饲料纤维阳离子交换量与化学成分的相关性研究

本研究测定了28种饲料的阳离子交换量及其化学成分 ,并分析了两者之间的相关关系。结果表明 ,不同类型饲料的阳离子交换量的变化范围较大 ,同一种类饲料的不同品种间阳离子交换量变化较小 ;饲料的阳离子交换量与其CP含量有极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01) ,与其NDF含量有极显著的负相关关系(P<0.01) ,与其ADF和CEL含量有显著的负相关关系(P<0.05) ,而与其它化学成分没有相关关系 ;同时 ,饲料的阳离子交换量与细胞壁物质中的木质素含量存在极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01) ,与细胞壁物质中的其它化学成分无显著的相关关系     

绵羊日粮的阳离子交换量与其纤维物质在胃肠道中的消化动力学的关系研究

采用12头安装有瘤胃和十二指肠瘘管的绵羊作为试验动物，随机分成4组，研究以稻秆(RS)、小麦秸(WS)、玉米秸(MS)和花生藤(PV)4种不同的阳离子交换量(CEC值)为主的绵羊日粮对纤维物质消化动力学、瘤胃降解率和瘤胃内环境参数的影响。结果表明：不同日粮的CEC值不同，具有较高CEC值的日粮(如玉米秸和花生藤)，营养价值也较高，其营养物质在十二指肠和直肠的流通量要比CEC值低的日粮(稻秆和麦秸)小，但具有较高的消化率，其粗纤维物质具有较多的可消化营养物质(a b)和较高的表面可发酵指数(SAFI)以及较高的瘤胃降解率。同时，随着日粮CEC值升高，各种营养物质在十二指肠和直肠中的流通量呈下降的趋势，各种营养物质在绵羊消化道中各部位的消化率呈上升的趋势，而且各营养物质的瘤胃降解率也有逐步升高的趋势。     

饲料纤维的阳离子交换量分析测定方法研究

本研究在实验室条件下建立了一种测定植物性纤维饲料的阳离子交换量（ＣＥＣ）的化学分析测定新方法，并用此法测定了２８种饲料的阳离子交换量。结果表明：用稀土元素镨（Ｐｒ）测定饲料的ＣＥＣ值的最佳标准条件是：准确称取样品０．５ｇ，用０．１Ｍ醋酸稀土溶液１０ｍＬ，在ｐＨ为７．０和温度为３９℃的条件下反应２４ｈ，在样品冲洗中每次用４０ｍＬ双蒸水冲洗４次（计２００ｍＬ）。每一样品均进行双重复测定（并以０．５Ｍ醋酸作空白对照），比色测定的最佳波长是４４４．２ｎｍ。用此方法测定ＣＥＣ值，具有简便易行、快捷准确和重复性好等特点。     

昆明市西华园公园不同用途草坪土壤质量的调查与评价

本研究采集了昆明市西华园公园不同用途(游憩型、观赏型和花坛型)草坪土壤表层(0～20cm)样品,测定了土壤pH、容重、电导率(EC)、有机质、阳离子交换量(CEC)、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等理化性质,采用改进的内梅罗指数法综合评价了土壤的肥力特征.结果表明:昆明市西华园绿地草坪整体肥力水平处于中等,不同用途草坪的土壤理...     

沸石粉铵交换量测定方法的研究

沸石粉作为饲料添加剂已被广泛地应用推广.铵交换量是综合评定沸石物质量好坏的主要技术指标.鉴于目前国内尚未制订饲料级沸石物的质量标准和相应的检测方法,本研究参考GB7863—87《森林土壤阳离子交换量的测定》(以下简称A法)和地质部门总交换量测定方法(以下简称B法),并进行改正.本法以水替代有机溶剂,以抽滤替代机械离心或淋洗,其测定结果与A、B两法一致,但较A、B两法重复性好,精确度高,操作简便,且可节约有机溶剂.     

