绵羊补饲的研究

该项研究结合对放牧绵羊各月份摄入营养物质的动态变化规律的研究,对绵羊的补饲方案、适宜的补饲时期、矿物质微量元素添加剂和以食盐作载体的舔食砖的补饲效果进行了研究。试验分三部分:1、配合饲料喂羊试验。供试羊60只育成羯羊,分两组,试验组饲喂配合饲     

枯草期柠条草粉补饲滩羊的试验研究

在干旱半干旱荒漠地区,利用营养价值较高的柠条草粉,经枯草期140天补饲滩羊试验表明,柠条组增重比对照组高150.0%,胴体重、净肉重、屠宰率、净肉率,分别比对照组高34.9%、41.7%、11.3%和16.5%,是冬春季节羊只的优质补充饲料.     

放牧绵羊采食行为研究概述

绵羊的采食行为在生态学研究、自然资源保护与利用以及在畜牧业生产中具有重要意义。文章在阅读大量国内外文献的基础上，通过采食行为、采食行为参数、选择性采食等方面对有关绵羊采食行为的研究概况，进行了系统的分析和论述。     

绵羊矿质营养补饲块制作工艺研究

本研究通过对粘结剂、营养块制作,营养块强度、吸湿性、包装方法、动物饲喂等方面进行了系列探讨。筛选出了最佳营养块制作丁二艺、保藏方法和较完善的营养配方。经1990年冬春4个月绵羊饲喂结果证明,以麦秸为日粮的绵羊补饲营养块体重不下降,产毛量较对照增产13%达显著水平(t=2.85>t_(0.05)=2.26)。     

河北坝上农牧交错区饲用玉米的栽培与利用

1　试验推广区概况“九五”国家科技攻关专题“华北农牧交错带草地畜牧业高效发展技术” ,自 1 995年开始在河北丰宁县万胜永乡进行高产优质饲草料基地建设的技术推广以来 ,取得了突出的成绩。万胜永乡地处丰宁满族自治县西北高寒坝上地区 ,海拔 1 36 0米 ,年均气温 1 .2℃ ,无霜期 90～ 1 0 0天 ,年均降水量 4 50毫米。该乡属半农半牧区 ,全乡可利用草地面积 1万公顷 ,耕地面积2 1 33.3公顷 ,1 999年全乡牛存栏 2 80 0头 ,羊 2 0 0 0 0只 ,牧业收入占农业总收入的 6 3.5%。万胜永乡由于处于特别的地理位置 ,无霜期短 ,历史上极少种植饲用玉…     

基于牦牛牧食行为的天然草地补饲空间分布研究

文章通过选择牦牛牧食行为、补饲空间难易程度以及水源的分布,建立天然草地放牧牦牛营养补饲空间模拟。结果表明:模拟空间分布是顺着河路,紧依道路,分布在草地营养等级中等梯度区,牦牛的牧食行为不仅与放牧管理有关,更与天然草地营养状况相关,进行合理的补饲能直接地补充牦牛营养需求,同时也能更好地实施放牧管理,保护区域生态环境。     

对绵羊冬季补饲探讨

冬季天气寒冷,羊体比平时更容易散发热量,需要更多的营养物质来满足机体的正常运转。因此冬季要加强对绵羊的补料工作,预防羊营养不足、羔羊生长迟缓、体质瘦弱、成活率低、青年羊发育不良、成年羊生产力低下等问题,本文将对冬季绵羊补饲问题进行综述。     

配种前补饲对绵羊繁殖性能的影响

选择健康、空怀、膘情中等以上的细毛母羊274只分为3组（试验Ⅰ组87只、试验Ⅱ组92只、对照组95只），比较孕前补饲对绵羊情期受胎率、总受胎率、产羔率等繁殖性状的影响。结果表明，试验组与对照组母羊的情期受胎率、双羔率差异显著（P〈0．05）。因此在配种前搞好放牧抓膘和补饲，是提高母羊繁殖性能的重要措施。     

盐池草地禁牧期间农牧民违规放牧现象分析

随着禁牧政策的全面实施,放牧草地得以休养生息.但禁牧区农牧民从其短期经济效益出发,违规进行放牧以增加经济收入,以致政府全面禁牧的宏观政策不能很好地执行,部分草场生态再次恶化.为此根据草场面积、草场管理方式、地理位置等综合因素在禁牧区选择了234户农牧户用抽样调查和实地调查的方法对农牧户的违规放牧行为进行调查,并从养殖成本、地理位置、草场使用权界定、禁牧政策等方面探讨分析农牧民违规放牧行为发生的原因,寻求改变禁牧区农牧民的生产行为方式,解决禁牧与放牧矛盾,以达到保护和合理利用草场、恢复生态、增加农牧民经济收入的目的.     

