河北雾灵山自然保护区蒙古栎林空间结构分析

以河北雾灵山蒙古栎林为研究对象,利用混交度、大小比和角尺度3个空间结构参数分析了蒙古栎天然林空间结构特征。结果表明:蒙古栎种群密度和断面积占有优势,蒙古栎林平均混交度为0.253,蒙古栎林空间配置简单,林分混交度较低;蒙古栎种群和核桃楸种群以优势和亚优势为主,分别占总林分的57%和64%;在角尺度研究中,相对空间结构单元而言,该林分空间分布格局为聚集分布。在对林分以森林生态系统健康为前提的经营时,应以森林群落自然生长和演替过程为依据。     

樟子松人工林空间结构优化及可视化模拟

为实现人工林的近自然化改造,以帽儿山樟子松人工林为研究对象,以可视化模拟为手段,以林分空间结构优化为目标,以常用空间结构参数(角尺度、混交度、大小比)为切入点,按照森林演替的一般规律构建樟子松人工林的空间结构优化方案,并将其与林分三维可视化模拟模型进行耦合,建立樟子松人工林三维可视化经营模拟系统.模拟实例表明:林分的平均角尺度从0.461提高到0.487,林木分布格局由均匀分布变为随机分布;林分混交度由0.284上升到0.308,混交程度得到提高;林分大小比由0.515变为0.481,林木个体生长的优势程度得到提高;基于林分空间结构的择伐,使林分空间结构得到了显著优化.该系统可以在虚拟森林环境中实现对森林经营过程的模拟、经营方案的评价和优化、林分未来生长状况的预测以及森林经营活动对林分结构的影响,为我国人工林的科学经营和管理提供一个全新的平台.     

优化林分空间结构的森林经营方法探讨

介绍了森林经营的概念、目的以及方式,分析了林分空间的森林经营原则,最后,提出了优化林分空间结构的森林经营方法,为实现优化林分空间结构提供借鉴。     

一面坡林场主要人工林林分空间结构特征分析研究

为提高我国大面积人工的科学经营水平,本文以尚志林管局一面坡林场3种主要人工林(杨树、红松和落叶松)不同生长阶段的固定样地调查数据为例,采用目前常用的林分空间结构参数定量分析各林分的基本空间结构特征,为人工林的健康经营提供基础。研究结果表明:各林型不同生长阶段的林分平均混交度均属典型零度或轻微弱度混交;林分的平均大小比值均接近0.50左右,整体处于中庸状态;林分的平均角尺度则均为典型的均匀分布或轻微聚集分布;林分整体空间结构则显示各林型的空间结构极不合理。为此,必须采取积极的森林经营措施以提高当前森林生态系统结构和功能稳定性。     

基于CAPV的大兴安岭天然次生混交林林分结构特征

[目的]探明大兴安岭加格达奇地区天然混交林林分结构特征,为该地区森林结构化经营提供理论依据.[方法]以大兴安岭加格达奇林业局天然次生混交林为研究对象,以6种概率分布模型研究林分直径分布,采用角尺度、大小比数、混交度、密集度4种林分空间结构参数以及两种空间结构综合指数对其空间结构进行分析与评价.[结果]林分直径分布特征以...     

基于结构方程模型的杉木公益林林分空间结构评价

【目的】综合评价杉木公益林林分空间结构,确定不同龄组林分空间结构现状,为制定精准可行的林分空间结构优化和经营措施提供理论依据。【方法】以湖南省平江县芦头实验林场杉木公益林为研究对象,基于30块样地实测数据,采用4株木法确定林分空间结构单元,选取全混交度、角尺度和空间密度指数作为内生潜变量水平空间结构的观测变量,林层指数、开敞度和交角竞争指数作为内生潜变量垂直空间结构的观测变量,以林分空间结构为外生潜变量,构建林分空间结构评价结构方程模型,模型输出的路径系数通过归一化处理确定各指标权重,在此基础上对林分空间结构进行综合评价。【结果】1)林分空间结构评价结构方程模型的卡方自由度比值(χ²/df)为1.708,介于1～3之间,比较拟合指数(CFI)、非正规化拟合指数(NNFI)和递增拟合指数(IFI)分别为0.944、0.924和0.946,均大于0.90,各拟合指数均符合适配参考值,模型整体适配度良好;2)内生潜变量水平空间结构、垂直空间结构的权重分别为0.522 9、0.477 1,对外生潜变量林分空间结构的影响大致相同,空间密度指数所占权重最高,是影响林分水平空间...     

