryogenesis in Lilium ledebourii (Baker) Bioss. via transverse thin cell-layer cultures of bulblet microscales

Summary

This is the first report describing the culture conditions necessary to induce somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from transverse thin cell-layers (tTCL) of the rare and endangered bulb species, Lilium ledebourii (Baker) Boiss. (Liliaceae). The tTCLs were transferred onto 1.0 Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) containing various sucrose concentrations [3.0, 4.5, or 6.0% (w/v)] and different combinations of two cytokinins [6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ)] with 1.0 µM -naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in the dark, or exposed to light (40 µmol m^–2 s^–1). The aims of this work were to provide an improved propagation method torescue L. ledebourii, and to determine the effects of sucrose concentration, light, and different cytokinins on somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic callus cultures were obtained only when the tTCLs were transferred onto 1.0 MS medium containing 1.0 µM NAA, various levels of BA (0.4, 1.1, or 2.2 µM), and sucrose [3.0, 4.5, or 6.0% (w/v)] after 3 months culture in the light or in darkness. Combinations of various concentrations of TDZ and NAA did not generate embryogenic calli. The highest rate of growth of embryogenic calli was achieved on 1.0 MS medium supplemented with 1.0µM NAA, 1.1 µM BA, and 4.5% (w/v) sucrose, in the light. Embryo-like structures were grown into plantlets after transfer onto 1.0 MS medium without any plant growth regulators and incubated in the light. Regenerated plants were successfully acclimatised to ex vitro conditions, with a survival rate of 90%.     

‘鸭梨’ב京白梨’杂交后代果实可溶性糖积累差异以及相关酶活性研究

 以‘鸭梨’ב京白梨’杂交后代果实中分别表现高糖和低糖的个体GT-Y10和DT-Y168为试材,研究其果实发育过程中总糖、蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和山梨醇含量以及糖代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明：GT-Y10和DT-Y168中果糖含量最高,分别占总糖含量的45.77%和50.98%,山梨醇含量次之,蔗糖含量相对较低。成熟时,GT-Y10的果糖含量显著低于DT-Y168,而蔗糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇乃至总糖含量均显著高于DT-Y168。GT-Y10和DT-Y168蔗糖含量差异主要由SS（合成方向）引起;葡萄糖和果糖的差异主要由于NAD⁺-SDH和NADP⁺-SDH活性的差异引起,同时受AI、NI和SS（分解方向）的影响;NAD⁺-SDH和NADP⁺-SDH还造成山梨醇含量的差异。     

外源硝态氮提高淹水甜樱桃根系糖含量及蔗糖相关酶活性

 以‘大青叶’（Prunus pseudocerasus var. Daqingye）嫁接甜樱桃‘岱红’(P. avium. ‘Daihong’) 为试材,研究了淹水条件下外源硝态氮对甜樱桃根系蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和淀粉含量及蔗糖合酶（SS）合成和分解、蔗糖中性转化酶（NI）、蔗糖酸性转化酶（AI）活性的影响。结果表明,淹水过程中处理与对照根系蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和淀粉含量均呈先升后降趋势;与对照相比,外源NO₃^-提高了根系中蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和淀粉的含量,蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和淀粉达到最大值时,处理比对照分别高18.02%、21.97%、25.27%和11.41%。淹水过程中根系SS分解活性呈先升后降趋势,而SS合成活性、NI和AI活性呈下降趋势;加NO₃^-后,4种酶活性均高于对照。这些结果表明,淹水条件下外源NO₃^-可通过调控根系的糖代谢而增强甜樱桃耐低氧能力。     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the CrDAT gene and selection of transgenic periwinkle lines with a high vincristine accumulation

Catharanthus roseus contains vincristine and vinblastine, which are outstanding drugs for cancer. In the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs) in C. roseus, deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase (DAT) is a key enzyme that catalyses the last reaction of vindoline biosynthesis to form vinblastine and vincristine. In this study, the CrDAT transgene was transferred into the periwinkle by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and generated transgenic periwinkle lines with an increase in vincristine accumulation. The C. roseus DAT gene was introduced into C. roseus plants and it was confirmed that CrDAT was successfully transferred into the genome of periwinkle plants and efficiently translated to synthesise recombinant DAT protein. Four transgenic periwinkle lines in T1 generation, T1-1, T1-3, T1-6, and T1-7, expressed recombinant DAT protein with the total protein content in the range of 2.86 μg.mg^?1 to 5.12 μg.mg^?1. Moreover, the vincristine contents of four transgenic lines increased by 1.63?2.48-fold compared to non-transgenic plants, ranging from 6.91 µg.g^?1 (fresh weight) to 10.53 µg.g^?1 (fresh weight). The T1-1 line had the highest vincristine content. Hence, the overexpression of the recombinant DAT protein can improve the vincristine accumulation of transgenic C. roseus plants.

