大丽轮枝菌在辣椒上致病力的分化

 自棉花、茄子和辣椒上分离到的大丽轮枝菌(Verticillinm dahliae Kleb.)的28个菌株,测定了它们对辣椒的致病力,结果表明棉花菌株VD-9和茄子菌株VD-26对辣椒的致病力都很强,引起植株矮化,节间缩短,生长停滞,根、茎维管束变色等症状。发病重的植株,叶片脱落,形成光秆。辣椒菌株VD-20以及棉花和茄子上分离到的其它菌株,不引起矮化的辣椒或其它外部症状,只有个别菌株引起主根及茎基部维管束变色。大丽轮枝菌的28个菌株对辣椒和棉花表现的致病力强弱显然不同。对棉花致病力很强而引起落叶的棉花菌株VD-8、T-9等,对辣椒表现的致病力为中等;而引起辣椒矮化的强菌株VD-9和VD-26,在棉花上表现的致病力为中等或较弱。试验还初步测定了6个辣椒品种对菌株VD-9的反应,这6个品种对黄萎病的抗性没有明显差异。     

辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici）对辣椒的致病力分化研究

 辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici Leonian）是具有重大危害性的病原卵菌,其寄主范围较广,可引致辣椒、番茄、茄子、黄瓜、南瓜等多种重要蔬菜作物的疫病。由辣椒疫霉引起的辣椒疫病是一种毁灭性病害,在世界各地的辣椒种植区普遍发生,我国尤以江苏、浙江、安徽、上海等长江中下游地区发生严重。迄今国内关于辣椒疫霉致病力分化的研究较少,且存在分歧。有报道指出辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力差异与菌株地区来源直接相关［1］;也有研究认为辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力与地理来源不直接相关［2］。此外,辣椒疫霉菌株致病力分化和菌丝生长速率是否相关尚属未知。本文对采自安徽合肥、淮南、和县、潜山、岳西、江苏南京和四川邛崃7个县市的23个辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力和菌丝生长速率进行了测定,旨在明确辣椒疫霉菌株对辣椒的致病力是否存在分化现象及致病力与菌株地区来源及菌丝生长速率之间的关系,为辣椒疫霉所致辣椒疫病的抗病育种和综合治理提供依据。     

番茄细菌性斑点病病原菌鉴定

 1998~1999年在吉林省、辽宁省、黑龙江省等地的大棚番茄上发现一种番茄病害,并从其病叶、病茎杆上分离得到了23个细菌菌株。接种番茄幼苗上,发病症状与自然发病症状完全一致,并从接种病株上重新分离到此病原细菌。各菌株致病力无明显的差异。经革兰氏染色反应、菌体形态、培养性状、生理生化反应、G+C mol%等鉴定,确认该病原菌为丁香假单胞杆菌番茄致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato(Okabe)Young,Dye&Wilkie)。该病菌引起番茄细菌性斑点病(又称叶斑病)。病菌除侵染番茄外,尚能侵染茄子、辣椒、龙葵、白花曼陀罗和毛曼陀罗。该病害尚属我国大陆首次报道。     

华南瓜类疫霉种群的致病力及其寄主嗜好性

2007—2010年从广西、广东两省(区)9个样区采集冬瓜、黄瓜疫病显症植株,经分离纯化鉴定共获得193株瓜类疫霉。采用菌丝块无伤接种法,将菌株接种冬瓜和黄瓜,测定、比较其对供试寄主植物的致病力及其寄主嗜好性。结果表明,病原群体对寄主植物冬瓜和黄瓜的致病力均存在明显分化现象,可分为强致病力、中等致病力及弱致病力3大类群;来自不同地区的瓜类疫霉对寄主植物冬瓜和黄瓜的致病力明显不同,多数样区以强致病力菌株占优势。瓜类疫霉种群中存在3种寄主嗜好型菌株,A型菌株对冬瓜和黄瓜均表现强致病力,与原始分离寄主无关;B型菌株仅对原始分离寄主冬瓜表现强致病力,而对黄瓜则表现为弱或中等致病力;C型菌株仅对原始分离寄主黄瓜表现强致病力,而对冬瓜则表现为弱或中等致病力。     

