Soil science horizons: Progress and prospects

The main tendencies in the development of Russian soil science after the previous congress (Novosibirsk, 2004) are analyzed. The major achievements of Russian pedologists in the field of the geography and cartography of soils are outlined, including the development of new small-scale maps of Russia and particular regions and the study of soils of northern territories. The latest data on the emission of greenhouse gases from soils of Russia are analyzed. It is shown that expectations of a sharp increase in the emission of greenhouse gases from the soils of northern territories in relation to the predicted climate warming are groundless. At the same time, the widespread development of soil degradation processes and the conversion of former agricultural lands into other land categories are the matters of deep concern of Russian soil scientists. The need in activation of the work of the Dokuchaev Soil Science Society in the field of the development of legislative regulations of soil management and rational use of land resources is stressed. The organization of the Soil Conservation Service in Russia, the adoption a federal law on soil conservation, the development of the national soil-geographic database, and the practical implementation of soil certification and soil-ecological monitoring are considered to be major challenges facing Russian soil scientists in the nearest future.     

Application of the soil-ecological multiplicative index to assess suitability of Cis-Ural chernozems for cultivation with due account for economic parameters

The evolution of Russian concepts concerning the assessment of soil suitability for cultivation in relation to several campaigns on large-scale plowing of virgin steppe soils is examined. The major problems of agricultural land use in steppe areas—preservation of rainfed farming in the regions with increasing climatic risks, underestimation of the potential of arable lands in land cadaster assessments, and much lower factual yields in comparison with potential yields—are considered. It is suggested that the assessments of arable lands should be performed on the basis of the soil–ecological index (SEI) developed by I. Karmanov with further conversion of SEI values into nominal monetary values. Under conditions of land reforms and economic reforms, it is important to determine suitability of steppe chernozems for plowing and economic feasibility of their use for crop growing in dependence on macroeconomic parameters. This should support decisions on optimization of land use in the steppe zone on the basis of the principles suggested by V. Dokuchaev. The developed approach for assessing soil suitability for cultivation was tested in the subzone of herbaceous–fescue–feather grass steppes in the Cis-Ural part of Orenburg oblast and used for the assessment of soil suitability for cultivation in the southern and southeastern regions of Orenburg oblast.     

黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤质量评价

通过建立侵蚀土壤质量单因素评价模型和综合评价模型,选出了黄土丘陵区适宜的侵蚀土壤质量评价方法,定量评价了该区土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响。结果表明,采用加权综合法对土壤质量进行综合评价能够较好地反映土壤质量的实际情况,敏感地反映土地利用方式变化对土壤质量的影响。应用因子分析法所筛选的8项土壤质量简化评价指标能够很好地反映29项综合评价指标的信息,评价结果具有较高的代表性。拟定了黄土丘陵区侵蚀土壤质量分级标准,将研究区土壤质量分为5级。黄土丘陵区10种土地利用类型间土壤质量差异显著,以天然乔木林地土壤质量最佳,属1级;其次是天然灌木林地和大棚菜地,土壤质量属2级;天然草地土壤质量属于3级,人工乔灌林地土壤质量接近3级;人工草地、撂荒地、农地和果园土壤质量属于4级。     

A land suitability assessment for tropical forage legumes

Land suitability assessments for forage legume production (genera Stylosanthes, Centrosema, and Desmodium) for 21 Hawaii soils were obtained by using a land suitability classification based on Soil Taxonomy. Land assessments based on four qualities, viz., nutrient availability, water availability, soil acidity and soil thermal regime, indicated that six of the soils were unsuitable for forage legume production without application of agricultural inputs (fertilizer, lime, and irrigation). Nutrient availability was the land quality that most frequently failed to meet the requirements of tropical forage legumes. Application of low levels of input reduced the number of unsuitable soils from six to three, whereas high inputs made all soils suitable for forage legume production. The land suitability assessments were consistent with published field results on forage legume performance in Hawaii. The results suggest that quick and reliable estimates of land use for forage legume production can be obtained wherever Soil Taxonomy is used in available surveys.     

