菌草灵芝菌糟提取物成分及中试提取工艺

以菌草灵芝菌糟为试材,采用国家标准、农业行业标准等测定了提取物的粗多糖、三萜类物质、氨基酸等成分含量,并在实验室采用正交实验法对其粗多糖进行提取,研究了不同的料液比、提取温度、提取时间和提取次数对菌糟多糖得率的影响,获得最优化的提取条件,在此基础上优化了菌草灵芝菌糟提取物中试生产工艺。结果表明:菌草灵芝菌糟提取物中主要成分粗多糖含量为24.16%,三萜类物质含量为0.82%,氨基酸总量为6.50%;实验室菌草灵芝菌糟粗多糖的最佳提取条件为料液比1∶20 g·mL~(-1),提取温度100℃,提取时间4 h,提取次数3次,在最佳条件下,菌草灵芝多糖得率为4.45%;确定菌草灵芝菌糟提取物中试提取条件为提取次数3次,第1次料液比1∶10 g·mL~(-1),加热至100℃后保持2 h,第2次料液比1∶8 g·mL~(-1),加热至100℃后保持2 h;第3次料液比1∶6 g·mL~(-1),加热至100℃后保持1.5 h,平均提取得率为20.03%。     

裂盖马鞍菌粗多糖清除自由基活性研究

采用热水浸提法提取裂盖马鞍菌(Helvella leucopus Pers.)子实体粗多糖,然后分别采用DPPH 法、水杨酸法、邻苯三酚自氧化法测定粗多糖清除二苯代苦味酰基自由基(DPPH·)、羟自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(·O-2)的活性.结果表明,裂盖马鞍菌子实体水溶性粗多糖得率为21.92 mg/g(干重);在试验条件下,粗多糖对DPPH·、·OH和·O-2最高清除率分别为96.88%(5 mg/mL)、94.48%(10 mg/mL)和92.82%(10 mg/mL),对DPPH·、·OH和·O-2清除作用的EC50分别为0.68 mg/mL、0.85 mg/mL和0.59 mg/mL;裂盖马鞍菌子实体粗多糖具有一定的体外抗氧化活性.     

响应面法优化桑黄菌P037液体发酵培养基

采用响应面法(RSM)对桑黄菌(Phellinus igniarius)P037产胞外多糖的3种主要培养基成分蔗糖、玉米粉和酵母粉进行优化。采用多元二次回归方程拟合3种因素与胞外多糖产量之间的函数关系。通过岭脊分析,获得培养基中三因素最佳浓度:蔗糖3.05%,玉米粉1.93%,酵母粉0.62%,培养液胞外多糖含量为1.697×10-2g/mL。     

食(药)用菌多糖相关知识产权保护

为了提高食(药)用菌多糖的知识产权保护力度,详细分析了食(药)用菌多糖专利的数量、类型和分类布局,在对食(药)用菌多糖专利知识产权现状进行分析的基础上,探讨了食(药)用菌多糖的功效和应用领域。只有加强知识产权保护力度,才能让食(药)用菌多糖的专利、商标等知识产权得到有效的保护,在激烈的市场竞争中占据制高点。     

桦褐孔菌发酵菌粉成分分析

对桦褐孔菌(lnonotus obliquus)发酵菌粉中的各种成分进行了较全面的分析.结果表明发酵菌粉中营养成分较丰富,其中粗蛋白、总氨基酸含量分别为25.73％和15.18％.菌粉中不饱和脂肪酸是优势脂肪酸,以亚油酸和油酸为主,还含有丰富的甾醇、酚类物质和多种矿质元素.用桦褐孔菌发酵菌粉提取粗多糖,得率为28.55％、多糖的分子量主要集中在2～40 kDa,单糖组成为阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖,摩尔比为:1.3:1.0:20.4:2.1,多糖产品中含有酸性多糖,糖苷键主要是a型.     

利用芦笋秸秆栽培裂褶菌

利用芦笋秸秆替代玉米芯栽培裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune),分别记录和统计各配方的菌丝满袋时间、鲜菇袋均产量和生物学效率。结果表明:与对照组相比,随培养料中芦笋秸秆比例的增加,裂褶菌菌丝生长速度不断加快,配方79%芦笋秸秆、18%麸皮、1%CaH_2PO_4、1%石膏和1%钙镁磷肥的生长速度最快;随培养料中芦笋秸秆比例的增加,生物学效率先增加后降低,配方60%芦笋秸秆、19%玉米芯、18%麸皮、1%CaH2PO4、1%石膏和1%钙镁磷肥的生物学效率最高,为(67.6±4.3)%。     