优化林分空间结构的森林经营方法探讨

基于空间结构分析的经营方案的优化设计是目前国际上森林经营研究的一个重要方向.本研究提出了利用已知的空间结构参数来指导森林经营的新方法,指出对现有林分的经营应尽量以原始林的空间结构为经营方向,调整林分的水平分布格局、树种混交和相对大小等空间关系,促进森林的进展演替.     

天然次生阔叶混交林空间结构特征分析——以湖北省远安县为例

【目的】研究区域性天然次生阔叶混交林林分组成与空间结构特征,为林分空间结构的优化调整奠定理论基础,指导优化与调节森林空间结构,以获得最佳林分空间分布结构,达到森林经营管理的理想结构目的。【方法】以远安县典型天然次生阔叶混交林为研究对象,布设5个30 m×30 m的固定样地,采用全面调查分析法。对树种组成、林分直径分布、密集度、混交度、大小比和角尺度5个林分空间结构参数进行测定分析,为该区域天然林结构的优化调整提供理论依据和技术支持。【结果】1)样地调查乔木层物种13科22属31种,林分主体为落叶阔叶混交林生态群落;林木径级株数分布遵从异龄林型。2)各树种密集度频率值分布在0.75～1.00之间,平均密集度为0.98。3)各树种平均混交度频率值为0.55～1.00,平均混交度频率值为0.79。4)各树种的平均胸径大小比平均频率分布在0.25～0.92之间,平均胸径大小比值为0.5。5)各树种平均角尺度值分布在0.13～0.54之间,综合平均角尺度值为0.48。【结论】该区域天然次生阔叶混交林群落物种组成丰富,结构复杂,树种组成搭配复杂,林分组成以壳斗科阔叶混交林为代表的优势树种占主体地位和生态空间;林分直径分布符合天然林径级特征;林分处于比较密集与很密集水平之间,为强度混交,混交状况较好,种群隔离程度较高;各树种空间大小分化和大小组合存在差异,既占优势也有受压,整体林分处于中庸和优势状态;天然次生阔叶混交林因树种不同,分布格局而不同,随机、团状、均匀并存,林分分布格局整体呈现随机分布。     

四川盆周山地5种典型林分的空间结构对比分析

【目的】研究四川盆周山地5种典型林分空间结构的特征,为该地区森林结构化经营提供理论依据。【方法】以四川盆周山地同龄的杉木纯林、柳杉纯林、杉木-柳杉混交林及同一时期形成的人天混交林和天然次生林为研究对象,采用角尺度、混交度、大小比数和林分空间结构指数对其空间结构进行分析。【结果】1)杉木纯林、杉木-柳杉混交林、人工天然混交林和天然次生林的水平分布格局为随机分布,平均角尺度分别为0.485、0.478、0.478、0.481,柳杉纯林为均匀分布,平均角尺度为0.455。2)5种林分的大小比数频率分布比较均匀,平均大小比数分别为0.465、0.529、0.446、0.810和0.534,林分整体为中庸生长状态。3)在混交度研究中,杉木纯林和柳杉纯林以零度混交为主,平均混交度分别为0.227和0.020;杉木-柳杉混交林的平均混交度为0.460,林分整体为中度混交;人工天然混交林和天然次生林平均混交度为0.610和0.674,为强度混交。4)引入林分空间结构指数FSSI,综合分析3种林分空间结构参数,FSSI大小排序为:天然次生林>人工天然混交林>杉木-柳杉混交林>杉木纯林>柳杉纯林,其排序与林分混交度排序结果一致。【结论】该地区5种典型林分空间结构的大小比数和角尺度相差不大,林分空间结构主要受混交度的影响。     