137Cs示踪法在东北松嫩平原土壤侵蚀定量评价中的应用

根据不同退化程度草原和不同开垦年限农田土壤137Cs放射强度分析结果表明:与轻度退化草原相比,中度退化和重度退化中的137Cs放射强度分别下降了21%和52%。草原土壤开垦后,137Cs放射强度明显下降,开垦7年、15年、33年后,137Cs的放射强度分别只有轻度退化草原的37%、31%和26%。相关分析表明,伴随着土壤侵蚀的发生,土壤有机质含量、全N含量以及阳离子交换量下降。137Cs放射强度与土壤有机碳、土壤全N、交换性K和阳离子交换量呈极显著的正相关。     

城市草坪土壤肥力综合评价

本文以河北科技师范学院昌黎校区草坪土壤为例,测定分析了土壤容重、pH值、阳离子交换量(CEC)、全盐含量、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等理化性质,并对土壤各肥力因子进行了数值化处理。通过隶属度函数和偏相关分析,确定了各肥力因子的隶属度值及其权重,并利用模糊数学评价方法对土壤肥力进行了综合评价。研究结果显示,河北科技师范学院昌黎校区草坪土壤综合肥力水平低,与草坪质量状况相吻合,表明该评价方法具有可行性,有助于科学、合理、准确地评价城市草坪土壤肥力状况,提高土壤肥力,改善草坪质量。     

甲醛法测定饲料用沸石粉铵交换量研究

沸石，又称饲料石、卫生石，是火山熔岩形成的一种含碱金属或碱土金属的含水硅酸盐，它的分子内部有独特的晶穴结构，可以有效地吸附K~ 、NH_4~ 、Na~ 等阳离子，并可以进行阳离子的交换。目前,沸石已较广泛地应用于饲料工业，用它作饲料添加剂，不仅可以改善氨在畜禽体内的代谢，减少畜禽胃肠道疾病的发生，还可以促进生长，降低饲料成本，是一种非常经济实用的饲料原料。本文根据沸石能够吸附铵并能进行阳离子交换这一特性采用甲醛一酸碱滴定法测定饲料用沸石粉的铵交换量，它是一项可以综合评价沸石粉质量的主要技术指标。l原理将样品…     

不同粉碎粒度的饲料对滤袋法测定纤维物质含量的影响

本试验旨在研究不同粉碎粒度的饲料对滤袋法测定饲料中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤不溶蛋白(NDIP)及酸性洗涤不溶蛋白(ADIP)含量的影响。采集黑龙江、河南及河北3个省的30个不同种类的饲料样品,分为5类(干草类饲料、农副产品类饲料、青贮类饲料、糟渣类饲料和饼粕类饲料),各类饲料分别粉碎为2个处理长度,粗粉碎组为2.00 mm,细粉碎组为0.45 mm(过40目分析筛),测定各样品的NDF、ADF、NDIP和ADIP含量。结果显示:1)粗粉碎组和细粉碎组的干草类饲料、饼粕类饲料NDF含量差异极显著(P<0.01);2组间干草类饲料、青贮类饲料ADF含量差异极显著(P<0.01),糟渣类饲料、饼粕类饲料ADF含量差异显著(P<0.05)。粗粉碎组饲料的NDF和ADF含量普遍高于细粉碎组。2)粗粉碎组和细粉碎组的NDIP含量除青贮类饲料差异显著(P<0.05)外,其余几类饲料的NDIP含量差异均不显著(P>0.05);2组间各类饲料的ADIP含量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。结果提示,采用滤袋法测定不同粉碎粒度的饲料NDF和ADF含量差异较大,建议采用2.00 mm的粉碎粒度进行测定;采用滤袋法测定不同粉碎粒度的饲料NDIP和ADIP含量差异较小。     

不同纤维源对吉林白鹅盲肠形态学发育的影响

<正>鹅是草食类家禽,耐粗饲,在鹅日粮中添加适量青粗饲料既可发挥青粗饲料的生物学优势,又可降低饲料成本。目前不同纤维源对鹅肠道发育影响的研究主要集中在对肠道长度、重量及静态形态学的影响上[1-2],对盲肠形态动态发育过程影响的研究较少。试验以羊草和玉米秸秆作为日粮纤维来源,比较不同纤维源对吉林白鹅盲肠形态学发育的影响,为探索日粮纤维影响鹅盲肠发育的生理机制,以及鹅生产中合理利用富含纤维类饲料提供基础资料,现报道如下。     

