镁对温室黄瓜光合特性的影响

在温室无土栽培条件下研究了镁对黄瓜开花结果期光合特性的影响。结果表明,多镁胁迫增加了黄瓜叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量,降低了 胡萝卜素含量,缺镁胁迫使黄瓜叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、胡萝卜素含量均极显著降低,但缺镁胁迫的叶绿素a/b最高;缺镁胁迫下黄瓜叶片净光合速 率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）的日变化呈单峰曲线变化,而多镁胁迫下Pn和Tr呈双峰曲线;多镁和缺镁胁迫的胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）、 多镁胁迫的Gs呈近似倒抛物线型;多镁和适镁处理叶片的光饱和点、CO₂饱和点以及表观量子效率和羧化效率都大于缺镁处理。缺镁胁迫下黄瓜光合 作用主要是受非气孔限制,而多镁胁迫下气孔因素和非气孔因素二者兼具。     

锦橙叶片镁质量分数与若干光合指标的相关性

选用缺镁程度不同的北碚447锦橙,采用缺镁黄化分级方法,测定不同级别叶片的镁质量分数、叶绿素各成分质量分数和净光合速率,探讨叶片镁质量分数与后2者的相关性。结果表明,不同缺镁级别叶片的镁质量分数存在极显著差异;叶片的叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)与镁质量分数呈显著的线性正相关关系,而与Car/Chl呈显著的指数负相关关系;叶片镁质量分数与净光合速率(Pn)也呈极显著的正相关关系,二项式回归方程为:y=0.0135x2+0.0484x+0.056(n=100,R2=0.9255)。因此,可以采用缺镁黄化分级法对柑橘叶片缺镁程度作定性分析,并通过测定叶片的Chla质量分数、Chlb质量分数、Chl质量分数、Car质量分数、Car/Chl或Pn值,建立与镁质量分数相关的数学模型,定量换算得到叶片的镁质量分数。     

缺镁对菜薹光合作用特性的影响

 研究了缺镁对菜薹光合作用特性的影响, 结果表明, 菜薹叶片净光合速率( Pn) 、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的日变化均呈单峰曲线变化, 且均随缺镁程度的加大而降低, 缺镁还使Pn的高峰提早出现; 缺镁降低了叶片的光补偿点、光饱和点和饱和光强下的Pn max; 缺镁使叶片的CO₂ 补偿点提高, CO₂ 饱和点下降(Mg 1 mmol·L ^{- 1} ) 或提高(Mg 0) , 饱和CO₂ 下的Pn max下降。菜薹叶片细胞间隙CO₂ 浓度的日变化、对光强和外界CO₂ 浓度的响应受缺镁处理的影响很小, 表明缺镁菜薹光合作用主要是受非气孔限制。     

不同镁肥对椪柑缺镁的矫治作用

2009—2010年在福建省三明市,以丘陵山地红壤上1991年种植的枳砧椪柑为试材,比较研究了每年2月、6月和8月3次叶面喷施1%硫酸镁(MgSO4.7H2O)、1%硝酸镁[Mg(NO3)2.6H2O],或者结合施基肥土施钙镁磷肥(2 kg/株)、农用氢氧化镁(含MgO 28%,1.5 kg/株)等不同施镁处理对叶片的镁含量、光合色素含量及气体交换的影响,对照为叶面喷清水。结果表明,叶片喷施硝酸镁可有效地矫治椪柑缺镁,不仅可使叶片叶绿素含量显著增加,缺镁症状消失,而且可使叶片镁含量大大增加;如果配以土施氢氧化镁,效果会更好。叶片喷施硫酸镁对椪柑缺镁矫治效果很差。缺镁时椪柑叶片光合速率和气孔导率均下降,但是缺镁引起的椪柑叶片光合速率下降可能主要是由非气孔因素影响所致。     

缺镁对龙眼光合作用的影响

 缺镁胁迫下, 龙眼(Dimocarpus longana Lour. ) 幼苗叶片光合色素含量、叶绿体对光吸收能力、表观量子产量和羧化效率下降; 光补偿点和CO₂ 补偿点提高, 光饱和点和CO₂饱和点下降; Chl. a 荧光动力学参数Fv/ Fo、Fv/ Fm 和Fd/ Fs 的降低说明缺镁龙眼PS活性下降; F₆₈₅/ F₇₃₆比值的下降则表明缺镁降低了激发能在两个光系统之间分配的调节能力。就缺镁对龙眼光合作用影响的机理进行了讨论。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯对干旱胁迫下萱草光合生理的缓解效应