家畜放牧对草地啮齿动物影响的研究进展

本文综述了截止2015年国内外文献,分析了家畜放牧对啮齿动物的影响。放牧家畜的践踏和排泄物等引起土壤理化性质改变影响了啮齿类空间利用等,家畜采食影响了啮齿类食物资源及其丰度,采食还引起植物营养成分改变及次生防御化合物的产生,而植被高度变化导致了啮齿动物捕食风险的增加和生活史策略的改变。这些方面的影响与综合作用改变了啮齿动物的微栖息环境、分布、食性,以及领域、采食和挖掘等行为,繁殖和生活史特征;影响了啮齿动物的种群结构、种群数量消长及其调节过程;改变了啮齿动物的群落结构和种间相互作用,引起其群落演替。在综述上述各方面研究进展的基础上,提出放牧对啮齿动物影响的作用途径及其方式,放牧条件下草-畜-鼠耦合机制,不同放牧制度对啮齿动物的影响以及整合现代学科发展的相关探索是未来研究的重点。     

Effect of feeding non-fibrous carbohydrate before grazing on intake and nitrogen utilization in dairy cows throughout the grazing season

Ten lactating cows were used to determine the effect of feeding non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) supplement before grazing on feed intake and nitrogen (N) utilization throughout a grazing season. The experiment was conducted from June to September. Cows grazed twice a day (2.5 h × 2) under a set stocking system and were fed NFC supplement (1 kg/4 kg of milk yield) 2 h before grazing (PRE) or immediately after grazing (POST). Cows were also fed a grass and corn silage mixture ad libitum. Herbage dry matter intake (DMI) was greater for PRE than for POST throughout the experiment and decreased from June to September. Conversely, silage DMI was less for PRE than for POST throughout the experiment and increased over the grazing season. Consequently, total DMI for PRE did not differ from that for POST. Milk urea-N concentration and urinary urea-N excretion in June did not differ between the treatments, whereas that after July was higher for PRE than for POST. Proportion of urinary N excretion to absorbed N intake in June was lower for PRE than for POST, but that after July was higher for PRE than for POST. Feeding NFC supplement before grazing would improve N utilization when cows eat large amounts of herbage high in N.     

The effects of grazing and supplemental protein concentrations during the grazing period on subsequent finishing performance and carcass quality in Japanese Black cattle steers

The effects of grazing and supplemental protein concentrations, provided during the grazing period, on subsequent finishing performance and carcass quality were investigated. This experiment was carried out using 15 Japanese Black cattle (Wagyu) steers. The steers were fed as follows: (i) grazing supplemented with moderate protein concentrate (GMP) (18% crude protein (CP); dry matter (DM) basis) before finishing, followed by feeding in a barn until slaughter; (ii) grazing supplemented with low protein concentrate (GLP) (14% CP; DM basis) before finishing, followed by feeding in the barn until slaughter; and (iii) no grazing before finishing (NG). From the end of the grazing season to the end of the growing period, the GMP and GLP steers were managed in the same way as the NG steers. All of the animals were fed the same diet in the finishing period (9 months to 28 months). None of the three treatments affected the average daily gains. For all treatments, chilled carcass weights were more than 450 kg and did not differ significantly among the groups. The longissimus muscle areas in the grazed steers were numerically larger than in those receiving the NG treatment. Fat thickness was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the NG steers than in the grazed steers. The intramuscular fat and marbling scores were not affected in the grazed steers. In conclusion, the carcass quality of grazed steers was similar to that of the NG steers at a similar final age, and the quantity of meat in the NG steers would be less than that of the GMP and GLP steers. Therefore, spring‐born Wagyu steers should be grazed using the GLP supplement before fattening.     

