Assessment of genetic diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae

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Detection and characterization of bismerthiazol-resistance of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

The resistance to bismerthiazol in the Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae population in China has not been clearly determined. Three bismerthiazol-resistant mutants (1-1-1, 2-1-1, 4-1-1) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae were induced on rice plants and the characteristics were compared with their parental strain ZJ173. After 10 subcultures on fresh bismerthiazol-free nutrient agar plates and after being inoculation onto and re-isolation from untreated rice plants two times, the mutants remained pathogenicity on rice plants treated with 300 μg/ml bismerthiazol, indicating that the in vivo-induced bismerthiazol resistance was stable in vivo. The in vitro characteristics of the bismerthiazol-resistant mutants and a wild-type bismerthiazol-sensitive strain (ZJ173) were also compared. The three mutants grew faster than ZJ173 during the logarithmic growth phase but at the same rate during the decline phase. Bismerthiazol had protective and curative activity against strain ZJ173 but not against the three mutants. To evaluate the current degree of bismerthiazol resistance in field populations of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in China, 781 isolates of X. oryzae pv. oryzae were obtained from 1419 leaf samples collected from Yunnan, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Guangdong, Hainan, and Hunan Provinces in China from 2007 to 2009. The in vivo sensitivity of 505 of the 781 isolates to bismerthiazol was determined by applying them to rice plants treated with 300 μg/ml bismerthiazol and evaluating blast severity. The tested strains were considered resistant, if they showed <70% inhibition relative to strain ZJ173. Of the 505 isolates, 62 were resistant to bismerthiazol. The resistance frequencies among field population ranged from 0 to 21.1%, differed among the provinces, and was 11.2, 20.0 and 10.4% in 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively. Resistance determined in vivo was not related to resistance determined in vitro. The in vivo-induced bismerthiazol resistance identified in this study will serve as a base line for further studying bismerthiazol resistance in fields, and the current degree of bismerthiazol resistance in field populations of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in China determined would be useful for the rice growers for control of rice bacterial blight.     

苯并噻二唑诱发水稻对白叶枯病的系统获得抗性

用苯并噻二唑（benzothiadiazole, BTH)(0.5 mmol/L）、水杨酸（1 mmol/L）、硝酸镍(0.5 mmol/L)、多效唑（300 mg/L）和烯效唑（40 mg/L）处理4叶1心期稻苗后接种白叶枯病菌,病斑长度明显降低。BTH对白叶枯病病菌生长无明显抑制作用。BTH诱发稻苗对白叶枯病抗性的最佳浓度为0.5~1 mmol/L;在诱发处理和接种之间至少需要2 d才能诱导抗性,间隔7 d的诱导抗性效果最好,诱导抗性的持久期至少15 d。BTH处理稻苗第2叶,可使未处理的第3和第4叶上也表现出诱导抗性,但处理后至少需要24~36 h上部叶片才表现出诱导抗性。结果表明,BTH诱导对白叶枯病的抗性是一种系统获得抗性反应。     

中国水稻白叶枯病菌群体结构的初步分析

 用两个DNA探针pJEL101和pBSavrxa10，测定了78个来自18个地区的水稻白叶枯病菌系的RFLP型，其中主要来自华北、东北和少数来自华中、华南，以分析其群体结构和遗传多样性。各菌系的基因组DNA分别用限制性内切酶EcoR I和BamH I酶切探针pJEL101或pBSavrxa10。通过分子杂交，分别鉴定出16种RFLP型。病原型1、2和6的多数来自华北和东北菌系表现14种RFLP型。它们之间多数只有一带之差，或有3～4个带位不同。然而，它们与来自广东和云南的菌系相比，差别较大，有7～8条带位不同。根据参试菌系的RFLP带型分簇（Cluster），如以彼此之间的带位相似率达85%为界，可分为6簇，多数病原型1、2和6的菌系为簇1，少数几个菌系，LN43、GD1358和YN5分别为簇4、5和6。参试的菌系群体遗传变异为0.77（pJEL101）和0.83（pBSavrxa10）。也分析了亚群体的各病原型内的遗传变异，初步分析表明中国的水稻白叶枯病菌系的遗传变异多种多样。但尚需测试更多的来自华南；华中和西南地区的菌系，方能较系统地分析全国菌系的群体结构及其遗传关系。     