Proposal for an efficient crude fiber determination in routine analysis

On the basis of the method described in the standard TGL 21875/07--method II in GDR--and proved effective in practise, a rationalised method of the determination of crude fibres has been worked out. This method is described in detail; it makes greater than 60 individual determinations of crude fibre per worker and day possible. In contrast to the conventional determination of crude fibres (standard 21875/07--method I) this method is more efficient and its degree of standardisation is considerably higher. The results achieved on the basis of the conventional method of the determination of crude fibres (standard TGL 21875/07--method I Lepper-method) and the suggested method of determination with various feedstuff samples at the Zentralstelle für Futtermittelprüfung und Fütterung (Central Institution for Feedstuff Investigation and Feeding) Halle-Lettin and Department of Animal Nutrition of the Forschungszentrum für Tierproduktion (Research Centre for Animal Production) Dummerstorf-Rostock show that there are no statistically significant differences between the crude fibre values ascertained according to the two methods. Method II of the standard TGL 21875/07 should be replaced by the suggested method of determination because this method directly registers the crude fibre content.     

Determination of feeding value based on simple food characteristics. 1. Determination of the digestibility of green foods and their preservation products]

Regression techniques may be used to establish close relations between the crude fibre content and digestibility data of organic materials (total digestibility). It was shown from regression equations calculated for a number of feedingstuffs that the total digestibility of a feedstuff may be calculated, with a sufficient degree of accuracy, from the crude fibre content of the material. The range of variations from most of the digestibility data obtained for various feedstuffs, was clearly below the limit given (2.5%). When regression equations are used the variation limits should always be indicated for which they had been established. Differences within the different groups of feedstuffs are so small that in many instances, the same equation may generally be used for feedstuffs of the same group. Similarly, equations for calculating digestibility values may be derived on the basis of the lignin content of a material, although the range of variations will, in this case, be wider when compared with the crude fibre content. The reason for this must be seen in the greater uncertainty of the lignin method. Analogous regression equations may be found for the different conserving products of green feeds, in which certain alterations have to be made corresponding to the different methods of conserving used. On the one hand, these are accounted for by changes in the crude fibre content brought about by biochemical reactions during the conserving process on the other hand a special influence of conserving form can be observed. The content of digestible crude protein in green feeds can be established, with a high degree of accuracy, from the crude protein content of the material. The content of digestible organic matter can be calculated from the digestibility of organic matter and from the ash content of the material. The content of digestible organic matter is, in turn, closely related to the content of energetic feed units in a particular material.     

Dependence of transfer factors for cesium on the contamination level of feed]

The transfer factor-values feedstuff/meat so as the value of biological half life time for caesium are not constant but are depending on external and internal conditions. The most important external condition is the level of feedstuff contamination which reduces proportional the transfer factor's value of 0.5 +/- 0.1 asymptotically to 0.3 +/- 0.1. These values are then decreasing till to two thirds by the increasing part of uncontaminated feedstuff in the daily diet. The internal conditions, namely type of gastrointestinal tract, metabolic individuality and actual animal health, may cause a variability of transfer factor's values up to +/- 35% of the mean resulting from external conditions. The value of biological half life time of caesium may be considered as a constant for each respective tissue or organ in balanced conditions, but the changes of external conditions, especially the beginning of uncontaminated feeding, results in immediate gradually shortening of this half life time till to 50-30% of its original value.     