Abbreviation: CrDAT - Catharanthus roseus Deacetylvindoline-4-O-Acetyl Transferase; D4H - Deacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase; ELISA - Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Monoterpene indole alkaloid; T0, T1 - Generations of transgenic plants; TIAs - Terpenoid indole alkaloids; WT- The wild-type tobacco plants (non transgenic plant); 35S - Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter     

蔗糖代谢相关酶在卡因菠萝果实糖积累中的作用

以菠萝品种卡因为材料,测定了不同发育时期果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶-酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)的活性,并对果实中糖积累与酶活性的关系进行了分析.结果表明,卡因果实的发育呈单"S型"曲线,在幼果期到果实迅速生长期,果糖和葡萄糖积累较多,蔗糖积累缓慢,此期蔗糖积累较少与高活性蔗糖转化酶有关;进入成熟期,果实中蔗糖迅速积累,而己糖略有上升,果实蔗糖的显著增加主要与SS和SPS活性有关.酸性转化酶和中性转化酶前期活性很强,后期降低;蔗糖合成酶(合成方向)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性变化趋势相似,前期弱后期强.经过相关性分析:果实中蔗糖含量与SS和SPS活性存在极显著的正相关性(相关系数分别为r=0.97273**和r=-0.91004**),而与NI活性呈极显著负相关(r=-0.76419**),与AI的活性呈显著负相关(r=-0.60594*).     

番茄果实发育过程中糖的变化与相关酶活性的关系

 在日光温室内以普通栽培番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ) ‘辽园多丽’为试材, 在番茄开花后不同天数, 分别取果柄维管束、萼片、果肉、果胶质和胎座、心室隔壁和果实维管束, 分别测定各部位糖的组成和含量以及糖代谢相关酶的活性。结果表明, 在番茄果实发育过程中, 果肉中葡萄糖和果糖的含量与蔗糖合成酶( SS) 活性呈显著和极显著负相关, 相关系数分别为-0.9497^*和-0.9598^**, 两者与转化酶的活性在果实整个发育期达到显著正相关; 而蔗糖的含量与酸性转化酶及中性转化酶活性均达到极显著负相关, 相关系数分别为-0.9706^**和-0.9669^**, 与SS活性呈显著正相关, 相关系数为0.8886^*。在果实整个发育期, 3种糖的含量均与蔗糖磷酸合成酶( SPS) 无显著相关, 说明番茄果实中各种糖的积累与代谢主要受SS和转化酶活性的调控, 与SPS活性关系不大。果实中淀粉的积累只与SS呈显著正相关, 与其它3种酶活性关系不大。所以转化酶与蔗糖合成酶( SS) 的共同作用是影响普通栽培型番茄果实中糖积累的重要因子。     

Low night-temperatures affect the metabolism of raffinose-family oligosaccharides in melon (Cucumis melo L.) leaves during fruit expansion

Summary

This study served to reveal the effects and mechanism of low night-temperatures on the metabolism of raffinose-family oligosaccharides in melon (Cucumis melo L.) leaves. We investigated the carbohydrate contents and sugar-metabolising enzyme activities in leaves under normal (15°C; control) and two low night-temperature (12°C or 9°C) conditions during fruit expansion. The results showed that the greatest difference in carbohydrate metabolism occurred between 9°C at night and the 15°C control. Compared to the normal night temperature, total carbohydrate accumulation, in particular raffinose, increased and the ratio of raffinose to total carbohydrates exhibited the greatest increase in melon leaves treated at 9°C at night, while the ratio of sucrose to total carbohydrates declined at the end of the same treatment. These data suggested that 9°C at night played an important role in partitioning carbon from sucrose to raffinose-family oligosaccharides (RFO), and that raffinose may serve dual purposes in stress protection and carbon storage. Meanwhile, the activities of sugar-metabolising enzymes were notably affected by 9°C at night. Sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and, in particular, galactinol and stachyose synthase activities decreased markedly, while acid invertase (AI) and neutral invertase (NI) activities increased sharply, which restricted sucrose and RFO synthesis. Overall, these data suggest that the decline in stachyose and galactinol synthase activities were the main limiting factor for RFO synthesis in melon leaves at 9°C at night. They also indicated that the reduction in stachyose metabolism may be an important factor during the development of unmarketable fruit.     