OsDUF500基因沉默提高水稻对白叶枯病的抗性

 以编码HarpinXoo 的hrf1转基因水稻NJH12的cDNA为模板,克隆到了DUF500的保守功能区。序列分析表明,OsDUF500是DUF500家族成员,功能未知。构建OsDUF500的沉默载体,用土壤根癌农杆菌介导的方法转化粳稻 R109,用Hpt抗生素做抗性筛选,获得9个再生株系。经分子鉴定,8个为沉默株系（ABD 2~9）。与野生型相比, ABD株系株高变矮,叶片变短,出现白色空秕谷。白叶枯病抗性鉴定结果表明,OsDUF500沉默株系对水稻白叶枯病的抗性存在差异,病斑长度比野生型明显缩短,病斑面积均在30%以下,株系ABD 3和ABD 5病斑面积分别为12.3%和15.7%,显示出较好的抗性。推测在稻瘟病抗性中上调表达基因OsDUF500对水稻白叶枯病抗性起负调控作用。     

水稻白叶枯病菌小种分化的监测

通过每10年1次对病原菌致病力分化的监测发现,国内稻区病菌小种的组成基本稳定,仅个别小种有所变化。目前流行的优势小种仍为C1和C2群,即携带有[i]Xa3[/i]抗性基因的品种仍可广泛种植;但能够侵染[i]Xa4[/i]抗性基因的C4、C5群小种的数量有所增加,即将达到流行的阈值。为便于与国内外小种鉴别的结果相比较,选用IRRI推出的几个近等基因系材料作为鉴别品种,将中国的白叶枯病菌区分为8个小种(C1~C8)     

白叶枯病菌xopXoo基因在致病性中的作用

辣椒斑点病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria,Xcv)在非寄主烟草上的过敏反应与xopX基因有关,但在白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xoo)基因组中并未标注xopX同源基因的功能。为研究白叶枯病菌中xopX同源基因在致病性中的作用,对白叶枯病菌的xopXoo基因进行了克隆和突变,并对xopXoo突变体在非寄主烟草上的过敏反应、水稻苗期的水浸症状以及成株期的致病性和病菌生长能力进行了分析。测定结果显示,xopXoo基因突变并不改变白叶枯病菌在烟草上激发过敏反应和在水稻上产生水浸症状能力,但突变菌株在成株期水稻上的致病性和菌体生长能力显著下降。遗传互补能够恢复xopXoo突变体的致病性和菌体生长能力,表明xopXoo是白叶枯病菌的致病性基因。还对白叶枯病菌激发非寄主烟草产生过敏反应的可能基因进行了讨论。     

水稻白叶枯病菌hrcU基因缺失突变体构建及功能研究

 通过基因敲除方式,构建了水稻白叶枯病菌hrcU基因的缺失突变体。突变体丧失了在水稻上的致病性和在非寄主植物上的过敏反应。携带hrcU基因的黏粒完全互补了hrcU突变菌株的表型,互补菌在水稻组织中的生长能力也与野生型菌株相当。免疫杂交结果显示,hrcU基因突变后,水稻白叶枯病菌的Harpin蛋白Hpa1不能从细胞内分泌到胞外。这些结果表明,水稻白叶枯病菌hrcU基因的主要功能是形成Ⅲ型分泌系统,将效应分子分泌到病原细菌胞外,从而决定了在非寄主上的过敏反应和在水稻上的致病性。     

中国南方水稻条斑病菌小种分化研究

采用针刺接种的方法,在水稻孕穗期的剑叶上接种测定了国内南方稻区细菌性条斑病菌62个菌株的致病力。根据病菌与鉴别品种互作反应和亲和性的差异,将供试条斑病菌株区分为6个小种。大多数条斑病菌株与鉴别品种的互作反应表现为弱互作模式,部分菌株与品种间存在强互作关系.     

我国长江以南地区水稻白叶枯病原菌遗传多样性分析

用IS-PCR和rep-PCR法结合传统病理学分析了128个主要采自我国华中、华南和西南地区的水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae）的群体遗传多样性。用4个专化引物J3、ERIC、REP和BOX对114个菌系基因组DNA进行PCR扩增反应,4个引物分别呈现20、12、6和5种谱型,遗传多样性值分别为0.82、0.49、0.35和0.30。以彼此间带位相似率达70%为界,用UPGMA聚类分析法,可将114个病原菌分为6簇（J3）和5簇（ERIC）。引物J3的簇1中包括0~Ⅴ、Ⅶ 7个病原型,ERIC引物的簇1中包括0~Ⅶ 和新型9个病原型。将128个病原菌在我国5个鉴别品种上测定以进行病原型分群,参试菌系多数属于Ⅳ型、Ⅱ型和0型,并出现了一群系列反应型不同于所有病原型的新类型。     