On inclusion of ecosystem services in the assessment of damage from land degradation

In the assessment of damage arising from land degradation at the Training and Experimental Soil–Ecological Center of Moscow State University, the cost of unfulfilled and underfulfilled ecosystem surfaces of soils should be taken into account. The following soil services were considered for the territory studied: direct provision with resources, protection, maintenance of ecosystem life and cultural services. A relationship between the concepts of ecosystem services and ecological functions of soils is shown. The concept of function is wider in some respect than the concept associated with it. In the definition of ecosystem service, only the manifestation of the soil function, which can have an economic interpretation, is selected. A simulation of ecosystem services proposed in the ecological and economic evaluation of damage arising from land degradation can be a real mechanism of nature conservation and development of systems of sustainable management at various levels of the administrative structure of the country.     

北方土石山区水土流失现状与综合治理对策

北方土石山区现有轻度以上水土流失面积13．49万km^2,其中水蚀面积约占95％,水蚀区虽以轻度侵蚀为主,但水土流失仍然是该区主要的生态环境问题,不仅制约山区经济的发展,而且严重影响下游经济发达地区的水资源安全和生态安全,加强区域水土保持已成为区域发展的迫切要求。北方土石山区的水土保持,在新的时代背景下,应更加关注坡耕地改造、“坡林地”水土保持、“节水型”措施和生态“清洁型”小流域建设。依据自然地带性规律、区域经济发展和社会需求,北方土石山区可分为8个水土流失综合治理区,各区应当结合实际情况采取有针对性的综合治理对策。     

Pedogenetic diversity and the red data soil book for Volgograd oblast

The indices of soil quality have been studied in Volgograd oblast, and the reasons for the worsening quality have been identified for different groups of soils. It is suggested that information on the genetic diversity of soils, their properties, and the character of soil management should be specially collected and systematized in order to make strategic decisions aimed at soil conservation. Information should be separately collected for the soils of agricultural lands, the soils of specially protected natural territories (including the soils listed in the Red Data Book of Russian Soils), and the soils that are used for nonagricultural purposes.     

中国农田土壤环境质量管理现状与展望

农田土壤环境质量保护与管理是保障粮食安全和农业可持续发展的重要前提。近年来,随着我国社会经济的快速发展,农田土壤环境质量退化和土壤污染问题逐渐凸显。经过几十年的努力,我国目前基本形成以"土壤污染防治法"和"土壤污染防治行动计划"为核心政策,相关配套管理办法、标准和技术规范等为基础的土壤环境质量管理体系。本文简要梳理了我国农田土壤环境质量状况与污染成因,回顾了我国农田土壤环境保护及环境管理的发展历程,总结了我国农田土壤环境质量管理与标准体系建设的最新进展,对比分析了农田土壤环境管理的国际经验,针对性地提出了我国农田土壤环境管理的对策与展望,以期为我国农田土壤环境质量管理及污染防控提供参考和借鉴。     

Priorities towards national-level soil protection: a survey of soil stakeholders in Scotland

Abstract. Soil protection policies are being developed in many countries, particularly those in the European Union where pan-national regulatory frameworks now exist. We report an analysis of a survey of the views of a wide range of stakeholders in the soil resource of Scotland, including representatives of rural and urban land users, public bodies and authorities, non-governmental environmental organizations, and soil scientists based in Scotland. The four soil issues considered of particular importance were soil pollution, soil erosion, loss of soils to development, and loss of biodiversity. Comments were strongly polarized, either strongly promoting issues or indicating lack of awareness, on a set of topics: the loss of valued soils, loss of archaeological sites, and changes in terrestrial carbon store. It is argued that an integrated approach is required to implement any future soil protection strategies, and that special attention should be paid to monitoring long-term changes and to provision of soil survey data from urban areas.     