Seasonal changes of asparagus spears in relation to enzyme activities and carbohydrate content

Seasonal changes in the activities of acid invertase, sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) along with the sugar content were studied in asparagus spears (Asparagus officinalis L. cvs. E414 and Welcome) grown in the greenhouse. The primary objective of this study was to understand the effect of long-term harvesting on the quality of green asparagus spears. Both soluble and cell wall-bound acid invertase increased in activity until June after which they changed very little. Similarly, SS activity increased to a maximum in June and changed little after this time. SPS activity changed little throughout the season. Sucrose concentration declined from March to a minimum in June and increased again in October. On the other hand glucose and fructose concentrations increased to a maximum in June and thereafter changed little except for a possible decline in October. A highly significant negative correlation was found between acid invertase and SS activities and sucrose content accounting well for the relation between the substrate and the activity. There were no significant differences between the cultivars.     

甜瓜果实发育过程中糖积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶的关系

以伊丽莎白和乌引1号2个厚皮甜瓜品种为试材,测定了不同发育时期果实中的糖、淀粉含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶—酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性变化等,并对甜瓜果实糖积累的生理机制进行了系统分析。结果表明:(1)2个品种果实中糖积累动态十分相似,即成熟期之前,糖积累缓慢,特别是蔗糖几乎很少积累;进入成熟期,果实中蔗糖迅速积累,而单糖略有下降。(2)AI、NI的活性变化对2种甜瓜果实中糖的积累和构成具有重要影响,SS对2种甜瓜果实中糖积累的作用较小,SPS活性升高与成熟期伊丽莎白果实中蔗糖的积累相一致。(3)果实中糖的积累与淀粉含量变化无明显关系。     

Changes in parameters of cell senescence in carnation flowers after cold storage

The effects of cold storage on vase life, ethylene (C₂H₄) production, and parameters of cell senescence, were measured in flowers of spray carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), cultivar ‘Pink Royalette’. Storage for 6 or 12 days at 2°C led to a reduction in the subsequent vase life at 20°C. In addition, storage caused a reduction in the time between the rise in ethylene production and the end of vase life. That is, cold storage increased the sensitivity of the petal cells to endogenous C₂H₄.Normal aging of flowers for 6 days at 20°C led to decreased capacity of petals to take up [¹⁴C] sucrose, decreased activity of membrane ATPase, increased membrane microviscosity and decreased membrane phospholipid content, relative to the levels in fresh flowers. However, cold storage of flowers for 6 days at 2°C caused opposite changes in the levels of these senescence parameters (measured at constant temperature). It was concluded that cold storage does not simply lead to a slow rate of senescence, but has other effects on cell properties.     

GA3 诱导的单性结实‘宁海白’白沙枇杷糖代谢的研究

 研究了花蕾期GA₃ 0.5、1.0 g·L ^{- 1}处理诱导的单性结实‘宁海白’无核白沙枇杷的糖积累与代谢特性。结果表明: 两种浓度的GA3 诱导的无核枇杷中, 其蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和总糖的含量均低于正常有核果, 并随处理浓度的增加而下降, 其中成熟时处理与对照之间各种糖的含量差异达到显著水平。不同浓度GA₃ 处理后, 果实中蔗糖代谢酶( SS、SPS、转化酶) 、己糖代谢酶(HXK、FRK) 和山梨醇脱氢酶( SDH) 等的活力均低于正常有核果, 并随处理浓度的增加而下降。上述结果表明, GA₃ 诱导无核, 导致果实糖代谢酶活力的下降, 是无核枇杷果实含糖量下降的主要因子。     

Effect of low temperatures on pulp browning and endogenous abscisic acid and ethylene concentrations in peach (Prunus persica L.) fruit during post-harvest storage