觅食时间和食物可利用性对波尔山羊觅食行为的作用格局

在人工种植的多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne草地条件下,采用重复的2×2析因试验设计,以植被高度3.0 cm和6.0 cm为食物可利用性因子,以觅食时间限制(夜间禁牧)和无觅食时间限制(昼夜放牧)为觅食时间因子,测定觅食时间和食物可利用性对波尔山羊Capra hircus觅食行为、食物摄入量和食物消化率的独立作用及其交互作用.研究结果表明,在排除食物可利用因子的条件下,觅食时间限制处理个体的觅食回合极显著地降低( P<0.01),觅食时间亦极显著地延长(P<0.01);而日总觅食时间则较无觅食时间限制处理个体显著地减少(P<0.01).觅食时间限制处理个体以较大口量觅食,能显著地提高其瞬时摄入率;而无觅食时间限制处理个体则不能使其瞬时摄入率最大化.觅食时间限制处理个体仅在植被高度6.0 cm条件下,能补偿其因每日觅食时间减少而损失的摄入量.反之,在植被高度3.0 cm条件下,觅食时间限制处理能降低其总的日摄入量.研究结果充分验证了试验提出的在低矮植被,大型植食性哺乳动物的日摄入量依赖于其日觅食时间的假设.     

黄霉素补糖工艺的试验

为了降低黄霉素生产成本,实现用补糖工艺替代补油工艺生产黄霉素,我们对黄霉素发酵补糖工艺中采用的3种不同补糖方式进行了试验.结果表明,采用根据总糖消耗量补糖法的效价比采用间歇补糖法、连续恒速补糖法的效价分别高24.2%和13.7%.采用根据总糖消耗量补糖法与黄霉素发酵传统补油工艺相比,平均效价相当,但是罐批生产成本却比其低35%.     

肃南山地放牧系统四季供需动态模型

通过分析和综合肃南山地放牧系统的四季放牧试验数据,模拟了该系统的牧草供给与家畜需求的季节动态,用模式图反映了放牧系统牧草供需平衡机理。通过分析放牧系统的时间地带性的生态要素,拟合了肃南山地放牧系统的放牧函数,并建立了北半球中纬度地区的一般方程。这些模型数量化地解释了“生物的时间地带性”理论在山地放牧系统牧草供给与家畜需求平衡中的作用,对放牧管理和畜牧业持续发展具有一定的指导作用。     

放牧家畜采食量和采食成分测定技术评述

放牧家畜的采食量是人们了解放牧系统动力学的关键之一。研究已查明,了解了放牧家畜的采食量和采食成分就能明晰家畜的营养状况,预测其生产性能,从而为草地管理决策提供目标,为优化资源利用提供基础数据。然而,估测放牧家畜的采食量及其组分是困难的,也是昂贵的。虽然那些改进的技术和方法有效地增强了人们获取家畜牧食行为数据的能力,但是测定放牧动物的采食量、采食成分和养分消化率一直以来都是营养学研究的挑战,方法众多,却各有利弊。因此,本研究针对目前估测放牧家畜采食量和采食成分的常用方法,如模拟采食法、牧前牧后差额法、酸不溶灰分法、三结合法、植物蜡层指示剂法和近红外光谱技术法,对它们的利弊和准确性进行讨论,并探析未来发展趋向,为今后的研究提供资料。     

Recent progress in the study of behavior and management in grazing cattle

Recent progress in studies concerning behavior of, and management for, grazing cattle are reviewed. Since 1950, much study has been conducted on ‘How’, ‘When’, ‘Where’ and ‘How long’ regarding grazing. After the 1980s, grazing ecology introduced the concept of hierarchy at different spatial and temporal scales, and since then grazing behavior has been investigated on the foraging hierarchy of large grazing herbivores: bite, feeding station (FS), patch, feeding site, camp and home range. From the sequence of activities, FS is grouped within a feeding patch, and movement of grazing cattle has been studied between FSs, feeding patches, feeding sites and between camps. Grazing behavior and production relates closley with defoliation, and grazing management should control both grazing behavior and vegetation according to three rules: planning, operational and adaptation rules. Planning rules relate the stocking rate of cattle; operational rules relate to defoliation; and adaptation rules vary with regional situations. Recent studies on grazing have been carried out in the fields of animal diversity and welfare. Future studies in this field should be conducted on the ecology, neurophysiology and psychology of grazing. Nonlinear analysis will also be significant in this field. Grazing cattle production should also utilize supplementation by roughage and/or grains.     

放牧季节及放牧强度对高寒草地植物多样性的影响

在海北高寒草地进行了7年轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧试验,并用围栏控制放牧进行对照.试验显示,物种丰富度和均匀度在夏季牧场和冬季牧场出现不同的变化.在夏季牧场,物种丰富度随着放牧强度的增强而增强,而均匀度则随着放牧强度的增强而下降;在冬季牧场,物种丰富度和放牧之间呈现驼峰反应模式,说明植物的丰富度在中度放牧强度时达到最大.不同牧场生物多样性变化的模式说明夏季牧场放牧强度不足.