优化林分空间结构的森林经营方式论述

森林作为自然生态系统的重要组成部分,它是社会可持续发展的物质基础。做好森林资源经营管理,并深入了解及掌握林分结构的变化,已成为控制及维系生态环境的关键。为了通过林学措施来优化林分空间,以转变粗放型经营方式下林地生产力及林分质量不高的困境,同时体现森林景观完整、生态系统活跃、可具体操作的推广优势,本文首先对森林经营及林分的含义进行了基本概述,在介绍森林经营方式和分类的基础上,通过林分空间的经营细则分析,进而提出具体的优化思路及方式,最后总结出优化林分空间结构的森林经营方法,由此,为优化林分空间结构提供有效借鉴。     

基于目标树经营的抚育采伐对云冷杉针阔混交林空间结构的影响

[目的]以长白山林区云冷杉针阔混交林为研究对象,分析目标树抚育采伐前后云冷杉针阔混交林空间结构参数的变化,探索目标树抚育采伐对森林空间结构的影响。[方法]基于6块面积1 hm~2的样地,首先遵循近自然森林经营的原理进行林木分类,选定目标树,伐除干扰树;再结合结构化森林经营的原理,计算并分析抚育采伐前后目标树空间结构参数和林分空间结构评价指数的变化。[结果]表明:经目标树抚育采伐后(1)目标树空间结构单元内的树种隔离程度得到进一步提高;林木透光条件有所改善;目标树的竞争压力得以减小;林木空间分布格局总体上得到优化。(2)林分空间结构评价指数进一步提高,林分空间结构水平稳中有升。[结论]通过采取合理的目标树抚育采伐措施能兼顾改善单木水平和林分水平的空间结构状况,在实现优化目标树空间结构的同时,保证林分整体空间结构的稳定。从目标树抚育采伐对林分整体空间结构的影响来看:所有样地的林分空间结构状况均得到进一步改善。     

Changes in the spatial structure of oak carbon-based secondary compounds after pine harvesting

In natural plant populations, leaf polyphenols show high intraspecific variation that occurs both temporally and spatially. Leaf phenolics may be induced by diverse ecological factors such as light, nitrogen availability or herbivory attack. Both light and nitrogen availability can show spatial structure in forested stands, meaning that they each have a high degree of autocorrelation, which can determine the appearance of spatial structure in leaf polyphenols. However, the availability of these resources may be drastically changed by forest disturbance, and little is known about the effect of forest disturbance on the spatial pattern and scale of leaf secondary compounds. We hypothesise that the spatial structure of leaf polyphenols in understory vegetation will disappear due to forest harvesting, because these compounds depend on light availability, yet it will remain unaltered for those compounds that either depend on the availability of other resources or are under major genetic control. The study was performed in young pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) populations growing either under a pine canopy (Pinus pinaster) stand or in a pine harvested stand in NW Spain. The spatial structures of green and senescent leaf polyphenols, tannins, non-tannin polyphenols and nitrogen were analysed in both stands using geostatistical analysis. The spatial structures observed for green and senescent leaf polyphenols and tannins in the forested stand disappeared in the harvested stand. However, non-tannin polyphenols, as well as nitrogen, showed spatial structure in both stands. Understanding these changes may be important for the successful recovery of native oak populations growing under pine forests in NW Spain, one of the priorities of the local government. Our results showed that changes in the concentration of leaf secondary compounds after disturbance may be accompanied by differences in their spatial properties, which may have important consequences for ecosystem function.     

基于GM(1,1)的天然次生林空间结构预测

【目的】系统地分析已有天然次生林林分空间结构数据,通过灰色模型预测天然次生林林分空间结构各指标未来的发展趋势,对天然林经营具有十分重要的意义。【方法】以湖南大围山自然保护区典型次生林为研究对象,依据结构化森林经营理论,选取了混交度、竞争指数、角尺度、空间密度指数、开阔比数、大小比数、林分综合均质性指数作为天然次生林林分空间结构合理性评价与预测的量化指标,构建了基于GM(1,1)的天然次生林林分空间结构灰色预测模型。模型将2008年林分空间结构各指标的平均值作为初始值,并在研究区设置了面积为20 m×20 m的5个研究样地(M1,M2,M3,M4,M5),利用保护区2008-2018年典型样地林分空间信息,预测了研究区调研样地2019年-2021年林分空间结构各指标未来的变化趋势。【结果】利用精度检验机制对该模型的精确度进行了有效性检验,检验结果表明,所有指标预测合格概率P合=71.43%,良好的概率P良好=22.86%,优的概率P优=5.71%,表明该预测模型符合精度检验要求。【结论】样地未来3 a各指标整体变化尺度不大,林分空间结构基本稳定。从各指标在2008-2018年时空上的变化规律来看,各样地林分平均竞争指数、平均大小比数及平均空间密度指数是影响林分均质性指数的关键指标。     