Summary

Changes in the severity of pulp browning, endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene concentrations, and related gene expression in peach (Prunus persica L. ‘Bayuecui’) fruit stored at the biological freezing-point temperature (BFT; 1ºC), at 4ºC, or at room temperature (20ºC; as a control) were investigated.The results showed that fruit stored at room temperature showed climacteric changes in ethylene and ABA concentrations and in levels of expression of the corresponding ethylene synthetase genes (PpACS1, PpACO1) and the gene for a key enzyme of ABA synthesis (PpNCED), concomitant with a significant decrease in fruit firmness and an increase in juice yield. Meanwhile, two sucrose synthase genes (PpSUS1 and PpSUS2) were expressed at relatively low levels. However, fruit firmness decreased slightly and chilling injury (CI) increased significantly 40 d after storage (DAS) at 4ºC, with a significant accumulation of proline [from 8.33 µg g^–1 (at t = 0 d) to 9.125 µg g^–1 (at t = 40 d)]. In contrast, fruit firmness decreased slowly and pulp browning increased slightly 80 DAS at the BFT ( 1ºC), with a lower accumulation of proline than in fruit stored at 4ºC. The concentrations of soluble sugars and titratable acidity decreased during storage at 1ºC, 4ºC, or 20ºC, but there was a peak of soluble sugars at a late stage of storage at the BFT ( 1ºC). The fruit browning index was significantly and positively correlated (R ² = 0.967) with ABA concentration. The decrease in ABA concentration in cold-stored fruit (at both 1ºC and 4ºC) inhibited ethylene production. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between CI in fruit and ethylene production. In conclusion, the decrease in ABA concentration reduced ethylene concentrations and inhibited the development of pulp browning, which resulted in an improved taste, but crisper fruit, when fruit were stored at the BFT (–1ºC).     

Embryo induction via anther culture in papaya and sex analysis of the derived plantlets

We investigated the embryo induction of papaya by anther culture, and identified the sex of plantlets derived from embryos using a sex-diagnostic PCR. Anthers, containing approximately 80% uninucleate pollen, were collected from 10 to 14 mm long male flower buds. They were pre-treated on agar (0.8%) or in liquid medium for 1–5 days at 25 or 35 °C, then transferred to agar medium with 0.1 mg l⁻¹ BA and 0.1 mg l⁻¹ NAA. Agar and liquid media used for the pre-treatment contained water only or MS nutrients with or without sucrose (2.0%). On the agar medium, no embryos were induced at any pre-treatment temperature. In the liquid medium at 25 °C, embryos were induced at about 1.0% (rate of anthers forming embryos) in MS medium with sucrose for 3 or 5 days. At 35 °C, embryo induction rate tended to increase up to about 4.0% when anthers were treated in water for 1 day or MS medium with sucrose for 3 or 5 days. The sex of plantlets established through anther culture was analyzed using a sex-diagnostic PCR. All plantlets were determined as female. From these results, we suggest that all plantlets established through anther culture were of microspore origin, and that the anther culture technique is useful for the breeding of female papaya.     

草莓果实蔗糖和己糖的代谢特性及其与糖积累的关系(英文)

以设施栽培的枥乙女草莓为试材,研究蔗糖代谢和己糖代谢关键酶在草莓果实糖积累进程中的作用。采集花后1～8周的果实,分别测定果实中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖的含量和蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)、蔗糖合酶(SS)、可溶性酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、己糖激酶(HXK)及果糖激酶(FRK)等蔗糖和己糖代谢酶的活性。结果表明,草莓果实的总糖含量随果实发育持续积累,但蔗糖的快速积累对果实后期糖的积累贡献最大。在果实发育前期,草莓AI活性随果实发育而下降,但在果实发育后期,AI活力随果实成熟而急剧上升,这使果实最终以积累己糖为主。果实蔗糖快速积累期,合成蔗糖的酶SPS和SS(合成方向)的活性下降到较低水平,表明这2种酶对草莓后期果实蔗糖的快速积累贡献较少。果实发育后期较低的HXK和FRK活力有利于果实糖的快速积累。     

The Response of Carnations (Dianthus Caryophyllus) to Ethylene

Carnation flowers were treated with ethylene and then transferred to ethylene-free air at 65° F. (18·3° C.) and the effect on senescence observed. Short exposures (0.2 p.p.m. for 6 hrs.) gave no visible response; the same concentration for 48 hrs. in the absence of CO₂ caused irreversible wilting. The response of flowers to intermediate concentrations is described.

Accumulation of carbon dioxide during the ethylene treatment delayed ethylene-induced senescence. Carbon dioxide (2–3%) or ethylene oxide (0·1–0·2%) was sufficient to prevent damage by 0·2 p.p.m. ethylene and also suppressed the surge of endogenous ethylene which accompanies wilting of petals by exogenous ethylene. Respiration was increased 25–40% by toxic doses of ethylene. The surge in endogenous ethylene which occurs at senescence may be suppressed by accumulation of carbon dioxide or depletion of oxygen, the threshold concentration being about 4% for each gas. An increase in the rate of leakage of solutes occurred at senescence and when petal tissue broke down.

The results of these investigations are discussed in relation to the problem of storage of flowers.