新疆加工型辣椒细菌性斑点病的发生和病原鉴定

 新疆加工型辣椒主要产区巴音郭楞蒙古自治州发生了一种严重危害辣椒的细菌性病害。从发病辣椒叶片中分离细菌,通过烟草过敏性反应、马铃薯软腐试验和接种辣椒等致病性测定,确定了13个致病菌株,各菌株之间致病力无明显差异。通过菌体形态、培养性状观察、生理生化反应、寄主范围测定,结合16S rDNA和rpoD基因扩增、序列测定和系统发育分析,将病原菌鉴定为丁香假单胞菌丁香致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae)。病原菌人工接种还能侵染番茄、茄子、马铃薯及黄瓜、四季豆、白菜、萝卜、芹菜等植物。P. syringae pv. syringae引起加工型辣椒细菌性斑点病在国内属首次报道。     

三叶草斑潜蝇对6种寄主植物的选择适应性及其与寄主化学物质含量的关系

研究了6种寄主植物(茄子、芹菜、菜豆、青菜、番茄、辣椒)对三叶草斑潜蝇生长发育、存活的影响和三叶草斑潜蝇对这些寄主的偏好性及其选择性机制。结果表明:三叶草斑潜蝇在6种寄主植物上的生长发育历期从短到长依次是茄子芹菜菜豆番茄辣椒青菜,其中芹菜、茄子和菜豆是其嗜好性寄主;在茄子上存活率最高,辣椒上存活率最低;三叶草斑潜蝇在寄主植物单位面积上的产卵量与植物叶片中可溶性糖含量呈负相关,在单位面积上的取食斑数与植物叶片中叶绿素含量呈正相关。     

来源于同一穗不同稻曲球的稻曲病菌的致病性及遗传多样性

 本研究从源于6穗稻曲病穗的48个稻曲球中分离获得稻曲病菌（Ustilaginoidea virens）48株,从3个稻曲球的不同部位分离获得稻曲病菌23株。用注射接种法将菌株分别接种到水稻品种两优培九（感病品种）、淮稻5号（中抗品种）和武育粳3号（抗病品种）上,结果显示分离的菌株致病力分化较大,而菌株在水稻品种上的致病力强弱与已知水稻品种对稻曲病菌的感、抗性趋势基本一致。相同孢子量接种水稻,不同分离菌株之间仍有致病力分化,生长速率测定也发现菌株之间可能存在差异。利用REP PCR (repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence PCR)技术进行菌株遗传多样性分析表明,同穗不同稻曲球分离的菌株中,1号穗分离的4个菌株聚在同一簇群,其余5穗的菌株分别聚在3～5个簇群;同一稻曲球不同部位分离的菌株中,一个稻曲球分离的8个病菌聚在同一簇群,而其余2个稻曲球分离的病菌则分别聚在2～3个簇群。由此推测同一稻穗上不同稻曲球可能是由来源不同的稻曲病菌侵染所形成;而一个稻曲球可以由同一稻曲病菌引起,也存在多个侵染源共同侵染的可能。     

苎麻疫霉寄生专化性研究

从棉铃、棉苗、构树、苧麻等植物上分离的苧麻疫霉(Phytophthora boehmeriae)菌株对上述各寄主植物进行交互接种测定致病性结果表明,分离自上述寄主植物的苧麻疫霉菌株对上述3种植物均能致病,表明不同寄主来源的苧麻疫霉菌株间致病性不存在对寄主植物的寄主专化性,但对各寄主植物的致病力有一定差异。此外,分离自棉苗和棉铃的苧麻疫霉各菌株对棉苗和棉铃具有相似的致病力;分离自构树的菌株多次接种棉苗后致病力逐渐增强,初步认为构树是棉疫病菌的野生寄主。     

苎麻疫霉寄生专化性研究

 从棉铃、棉苗、构树、苧麻等植物上分离的苧麻疫霉(Phytophthora boehmeriae)菌株对上述各寄主植物进行交互接种测定致病性结果表明,分离自上述寄主植物的苧麻疫霉菌株对上述3种植物均能致病,表明不同寄主来源的苧麻疫霉菌株间致病性不存在对寄主植物的寄主专化性,但对各寄主植物的致病力有一定差异。此外,分离自棉苗和棉铃的苧麻疫霉各菌株对棉苗和棉铃具有相似的致病力;分离自构树的菌株多次接种棉苗后致病力逐渐增强,初步认为构树是棉疫病菌的野生寄主。     