菇房环境对平菇眼菌蚊生长发育的影响

自然温度及人工控湿条件下的研究结果表明 ,平菇眼菌蚊 (Lycoriellapleuroti)卵、幼虫、蛹的发育起点温度分别为 11 9± 0 2 9℃ ,8 1± 0 5 7℃和 9 3± 1 2 4℃ ,有效积温分别为 2 6 4、 14 5 1和 4 2 1日度。在 14 9～2 5 5℃条件下 ,随温度升高各虫态发育历期缩短 ,幼虫脱皮次数减少 ,成虫产卵量下降。卵在低于 93%的相对湿度下不能孵化 ,幼虫和蛹在低于 85 %的相对湿度下不能存活。幼虫平均寿命 (L)与相对湿度 (RH)间有如下关系 :L =-1 3 4 19 0 0 42 2 7RH。棉籽壳培养料、子实体中以菌柄最适合该虫的生长发育 ,其虫口数量因栽培形式、培养料层次不同而有差异。     

一种姬松茸栽培料配方筛选

以杏鲍菇菌渣和玉米芯作为姬松茸栽培基质,设计同一碳氮比的8个栽培料配方进行姬松茸(A-5)常规栽培试验,以筛选一种最适宜姬松茸生产的栽培料配方,降低镉富集,改善品质。结果表明:配方T5(当菌渣添加17%时)姬松茸菌丝生长速度快;总产量(3 293.35g)和生物学效率(38.70%)均达到姬松茸常规栽培料CK2(稻草45%、玉米芯30%、干牛粪20%、磷酸二氢钾2%,尿素、石灰及石膏各1%,其碳氮比为40∶1)水平且显著高于其余配方;且子实体多糖得率(17.02%)显著高于其余配方;氨基酸组成与比例远超过理想氨基酸模式。同时子实体中镉富集量较CK2降低20.14mg·kg-1。研究结果可以为栽培姬松茸的基质选择提供参考。     

长柄侧耳人参菌质多糖预防小鼠高血脂的研究

目的:研究长柄侧耳菌质多糖以及培养基中加人参药渣的菌质混合多糖对小鼠高脂血症的预防作用。方法:将健康昆明小鼠随机分为5组,分别为空白组、模型组、阳性对照组、长柄侧耳菌质多糖组、长柄侧耳人参菌质多糖组,除空白组外均喂高脂饲料。各组小鼠每天灌胃给药一次,连续灌胃45d后,小鼠断头取血,分离血清,测血清中的总胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)含量。结果:长柄侧耳菌质多糖和长柄侧耳人参菌质多糖都能显著降低高脂小鼠CHO、TG、LDLC含量,有显著性升高HDLC含量的作用。结论:长柄侧耳菌质多糖、长柄侧耳人参菌质多糖均能有效调节机体脂质代谢,对小鼠高脂血症具有预防作用。     

高雄山虫草人工栽培菌株筛选及搔菌对其子实体生物量的影响

以小麦粒固体培养基栽培高雄山虫草。筛选了适于生产的优良菌株,该菌株栽培后生长良好,搔菌后出草较多、整齐,但生物量和生物转化率与未搔菌相比没有明显差异;搔菌组第二潮子实体生物量和生物转化率均优于未搔菌组,搔菌组平均每瓶分别为(0.33±0.01)g和(2.2±0.01)%,未搔菌组分别为(0.12±0.01)g和(0.7±0.01)%。经过二潮子实体培养总生物量和总生物转化率高于一次培养。     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast

Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if some nesting areas are more important than others due to their proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation, where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little tono murrelet use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays, river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤ 800ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas near productive marine habitat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Role of cyclic nucleotides in the acute hypoxic responses of hypoxic subcultured porcine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle and endothelial cells

AIM: To detect the role of cyclic nucleotides in the alleviation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in chronic hypoxic animals. METHODS: The intracellular cAMP and cGMP of the cultured porcine pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and endothelial cells (PAEC) were assayed by RIA. The length of single PASMC during acute hypoxia was measured by imaging analysis system. RESULTS: The basal levels of cAMP and cGMP in PASMC and cGMP in PAEC of Chronic hypoxic groups decreased remarkably compared with normoxic groups (P＜0.01). Under acute hypoxia, the contents of cAMP and cGMP in PASMC of chronic hypoxic groups increased significantly (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, the percentage of PASMC with weak constrictive response in chronic hypoxic group was higher than that of control group. CONCLUSION:It's suggested that the changes of cAMP and cGMP in chronic hypoxic PASMC and PAEC might contribute to the increase in the basic tension of pulmonary artery and the alleviation of HPV in chronic hypoxic animals.