以萱草"红运"为试材,采用PEG模拟干旱胁迫的方法,研究了干旱胁迫对萱草光合生理的影响以及外源MeJA对干旱胁迫下萱草光合生理的缓解效应,以期为提高外源茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)在萱草园林绿化抗旱栽培中的合理利用提供参考依据.结果表明:干旱胁迫显著降低了萱草叶片光合色素含量及气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci),提高了 PSⅡ初始荧光(Fo)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ),而最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPS Ⅱ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)等受到显著抑制,最终表现为光合速率(Pn)降低.干旱胁迫下外源MeJA显著增加了光合色素的含量,在一定程度上可通过减少叶绿素的分解和提高叶片光合机构的稳定性来减轻干旱胁迫对萱草的伤害,且叶片Gs、Ci、Pn、Fm、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP均比干旱胁迫下有所增大,Fo和NPQ降低,而茉莉酸代谢抑制剂(SHAM)处理逆转了干旱胁迫下MeJA对萱草叶片光合特性的影响,表明在干旱胁迫下,外施MeJA可以减轻干旱胁迫下光合系统发生的光抑制现象,缓解干旱胁迫对萱草叶片光合机构的损伤以及PSⅡ反应中心的伤害,改善电子传递速率和光能转换效率,从而增强叶片的气孔导度和光合能力,增加光合产物的积累,提高萱草的抗旱性.     

板栗的光合特性研究

以日本栗品种和板栗品种为试材,研究了2者的光合生理特性及日变化过程。日本栗表观量子效率、光补偿点、光饱和点及光饱和光合速率比板栗高。2者光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化曲线均呈“双峰”型,光合速率与胞间CO2浓度变化密切相关,而蒸腾速率与气孔导度的变化趋向基本同步。中午胞间CO2浓度的增高以及Rubisco羧化效率的降低表明,光合速率午间降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响,而且日本栗受到的影响比板栗大,光合“午休”程度更严重。     

不同浓度CO2对黄瓜光合速率的影响

研究了CO2浓度在200、350、500、700、1 000 mg/kg处理下的黄瓜叶片的光合速率.结果表明:增加CO2浓度,可显著提高黄瓜叶片的光合速率,在强光下,效果尤其明显.黄瓜叶片光合速率对不同CO2浓度的响应都有一个由低到高再低的趋势.空气CO2浓度,细胞间隙CO2浓度与光合速率是一致的,在高CO2浓度下,气孔导度一般不是光合速率的限制因子.     

遮阴对丰香草莓光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以盆栽丰香草莓为材料,研究了遮阴处理对草莓光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,遮阴处理增加草莓叶柄长度、叶面积以及光合色素含量,但降低了比叶重;遮阴处理显著降低草莓叶片的羧化效率(CE)、暗呼吸(Rd)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP),提高了其表观量子效率(AQY)和CO2补偿点(CCP)。遮阴后草莓Pn日变化由“双峰”型变为“单峰”型,日光合总量显著低于对照,早晚时分水分利用率(WUE)有所下降。遮阴后,叶片气孔导度(Gs)提高,蒸腾速率(Tr)下降,可能与叶面温度下降有关。叶绿素荧光动力学测定显示,遮阴处理草莓叶片的初始荧光(Fo)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)日变化曲线与对照相似,但Fo值始终低于对照,Fv/Fm值显著高于对照。以上参数表明丰香草莓对弱光环境有一定的适应能力,遮阴处理可以减轻强光下的草莓叶片光抑制程度,提高植株对光能的利用能力,但同时也需要注意提高环境中CO2浓度。     

“玛瑙红”樱桃不同程度黄化叶片的光合特性及其矿质营养分析

以"玛瑙红"樱桃幼树为试材,采用室内检测及田间调查相结合的方法,研究了不同黄化程度对叶片光合色素、光合特性和矿质营养元素的影响。结果表明:随着叶片黄化程度的加深,叶绿素(a+b)及类胡萝卜素含量显著下降,光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)显著降低,而胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)显著增大;黄化叶片中的营养元素N、P、Ca、Mg、Fe含量下降,K含量上升;相关性分析表明Ca、Fe、Mg与叶绿素含量的相关性最高。     

脐橙叶片镁、硼含量变化与缺素黄化的关系

以‘纽荷尔’和‘朋娜’脐橙品种为材料,研究了中亚热带季风区红壤果园的脐橙叶片镁和硼含量的动态变化,叶片镁和硼含量对叶绿素含量的影响及其与叶片缺素黄化的关系。两个品种的叶片含镁量均随叶龄增长而下降,6月果实进入膨大期后尤其明显,且与叶片黄化进程同步;叶片含硼量随叶龄增长而增加或稳定;两个品种的叶片含镁量与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）,相关系数分别为0.9082和0.9063,而叶片含硼量与叶绿素含量相关不显著（P > 0.05）;缺镁是导致脐橙叶片缺素黄化的原因。     