青枯菌(Pseudomonas solanacearum)在番茄抗、感病品种根部的吸附、侵入和繁殖

 采用不同的方法接种和利用扫描、透射电镜观察,研究不同致病力的青枯菌对番茄抗病及感病品种根部的吸附、侵入与繁殖。发现番茄抗病品种与感病品种的植株体内在菌体数量上有明显差异,而与青枯菌对番茄根部的吸附关系不显著。电镜观察发现青枯菌强致病力菌株菌体能以游离的形式存在于番茄感病品种根部的细胞间隙中,并能降解植株细胞壁、破坏原生质膜;青枯菌强致病力菌株菌体在抗病品种根内和青枯菌强致病力菌株在抗病及感病品种根内均被番茄植株细胞壁吸附,并且被细胞壁周围的浓密物质所包围。     

So near and yet so far: the specific case of Ralstonia Solanacearum populations from Côte d'Ivoire in Africa

The genetic and phenotypic diversity of C?te d'Ivoire Ralstonia solanacearum strains was assessed on a 168-strain collection sampled on Solanaceae both in the southern lowlands and western highlands. Phylotypes I, II, and III were prevalent, though at unexpected frequencies. Phylotype I strains (87.5%) were genetically diverse and overrepresented in all agroecological areas, including highlands (AEZ III). Phylotype II strains (10.7%) only belonged to one tropical lowland-adapted broad host range lineage (IIA-35), whereas no highland-adapted potato brown rot (IIB-1) or Moko strains were detected. African phylotype III strains were rare (1.8%). They originated from a single Burkina Faso lineage (III-23) and were only found in lowlands. Three phylotype I strains were found harboring pRSC35, a plasmid identified in phylotype III strains in Cameroon. From pathogenicity tests performed on commercial varieties and tomato/eggplant/pepper references, the virulence diversity observed was high, with five pathoprofiles described. Eggplant accessions MM152 and EG203 and tomato HW7996 displayed the largest resistance spectrum and highest level. Two highly virulent phylotype I strains were able to bypass resistance of HW7996 and the eggplant reference AG91-25. Collectively, these points lead to the conclusion that the situation in C?te d'Ivoire is specific towards other African countries, and specifically from the Cameroon reference, and that within phylotype I can exist a high virulence diversity. This calls for similar studies in neighboring West African countries, linking R. solanacearum pathogen genetic diversity to strain virulence at the regional level, for the rationalization of regional resistance deployment strategies and future resistance durability studies.     

12种寄主来源的茄科雷尔氏菌16S-23SrDNA间隔区序列比较

应用PCR方法,获得了分离自广东番茄、茄子、辣椒、烟草、空心菜、沙姜、姜、马铃薯、花生、菊花、桑树和藿香等12种作物21个茄科雷尔氏菌菌株的16S 23S rDNA 间隔区序列（ITS）。序列分析结果表明,除HZ 1菌株外,其余20个茄科雷尔氏菌菌株ITS序列长均为503 bp,序列间相似性99.2%~100%,序列间差异仅1~4 bp;而HZ 1菌株的ITS序列长为498 bp,与其他菌株的ITS序列相似性为95.4%~95.6%。这些结果说明,这21株来源于12种不同寄主的茄科雷尔氏菌菌株的16S 23S rDNA ITS序列比较保守。系统进化分析显示,仅菌株HZ 1聚类于茄科雷尔氏菌区组2中,其余20个菌株均聚类于茄科雷尔氏菌区组1中。     

Host Range Specificity in Verticillium dahliae

ABSTRACT Verticillium dahliae isolates from artichoke, bell pepper, cabbage, cauliflower, chili pepper, cotton, eggplant, lettuce, mint, potato, strawberry, tomato, and watermelon and V. albo-atrum from alfalfa were evaluated for their pathogenicity on all 14 hosts. One-month-old seedlings were inoculated with a spore suspension of about 10(7) conidia per ml using a root-dip technique and incubated in the greenhouse. Disease incidence and severity, plant height, and root and shoot dry weights were recorded 6 weeks after inoculation. Bell pepper, cabbage, cauliflower, cotton, eggplant, and mint isolates exhibited host specificity and differential pathogenicity on other hosts, whereas isolates from artichoke, lettuce, potato, strawberry, tomato, and watermelon did not. Bell pepper was resistant to all Verticillium isolates except isolates from bell pepper and eggplant. Thus, host specificity exists in some isolates of V. dahliae. The same isolates were characterized for vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) through complementation of nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutants. Cabbage and cauliflower isolates did not produce nit mutants. The isolate from cotton belonged to VCG 1; isolates from bell pepper, eggplant, potato, and tomato, to VCG 4; and the remaining isolates, to VCG 2. These isolates were also analyzed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Forty random primers were screened, and eighteen of them amplified DNA from Verticillium. Based on RAPD banding patterns, cabbage and cauliflower isolates formed a unique group, distinct from other V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum groups. Minor genetic variations were observed among V. dahliae isolates from other hosts, regardless of whether they were host specific or not. There was no correlation among pathogenicity, VCGs, and RAPD banding patterns. Even though the isolates belonged to different VCGs, they shared similar RAPD profiles. These results suggest that management of Verticillium wilt in some crops through crop rotation is a distinct possibility.     