绿色经济体系下饲料企业经济模式转变研究

近年来,绿色经济成为席卷全球的潮流。绿色经济带给经济社会的改变将是全面而深刻的,饲料行业也不会例外。绿色经济既会给饲料行业带来落后产能淘汰、产业结构升级的机遇,也会带来利润下降、承包上升的短期阵痛。饲料企业想要抓住机遇、迎接挑战,就必须尽快转变当前的经济模式,建立绿色企业文化,加大研发投入,调整生产模式,加强上下游产业链的选择和配合,如果遇到资金困难,可以利用绿色金融进行融资。     

Spelt, an ancient cereal and first pressure linseed oil as ingredients of compound feedstuffs for modern horse feeding

Spelt is a covered cereal with large glumellas. In experiment 1, it has been compared in terms of chemical composition with barley, oat and maize. Spelt is characterized by rather low protein and ether extract (EE) contents. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content of spelt was slightly higher than that of oat but the acid detergent fibre (ADF) content was lower. Two compound feedstuffs were fed along with hay to six horses used in a cross-over design. Both diets were well appreciated by the horses and there were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility coefficients, except for EE which was significantly higher, when oat was included in the compound feedstuff. In experiment 2, first pressure linseed oil was incorporated at a rate of 8% in a control compound feedstuff, where the barley was partly substituted by the oil. The fat content was 9.6% dry matter (DM) in the linseed oil compound feedstuff and 5.4% in the hay-concentrate ration. The inclusion of linseed oil increased the digestibility of DM, EE and NDF of the diet. There were no effects on the post-prandial concentrations of glucose, triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) but the insulin concentration was significantly reduced with the linseed oil inclusion. There were significant increases in the plasma concentrations of the total fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), saturated fatty acids (SFA), C18:3 n-3 and C18:2 n-6 and significant reductions in the contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), C18:1 n-7 + n-9 and C20:4 n-6. It is concluded that the inclusions of spelt and first pressure linseed oil in compound feed stuff for horse are of interest for modern horse feeding.     

Oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle fibres in racehorses: histochemical versus biochemical analysis

The oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle fibre types was evaluated histochemically using the nicotinamide dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH-D) staining, and biochemically by measuring the activity of citrate synthase (CS) in both whole muscle samples and in pools of fibres of identified type. Duplicate determinations of the NADH-D staining pattern resulted in standard deviations (sd) between duplicates of 6 and 11 per cent for two observers. The NADH-D pattern was found to differ between observers. Duplicate determinations of CS activity in the same fibre pools resulted in an sd value of 2.9 mumol/g/min. Measurements of whole muscle CS activity did not provide information about the distribution of oxidative capacity among fibre types. The NADH-D stain and CS activity in fibre pools both showed that, in general, type I and IIA fibres had a higher oxidative capacity than type IIB fibres. Biochemical techniques also showed, however, that the CS activity in type I and IIA fibres of different horses could vary as much as twofold, whereas the NADH-D rating showed a high intensity staining for most type I and IIA fibres in all horses. Furthermore, type IIB fibres received a lower NADH-D rating than the other fibre types even when the CS activities were quite similar. For purposes of research, biochemical measurement of oxidative capacity in individual muscle fibre types provides valuable quantitative and comparative information. The ease of histochemical NADH-D staining in comparison to fibre dissections makes this technique more practical for routine estimates of the distribution of oxidative capacity among muscle fibres.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

利用体外法研究粗饲料的产气曲线及5种养分的发酵系数

利用自行设计的体外发酵产气装置，采用Jerson等     

Relations between soil factors and herbage yields of natural grassland on sandy soils in the south‐eastern Transvaal

Forty systematically‐placed observation points were established in a 1.5‐ha area of floristically unifoim veld in which productivity varied spatially. At each point grass yields were determined by harvesting quadrats at eight‐week intervals during the growing season, and the volumetric water content of the soil was measured weekly. In addition, root mass and root‐N content, and soil variables involving C and N contents, extractable P, K, Ca and Mg, cation exchange capacity and base saturation, pH, clay content and soil depth, were determined. The data were examined using linear correlations between variables, principal components analysis and multiple regression. The major factors associated with variations in yield were, in order of importance, soil water content, the N supply (as expressed by root‐N content or root‐N mass) and the cation supply (as expressed by the topsoil variables, extractable Ca or cation exchange capacity or percentage base saturation). There was a relatively weak positive association between yields and the H⁺ concentration in the subsoil, and a weak negative association between yields and the clay content of the topsoil. A multiple regression function involving all five factors accounted for 77.3% of the variation in dry matter yield.