香港土壤研究 Ⅰ.研究现状与展望

对近半个世纪以来香港地区的土壤分类、农业和园林绿地土壤的肥力以及土壤环境保护等研究工作进行了系统的回顾和介绍,为中国香港地区及其他社会经济快速发展地区的土壤资源合理利用、生态环境保护与社会可持续发展提供了科学信息。认为,高度城市化和国际化的香港地区可以结合香港高科技及新产业的发展目标,合理利用和开发土地资源,定向培育中草药产地土壤环境与教育基地;需要进一步系统研究香港地区土壤发生与系统分类、性状与特征、空间分布与变异规律,建立香港土壤基础数据库、土壤图和土壤信息与服务系统;进一步探明污染元素和有益元素的土壤地球化学背景以及持久性有机污染物的环境生物地球化学过程及其生态与健康风险,建立长期的土壤环境质量动态观测点与研究平台,以及区域尺度的土壤环境质量信息系统和定量可视化预测预警系统;研究与发展适合香港地区的有问题土壤的风险评估与修复技术体系     

基于农产品质量安全的土壤资源管理与可持续利用

目前我国土壤和农作物中有毒物质的残留问题日趋突出。有机氯农药虽已禁用近20年,但通过某些食物链富集仍可对人体健康产生威胁。此外,残留农药的种类和数量逐年增加,其中有机磷农药问题尤为突出。重金属残留超标主要集中在大中城市郊区、污灌区和矿区农产品,尤其是城郊蔬菜中重金属污染问题比较突出。硝酸盐积累主要在农业集约化地区,尤其是塑料大棚等保护地问题比较普遍。农产品中的有机氯残留、重金属残留以及硝酸盐积累均与土壤污染有密切的关系,土壤是影响农产品质量安全的源头因素。因此,为了保证农产品质量安全,应尽快开展全国土壤环境质量调查与评价,建立长期性的土壤环境质量监测网络,并加强土壤中环境激素类的研究和监测,修订土壤环境质量与农产品质量标准,建立基于污染物生物有效性的环境质量标准体系与评价方法。同时制订土壤质量修复和保护规划,并完善有关立法,实现土地资源由数量管理向数量与质量管理并重的战略转变。     

香港土壤研究 Ⅵ.基于改进层次分析法的土壤肥力质量综合评价

采用改进层次分析法（AHP），并结合覆盖整个香港地区的51个典型土壤剖面样品分析得到的pH（H2O）、有机质、质地等包含土壤物理和土壤化学的10项指标进行综合评价。评价结果表明：香港地区的土壤肥力质量总体不高，有1／2以上调查样点属中等以下水平。在不同生态景观类型中，农业土壤的肥力质量相对较高。土壤过酸和磷素水平（包括全磷和速效磷含量）过低是香港土壤肥力质量低下的主要原因。此外，山火焚烧和侵蚀在一定程度上加剧了土壤肥力的退化，因此需要加强地表植被和水土的保育工作。     

Soil-geographic database of Russia

The need for the All-Russia soil-geographic database satisfying international standards is substantiated. Soil functions and the role of soils as a natural resource are analyzed. The soil resources of Russia are briefly described, and the problem of soil degradation is discussed. It is shown that the Russian legislative base regulating soil management and soil conservation policies is in a very poor state and requires improvement. The world policy of soil conservation is compared with the situation in Russia. The procedure for creating the State Soil-Geographic Database of the Russian Federation is described. It is supposed that it will consist of three major directions: the creation of a geographic database on a scale of 1: 2.5 M, the creation of a database of soil profiles, and the creation of a generalized database of the factors of soil formation and morphogenetic soil features. In addition, information about the economic use of typological soil units distinguished on the Soil Map of Russia on a scale of 1: 2.5 M (2007) will be aggregated.     

盐碱地土壤酶活性研究进展和展望

盐碱地是农业生产重要的后备土地资源,同时土壤盐渍化是灌溉农业生产过程中首要考虑的问题之一。近年来,越来越多的研究开始关注盐碱地改良利用过程中包括土壤生物学性质在内的土壤整体环境质量的改善。其中,土壤酶是土壤生物活动的产物,其活性水平是土壤环境质量的良好生物学指标,可以用来评价土壤退化程度及管理措施的效果和可持续性。本文总结说明了盐渍化土壤酶活性状况及盐碱胁迫机理,并对盐碱地改良利用过程中土壤酶活性的研究现状进行了综述。最后从存在问题和关注热点出发,提出了下一步的研究重点。     