Vegetative-compatibility groups in Verticillium dahliae from Israel

Nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) mutants were used to determine vegetative compatibility among 34 isolates of Verticillium dahliae from cotton, potato, olive, eggplant, chrysanthemum and tomato from 12 sites in Israel. Based on the formation of complementary heterokaryons, 33 isolates were assigned to two vegetative- compatibility groups (VCGs): one VCG contained 15 isolates from cotton, eggplant, chrysanthemum and olive; and the other VCG contained 18 isolates from potato, olive and cotton. The status of an additional isolate from tomato, which was compatible with both VCGs, remained unclear. In a limited pathogenicity test with 10 isolates, two (from tomato and eggplant) were pathogenic on tomato, eggplant and cotton; most isolates from cotton were pathogenic on cotton and eggplant only; and one from cotton was non-pathogenic. Fewer isolates were pathogenic on tomato than on cotton or eggplant. The diversity of vegetative compatibility found in our V. dahliae collection is comparable to that found in studies of American populations.     

Incidence and pathogenicity of races and isolates of Verticillium dahliae in Crete, southern Greece

Classification of 32 Verticillium dahliae isolates originating from 19 plant species in eight different botanical families to races and determination of host range pathogenicity were carried out. The physiological races of isolates were identified using the two differential tomato cultivars ??Belladonna?? (susceptible to both races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae) and ??Ace 55VF?? (resistant to race 1, susceptible to race 2 of V. dahliae). Among these isolates, 14 were race 2 (43.8%), 12 race 1 (37.5%) and six nonpathogenic (18.7%) on tomato. The host range pathogenicity of isolates was determined using four differential hosts (eggplant, turnip, tomato (Ve ^? ) and sweet pepper). Among isolates, five were pathogenic to both eggplant and turnip (15.6%), 21 to eggplant, turnip and tomato (65.6%), five to eggplant, turnip, tomato and sweet pepper (15.6%) and one was pathogenic to eggplant, turnip and sweet pepper (3.2%). The pathogenicity of isolates on the aforementioned five hosts was investigated on the basis of external symptoms and by calculating the relative areas under disease progress curves (relative AUDPC). Results showed that eggplant was the most susceptible, followed by turnip and tomato cv. Belladonna, while sweet pepper and tomato cv. Ace 55VF were less susceptible to all the isolates used. The pathogenicity of isolates varied from highly to mildly virulent on eggplant and turnip while on Belladonna, Ace 55VF and sweet pepper it varied from highly virulent to nonpathogenic. Belladonna exhibited a similar level of susceptibility to races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae, but was more susceptible than Ace 55VF to race 2. Interestingly, the isolates originating from eggplant were clearly more virulent than those originating from tomato and black nightshade on all solanaceous plants tested.     

Diversity and distribution of Ralstonia solanacearum strains in Guatemala and rare occurrence of tomato fruit infection

Fifty-nine Ralstonia solanacearum isolates from diverse crops and regions were collected and characterized to determine the distribution and diversity of this soilborne pathogen in Guatemala. Three distinct types were present: a phylotype I, sequevar 14 strain, probably originating from Asia, infecting tomatoes and aubergines at moderate elevations; a phylotype II, sequevar 6 strain of American origin causing Moko disease in lowland banana plantations; and a phylotype II, sequevar 1 (race 3 biovar 2) strain causing brown rot on potatoes, Southern wilt of Pelargonium spp. and bacterial wilt of greenhouse tomatoes at high elevations. These data on strain diversity will inform effective regional efforts to breed for wilt resistance. A sensitive enrichment method did not detect the pathogen in fruits from naturally infected commercial tomato plants in Guatemalan fields and greenhouses, although it was detected in 6% of fruits from a wilt-resistant hybrid. Low numbers of R. solanacearum cells were also infrequently detected in fruits from plants artificially inoculated in the growth chamber with either race 3 biovar 2 or a phylotype II tomato strain.     

