肠衣-肝素加工废水资源化利用初步探讨

<正>我国肠衣制品产量较大,且加工过程中产生的肠粘膜废弃物继续生产肝素的产量也很大,在其整个生产链中废水排放量极大,而废水中氨基酸含量丰富,化学耗氧量(COD值)也较高,不宜直接排放。如能有效利用肠衣-肝素加工废水制备微量元素氨基酸螯合物,既能提高产业附加值,又可减轻环境污染。     

肠衣下脚料的开发与利用

1肠衣下脚料的来源与加工工艺1．1肠衣下脚料的来源猪的小肠可以加工成肠衣出口，小肠的肠管组织结构包括粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌肉层与浆膜层，在加工时先浸洗小肠内外，用竹制刮刀在平滑的刮肠台上刮去粘膜层、浆膜层、肌层，仅留下肠衣薄膜（主要为粘膜下层），整理加工后可以出口。刮刀刮下的物质中有一部分肌肉层可以捞出腌制作为人的食品，其余的物质加盐、加碱后进行加热，再经过滤，滤液作为提取肝素（抗凝、抗血栓药物）的原料，而滤渣是下脚料，可以直接用作饲料，也可以再进一步加工。1．2肠衣下脚料粉的加工工艺加工肠衣的下脚料…     

利用动物小肠提取肝素钠的技术及生产工艺

利用猪、羊肠粘膜提取肝素钠技术,是增加家畜副产品加工产值,提高利用效率,发展畜牧加工业,增加收入的较好途径。在有条件的地区和单位、个人都可以生产。一般每头家畜通过肠衣加工平均新增加产值在4元     

优质猪肠衣的加工技术

冬季正是猪肠衣收集加工季节,加工户应选择色泽新鲜、气味正常、两端完整、未有破伤、每根长度在14米以上且不沾泥沙的猪原肠进行加工,这样的猪肠衣能灌制出精美的香肠.现介绍两种肠衣的制作方法:     

商品猪肠衣的优质加工技术

加工猪肠衣是一项投资少、效益高的致富项目。猪肠衣加工在我国已有多年的历史．但符合商品标准质量的加工技术还不成熟。冬春季节正是猪肠衣收集加工季节，养殖场、加工户应及时进行采集加工。现介绍符合商品要求的猪肠衣加工方法。     

商品猪肠衣优质加工效益高

<正>加工猪肠衣是一项投资少、效益高的致富项目。猪肠衣加工在我国已有多年生产历史,但符合商品标准质量的加工技术还不成熟。冬春季节正是猪肠衣的收集加工季节,养殖场、加工户应及时进行采集加工。现介绍符合商品要求的猪肠衣加工方法。1商品猪肠衣的标准1.1原肠要求原肠色泽新鲜,无异臭味,无泥沙杂物,无     

酶解法提取肠膜肽工艺条件的优化

试验以肝素加工废水为原料,利用水解蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶及水解-风味复合酶提取肠膜肽,以水解度表征其反应程度。研究表明,风味-水解复合酶组效果最优,最佳酶解条件为:温度50℃、pH值5.0、酶总浓度3%、风味蛋白酶:水解蛋白酶为1:1、酶解时间2h。在此条件下水解度为17.45%。     

利用肠衣-肝素加工废液提取肠膜蛋白工艺研究

以肠衣-肝素加工过程中产生的废液为原料进行肠膜蛋白提取。研究结果表明:最佳工艺为酶解p H 6.7、酶解温度53℃、酶解时间3.3 h和加酶量12 100 U/L。喷雾干燥过程中赋形剂添加量为8%,进风温度为200℃。得到的最终产品为乳黄色,粗蛋白含量大于50%,可溶性蛋白含量为40%左右,水分低于10%,氯化钠含量为6.5%~8%,符合肠膜蛋白质量要求。     

利用淀粉废水生产对虾饲料的单细胞蛋白

我国采用生物工程技术,利用淀粉加工废水生产单细胞蛋白取得了可喜的成果。选育出了能在33℃～42℃范围内均能生长(耐高温),对淀粉水解糖转化率达60％以上,有工业化前途的热带假丝酵母菌株作生产菌株;用双酶法水解淀粉废水,应用新型的空气提升式发酵罐连续培养生产单细胞蛋白工艺,做到生产效率高、     

肠衣传统和新型腌制技术研究及应用进展

我国是世界肠衣出口大国。为使国内腌制肠衣企业全面了解国际肠衣腌制工艺更新动态,及时跟踪相关机构的科研方向及研究进展,本文综述了传统氯化钠(NaCl)腌制肠衣技术和新型磷酸盐补充干盐(P-salt)腌制肠衣技术的研究背景、最新进展及其应用范围,介绍了国外更新肠衣加工工艺的操作模式。NaCl腌制技术一直是肠衣防腐杀菌和常温保存的主要方法,目前国际贸易中绝大多数半成品和成品肠衣采用该技术处理。NaCl腌制技术的杀菌能力与腌制肠衣中的盐浓度即水活性、腌制温度和pH等多种因素联系紧密。P-salt腌制技术能显著提高肠衣的卫生状况和机械特性,既可显著提高肠衣灌注内容物时的润滑度,又能提高肠衣携带病毒的杀灭效果。一些相关研究成果已成为当前制定肠衣腌制处理工艺的重要依据。目前国内外的肠衣腌制技术已由单一的NaCl腌制技术,逐渐进入到传统NaCl腌制和新型P-salt腌制共存的局面,并大有向后者倾斜的趋势。本文为国内肠衣腌制技术的研究和储备提供了参考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。