采伐对天然云冷杉针阔混交林半分解层凋落物现存量、含水率及林分郁闭度空间异质性的影响

[目的]以吉林省汪清林业局金沟岭林场4块天然云冷杉针阔混交林为研究对象,探究不同采伐强度下[重度(采伐强度21. 21%),中度(采伐强度11. 22%),轻度(采伐强度6. 29%)和对照(未采伐)]凋落物半分解层现存量、含水率与林分郁闭度的空间异质性。[方法]采用地统计学方法,对各样地凋落物半分解层现存量、含水率与林分郁闭度数据进行普通克里金插值,得到3个指标的空间分布格局图。[结果]表明:在10 100 m的尺度上,采伐使得凋落物现存量由离散型分布转变为聚集型分布,而对凋落物含水率的空间格局影响不大;所有样地的郁闭度均表现为聚集型分布,采伐一定程度上影响了其在中度采伐与重度采伐样地的空间异质性;凋落物现存量与林分郁闭度之间不存在相关性,而在对照样地,凋落物现存量与含水率存在显著的负相关,但相关程度较弱(r 0. 3)。[结论]采伐对凋落物半分解层含水率空间异质性影响不大;中度采伐与重度采伐样地的郁闭度异质性可能是由于采伐不均匀所导致;采伐使凋落物现存量空间异质性程度降低。     

Do changes in spatial distribution, structure and abundance of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) indicate its decline?

Silver fir decline was investigated based on changes in spatial distribution of fir, fir abundance in forest stands, dbh (age) structure of fir, and abundance of fir regeneration. The authors used a large-scale approach to study the dynamics of silver fir over nearly 40 years. Based on Silva-SI, a spatial information system, the majority of total forest area in Slovenia was analysed for changes in the distribution of silver fir in the period 1970-2008 using artificial neural networks (ANNs), with respect to site, stand, and forest management variables. Additionally, changes in abundance of silver fir (hereafter fir) in the same period were analysed with a general linear model, while changes in the dbh structure of fir and fir regeneration were analysed with non-parametric tests. Most selected indicators confirmed the hypothesis of fir decline in the period 1970-2008, as evidenced by a reduction in the area of forests with a share of fir in the total growing stock >25% (from 18.9% to 9.5% of total area), a reduction in the share of fir in the growing stock of forest stands (from 17.5% to 7.5%), ageing of the fir population, and a disproportionate share of fir saplings in the total saplings relative to fir's share in the growing stock of forest stands. A 1.5% increase in fir distribution area in the observed period contradicts the decline hypothesis. ANNs showed that the spatiotemporal dynamics of fir was most affected by four variables: forest type, share of fir in the potential natural vegetation, mean annual precipitation, and mean annual temperature. The latter two, together with the growing stock at the start of study period, the degree of connectivity between fir stands, and bedrock type, were significant predictors of decline of fir abundance in forest stands. Significant differences in spatiotemporal dynamics and changes in fir abundance were found between forest types representing a complex of site conditions and past forest management. A further decline of abundance of fir on a large spatial scale in the next decades is expected. Conservation of fir in forest stands will depend mainly on the successful regeneration of fir and sufficient recruitment.     