Molecular analysis of Spanish populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">dianthi</Emphasis> demonstrates a high genetic diversity and identifies virulence groups in races 1 and 2 of the pathogen

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod), is the most important carnation disease worldwide. The knowledge of the diversity of the soil population of the pathogen is essential for the choice of suitable resistant cultivars. We examined the genetic diversity of Fod isolates collected during the period 1998–2008, originating from soils and carnation plants in the most important growing areas in Spain. Additionally, we have included some Fod isolates from Italy as a reference. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments generated by single-primer PCR were used to compare the relationship between isolates. UPGMA analysis of the RAPD data separated Fod isolates into three clusters (A, B, and C), and this distribution was more related to aggressiveness than to the race of the isolates. The results obtained in PCR amplifications using specific primers for race 1 and race 2, and SCAR primers developed in this work, correlated with the molecular groups previously determined from the RAPD analysis, and provided new molecular markers for the precise identification of the isolates. Results from successive pathogenicity tests showed that molecular differences between isolates of the same race corresponded with differences in aggressiveness. Isolates of races 1 and 2 in cluster A (R1I and R2I isolates) and cluster C (R1-type isolates) were all highly aggressive, whereas isolates of races 1 and 2 in cluster B (R1II and R2II isolates) showed a low aggressiveness profile. The usefulness of the molecular markers described in this study has been proved in double-blind tests with Fod isolates collected in 2008. Results from this work indicate a change in the composition of the Spanish Fod population over time, and this temporal variation could be related to the continuous change in the commercial carnation cultivars used by growers. This is the first report of genetic diversity among Fod isolates in the same race.     

运用随机扩增多态性DNA标记检测中国东北大豆灰斑病菌株遗传变异

 运用致病力和DNA多态性检测中国东北地区的35个大豆灰斑病菌分离物的遗传变异、根据菌株在9个品种(系)上的致病力反应可将其分为7个组。利用13个随机引物扩增供试菌株共计产生105个RAPD标记,其中78.1%具有多态性。通过聚类分析计算了各菌株间的遗传距离,并产生树状图,发现同一地区内及不同地区间的病菌表现遗传变异、致病性和DNA多态性间具有一定相关性。     

Characterization of Verticillium dahliae Isolates from Potato on Hokkaido by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and REP-PCR Analyses

Verticillium dahliae isolates from potato on the island of Hokkaido (potato isolates) and those belonging to pathotypes A (eggplant pathotype), B (tomato pathotype) and C (sweet pepper pathotype) were divided into three distinct groups by RAPD and REP-PCR. The three DNA groups I, II, III consisted of pathotypes A and C, pathotype B and potato isolates, respectively. The potato isolates were assigned to pathotype A on the basis of pathogenicity. Another set of potato isolates was further collected from eight potato cropping regions on Hokkaido to further examine the relationships among them in detail. Only one of these isolates was identified as DNA group II, but all the others were classified as DNA group III. Isolates from daikon, eggplant, and melon on Hokkaido also belonged to DNA group III. These results suggest that V. dahliae isolates from Hokkaido are unique at the DNA level and different from other pathotype A isolates in Japan. Received 28 February 2000/ Accepted in revised form 6 November 2000     

Genetic Diversity of Japanese Strains of Ralstonia solanacearum

ABSTRACT The genetic diversity of 74 Japanese strains of Ralstonia solanacearum was assessed by pathogenicity tests and the repetitive sequencebased polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) fingerprint method. Based on their genomic fingerprints, biovar N2 strains were divided into two distinct groups, one consisting of potato isolates belonging to race 3, and the other consisting of tomato, eggplant, pepper, and tobacco isolates belonging to race 1. Biovar 3 strains had low average similarity and were divided into five groups that differed in original host or pathogenicity. Biovar 4 strains consisted of only one group at the 80% similarity level. Comparative analysis of the rep-PCR fingerprints of 78 strains, including six biovars from Japan and various countries, revealed two main clusters. Cluster 1 comprised all biovar 3, 4, and 5 strains, biovar 1 strains from Reunion, and some biovar N2 strains from Japan. Cluster 2 included most of the biovar 1, 2, and N2 strains. The fingerprints showed low average similarity with biovar N2 strains from Japan and Brazil.