稻瘟病和白叶枯病抗源品种的筛选研究

报道了1975－1982年所做的研究结果,从4853份早稻品种材料中筛选出双抗77009等12个抗性稳定的广谱性抗稻瘟病和白叶枯病品种。     

用单克隆抗体酶联免疫吸附测定法检测水稻种子上的白叶枯病菌

我们于1988年建立了以水稻白叶枯病菌单克隆抗体为第二抗体的酶联免疫吸附测定法,虽然具有灵敏、精确、简便、快速的优点,但用于检测水稻白叶枯病病种所带的微量细菌,灵敏度仍然不足,存在漏检现象。因而,我们对利用单克隆抗体检测水稻白叶枯病病种的方法作了进一步的改进研究。     

稻白叶枯病菌在人工培养基上毒性降低因素研究（英文）

 稻白叶枯病菌在人工培养基上毒性降低受多种因素的影响。试验结果表明,营养因素对菌的毒性降低比菌的不同保存方法更为明显,在供试的6种常用培养基中,NA 和 PSA 培养基对菌的毒性降低影响较小。较短的移植间隔期和频繁的移植次数也会影响菌的毒性降低。菌对低浓度氧的敏感性可因菌系而有差异。因此认为冰冻真空干燥和低温保存对抑制菌的毒性降低是较为理想的保存办法。试验还表明粘多糖的产生与菌的毒性之间不存在一定的相关性。     

中国水稻白叶枯病菌小种C8菌株无毒基因的分离及功能鉴别

 白叶枯病菌与水稻间的互作符合基因对基因模式,不同小种中存在特异的avrBs3/pthA家族基因。对中国水稻白叶枯病菌小种C8菌株基因组DNA进行BamHⅠ酶切和Southern杂交,发现了其特有的约6.0 kb大小、含avrBs3/pthA家族基因的信号条带。经文库筛选、Southern杂交和限制性酶切分析,获得了C8小种avr/pthC8a基因。将该基因导入菲律宾小种6 的代表菌株PXO99A中,发现avr/pthC8a可使PXO99A丧失对水稻品种Asominori（携有成株期抗性基因Xa17）的毒性,暗示avr/pthC8a可能是与Xa17相应的无毒基因。序列分析发现,avr/pthC8a基因大小为3816 bp,编码1272个氨基酸,由102 bp编码的34个氨基酸重复单元在基因内的重复数为20.5个,其3′端的BamHⅠ酶切位点由GGATCC突变为AGATCC,其他特征均与avrBs3/pthA家族的成员相似,即C端存在1个亮氨酸拉链、3个核定位信号和1个酸性转录激活域。avr/pthC8a基因3′端的BamHⅠ酶切位点发生突变在avrBs3/pthA家族基因中鲜有报道。中国C8小种avr/pthC8a基因的发掘,为进一步了解水稻黄单胞菌毒性变异以及avrBs3/pthA家族基因的进化提供了理论依据。     

Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pathotypes prevalent in South China

Bacterial blight(BB), which is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae(Xoo), is an important rice disease responsible for significant yield losses. In the rice-growing regions of South China where BB outbreaks are common, the resistance of cultivars with BB resistance genes Xa4 and Xa21 has been lost because of rapid changes in the Xoo population structure and virulence. In this study, 421 diverse rice accessions were evaluated regarding their resistance to two Xoo strains, namely GD1358(C5) and IV, which are prevalent pathotypes in South China and overcame the resistance of Xa4 and Xa21, respectively. Using the 4.8 mio filtered SNP dataset, we conducted a genome-wide association study, which identified 13 loci associated with BB resistance, including eight new quantitative trait loci(QTL) and five QTL harboring known BB resistance genes: Xa3/Xa26, xa5, Xa35(t), Xa36(t), Xa40, Xa43(t), and xa44(t). Intriguingly, a steep peak was detected on chromosomes 5 and 11. Six QTL including three new ones, were distributed on chromosome 11, whereas a new QTL q BB5.1 and a known QTL were detected on chromosome 5. Haplotype analyses indicated that the LOC;s05 g01610(Os PRAF2) gene within the q BB5.1 region, which encodes a PRAF protein, is associated with BB resistance. Furthermore, Os PRAF2 knockout lines generated using the CRISPR-Cpf1 system were significantly more resistant to Xoo strains than the wild-type plants. Our results provide researchers and breeders with useful information regarding QTL and gene resources,which may be relevant for developing new BB-resistant rice cultivars.