Influence of conventional and chemical thinning on stand structure and diversity of plant and mammal communities in young lodgepole pine forest

Silvicultural practices that provide a wide variety of vegetative composition and structure (habitats) in young stands should help manage for biological diversity across forested landscapes. This study was designed to test the hypotheses that: (i) abundance and diversity of stand structure attributes (species diversity and structural diversity of herb, shrub and tree layers) and forest floor small mammal communities, and (ii) relative habitat use by large herbivores, will increase from unthinned to conventionally thinned to chemically thinned stands of young lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forest. Replicate study areas were located near Summerland, Kelowna and Williams Lake in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Each study area had three treatments: a conventionally thinned, a chemically thinned and an unthinned stand. Pre-commercial thinning was conducted in 1993. Coniferous stand structure and understory vegetation were measured prior to thinning in 1993 and 5 years later in 1998. Small mammal populations were sampled intensively from 1993 to 1998. Relative habitat use by large herbivores was sampled in 1998.

Our results indicate that chemical thinning of young lodgepole pine stands produced an aggregated pattern of crop trees compared with stands subjected to conventional thinning. Diameter growth of crop trees in the chemically thinned stands was similar to that in the conventionally thinned, but also to that in unthinned stands. Although horizontal stratification (aggregates of trees) was enhanced, vertical stratification (structural diversity of vegetation) was less in the chemically than conventionally thinned stands. Abundance and diversity of understory vegetation and small mammal communities were generally unaffected by stand thinning in these particular installations. Relative habitat use by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) occurred in a gradient from highest in the conventionally thinned stand to lowest in the unthinned stand. Habitat use by snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) tended to have the opposite trend. Moose (Alces alces) exhibited no difference in habitat use among stands. Thus, although there were few differences among treatment stands, chemical thinning could be used to develop an aggregated pattern of crop trees in pre-commercially thinned stands to maintain habitat for herbivores such as snowshoe hares and mule deer. Understory plant and forest floor small mammal communities would be maintained in these stands as well.     

小陇山锐齿栎天然林空间结构特征

研究小陇山3个类型锐齿栎天然林的直径分布和空间结构参数(混交度、角尺度和大小比数),分析其空间结构特征.结果表明:王安沟100多年未经人为干扰的锐齿栎天然林和响潭沟皆伐迹地上经近40年封山后自然恢复的次生林均表现为异龄林的直径分布特征,但从q值来看,王安沟锐齿栎天然林直径分布较响潭沟次生林更加合理,白营西沟择伐林的直径分布虽然表现为小径木占的比重比较大,但各径阶间的变幅平缓,有明显人为干扰的痕迹;王安沟锐齿栎天然林和白营西沟次生林林木个体分布角尺度均值分别为0.489和0.487,林分内林木整体分布格局属随机分布,响潭沟次生林林分角尺度均值为0.520,其林木水平分布格局表现出轻微的团状分布,群落还处于演替的早期阶段;3个林分中王安沟锐齿栎天然林的树种隔离程度最高,响潭沟次之,白营西沟最低,混交度分别为0.598,0.542和0.451;白桦、华山松在不同的林分中所处的地位不同,从王安沟锐齿栎天然林、响潭沟次生林到白营西沟择伐林表现出大小比数依次降低的趋势,而锐齿栎、漆树等树种则在3个林分中所处的地位一致;人为干扰对白营西沟次生林的结构特征有明显的影响.     

大兴安岭主要森林类型林分空间结构及最优树种组成

以2011—2012年大兴安岭的44块固定样地调查数据为基础,以常用的林分空间结构参数(角尺度、大小比、混交度、林分空间结构指数和林分空间结构距离)为切入点,对大兴安岭主要森林类型的林分空间结构特征及最优树种组成进行研究。结果表明:天然落叶松林、针叶混交林以及针阔混交林的林木水平分布格局均表现为随机分布,而白桦林则为明显的聚集分布;4种林型中树木的生长整体处于中庸状态,落叶松处于明显优势地位,其他伴生树种则处于不同程度受压状态;落叶松混交程度随着其优势程度的增加而降低,其他伴生树种则具有较高的混交度,整体上天然落叶松林、白桦林的树种空间隔离程度较低,而针叶混交林、针阔混交林的林分平均混交度相对较高;大兴安岭4种主要森林类型林分空间结构的优劣表现为针阔混交林针叶混交林天然落叶松林天然白桦林;天然落叶松林最优的树种组成为8落,其次为7落。