西部大开发应处理好生态建设与经济发展的关系

经济发展和环境保护是对立的统一,二者相辅相成、互相促进。搞好生态环境建设可以减少自然灾害、改善投资环境、调整产业结构、改善地区形象、发展社会经济。西部地区脆弱的生态环境现状,决定了在西部大开发中,必须提高全民的环境伦理意识,建立行之有效的水土保持生态环境建设管理体系和补偿机制,处理好生存与发展的关系,推广先进适用技术,加大退耕还林力度,实行建设监理制,依法搞好水土保持生态环境建设。     

宁波市水土保持区划研究

宁波市的水土保持区划工作始于2000年.当时主要依据宁波市地形地貌特点的水土保持区划,已不能适应新时期水土保持工作的需求.为科学指导宁波市今后的水土保持工作,在全国水土保持三级区划的基础上,结合宁波市的自然条件、水土流失发生发展趋势和社会经济发展对水土保持的需求,有必要重新进行水土保持分区.作者采用叠图分析法,将全市划分为北部农田防护水质维护区、中部人居环境水质维护区、东南土壤保持水质维护区和西部水源涵养生态维护区等4个不同的水土保持分区.北部农田防护水质维护区,重点加强耕地、园地和林地等具有重要生态功能土地的保护,改善平原河网水质;中部人居环境水质维护区,重点加强城市开发建设中土石弃渣和泥浆处置的管理,构建生态走廊,改善人居环境和河湖水质;东南土壤保持水质维护区,重点改造治理低质林地,完善沿海防护林建设,对经济林园地实施保土耕作措施,提高土地利用综合效益;西部水源涵养生态维护区,重点采取封山育林措施,充分发挥植被拦截泥沙、调蓄径流、涵养水源和治理面源污染的能力.通过合理的区划,以期科学指导宁波市今后的水土保持工作.     

土壤环境质量指导值与标准研究Ⅰ.国际动态及中国的修订考虑

介绍了国际上土壤质量指导值的研究动态、指导原则及应用功能,提出对中国现行土壤环境质量标准进行修订的若干考虑。基于风险的土壤质量指导值／标准已是国际发展的必然趋势。基于风险的土壤质量指导值／标准的制定,需考虑不同的土地利用方式,设置各种土地利用方式下的一般暴露途径、暴露参数(如暴露周期和暴露频率)和临界风险受体。基于风险的土壤质量指导值／标准多用于污染场地／土壤的风险管理,是潜在污染场地／土壤健康风险初步识别和预测的依据。中国现行土壤环境质量标准的修订,需对标准的功能和宗旨、制定方法论、土地利用方式、土壤污染物迁移对其他环境介质的影响、污染物的种类等方面予以考虑。现行标准修订的最终目的是要建立保护生态和人体健康的“土壤环境和健康质量指导值／标准”,服务于污染场地／土壤的识别及风险管理,同时还需制定保护土壤资源的“土壤自然质量指导值／标准”。     

红壤喷洒粘着剂之防冲效果

台湾因地形、地质与气候的关系故崩塌与土壤流失颇多,加上人为过度开发与土地超限利用结果.遂造成不少土砂灾害问题.为了加速国土的复育,水土保持植生工程中常加入黏着剂除使植物种子有效的停留于坡面生长外,也有保护坡面防止土壤冲蚀的目的.研究乃以亚热带地区常见的红壤为试样,喷洒常用的3种粘着剂,并在降雨强度50,80,110 mm/h及坡度16.7°,21.8°与28.8°的情况下进行60 min试验.结果表明:高分子黏着剂较其它2种材料能保持稳定的抗冲蚀效果,压克力树脂于高强度降雨冲蚀较多,德国柏油乳剂则坡度愈陡冲蚀愈多.     

Integrated red data book of natural resources

The current status and prospects for the development of the Red Data Book of Russian Soils are discussed. It is argued that this book should become a part of a more general document encompassing not only soils but also other natural resources. The work on the Red Data Book of Natural Resources should include biological, soil, hydrological, geological, landscape, and noospheric objects, as all of them are tightly interrelated and have to be taken into account in the elaboration of the environmental conservation strategy. The noospheric direction implies the study and conservation of cultural objects in their integrity with the environment.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.