缺镁诱导的纽荷尔脐橙叶脉肿裂初报

以1年生枳砧纽荷尔脐橙为材料进行盆栽沙培,观察缺镁植株叶脉肿裂与叶片黄化症状的进程,测定不同枝梢叶片相对叶绿素和镁硼元素含量,探讨缺镁对纽荷尔脐橙叶脉肿裂、叶片黄化的影响。结果显示,第3个月时缺镁组2龄秋梢叶出现叶脉肿裂、叶片黄化的症状,而且随着时间延长症状加重;第3个月时对照组和缺镁组1龄春夏梢叶的叶色无明显差异,在第4个月时缺镁组出现明显黄化症状。第3个月时缺镁组各枝梢叶的相对叶绿素含量均显著降低,并且下降幅度随着时间延长而明显增大。第4个月时缺镁组和对照组的硼含量均处于高量水平,而缺镁组各枝梢叶镁含量均处于严重缺乏水平。表明,缺镁不仅会导致纽荷尔脐橙叶片黄化,也会导致叶脉肿裂。     

The Magnesium Content and Potassium Magnesium Ratio of Tomato Leaves in Relation to Degree of Chlorosis

The magnesium and potassium contents of the leaves of two tomato varieties have been studied for three seasons in a replicated nutritional trial in heated glasshouses. Magnesium sulphate was applied either to the soil or as a foliar spray, with untreated plots as controls, in combination with high and low levels of soil potassium.

The samples analysed consisted of upper (5th from the top) leaves in the first season, 5th and 15th leaves in the second, and lower (15th) leaves in the third; the lower leaves proved more responsive to added magnesium.

The treatments supplying magnesium increased the magnesium content of the foliage slightly in the first season and highly significantly in the subsequent years. Potassium had no effect on the magnesium content in the first season, but tended to depress it subsequently.

The degree of chlorosis, assessed visually, was closely related to the magnesium content of the lower leaves of both varieties. The relationship was approximately linear for values up to about 0· 4% Mg, above which little chlorosis was ever found; the correlation coefficient for values up to 0·5% Mg in the leaves was –0·94 (P=0·001). Severe chlorosis occurred below 0·25%–0·30% Mg.

The K{Mg ratios in the leaves were also significantly correlated (P=0· 001) with degree of chlorosis (r=+0·87 for values up to 0·5% Mg and +0·91 overall). Calculation of the multiple regression of chlorosis on % Mg and % K showed, however, that the regression coefficient of chlorosis on potassium content was not significant. The magnesium content of the lower leaves is thus regarded as a more satisfactory criterion of magnesium status than their K{Mg ratios.     

Calcium,potassium and magnesium nutrition and their interactions in ‘Cox's Orange’ apple trees

Interactions between calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) in apple tree nutrition were investigated in a pot experiment with ‘Cox's Orange’. Trees low in Ca supply were strongly dependent on Mg supply. Without Mg there was a very early and total leaf-fall. This led to a considerable yield response of Mg supply. During Ca deficiency, application of K enlarged the deficiency, resulting in a reduced K effect. Application of K reduced the Ca concentration in the leaves and Mg application depressed it further. This was not the case in the fruits, where K supply alone decreased the Ca concentration, while Mg supply, together with K, to some extent increased it. Spraying three times with MgSO₄·7H₂O, 1% or 2%, confirmed that fruit Ca is reduced by spray-applied Mg.     

缺镁、铁、硼胁迫对4 个柑橘砧木生长及养分吸收的影响

 通过水培方式分别研究了缺镁、铁、硼处理对枳、香橙、红橘、崇义野橘4种柑橘砧木植株和根系生长及养分吸收的影响。结果表明：缺镁处理下,红橘在株高、叶片数、叶绿素含量、总根长、总根表面积及镁吸收速率等变化中表现出较强的抗缺镁特性,崇义野橘次之,枳、香橙较差;缺铁处理下,香橙在株高、叶片数、植株干样质量、总根体积、总根表面积和铁吸收速率等变化中表现出较强的抗缺铁特性,红橘次之,枳、崇义野橘较差;缺硼处理下,红橘在总根数、总根表面积、总根体积及硼吸收速率的变化中表现出较强的抗缺硼能力,而崇义野橘的地上部较耐缺硼,香橙、枳则表现出不耐缺硼。     

纽荷尔脐橙叶脉木栓化症病因诊断

经矿质营养诊断分析,纽荷尔脐橙叶片Mg含量与叶脉木栓化症的发病率、发病指数,以及病株叶片Mg含量与病株发病等级均呈显著负相关（porb〈0.05）;病树叶片Mg含量0.022%-0.107%,均呈缺乏状态（〈0.2%）,常叶与病叶Mg含量差异（0.12%）极显著（prob〈0.0001）;病叶常伴有缺Mg症黄化,即叶基部绿色区呈“∧”形,病树未见僵果（“石头果”）或果实内有褐色胶状物等缺B症状。据此诊断本研究病例的病因为缺Mg,并表明缺B并非柑橘叶脉木栓化症的唯一病因。     

低温和镁胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

利用人工气候箱,采用珍珠岩培养,研究不同温度下镁对黄瓜幼苗生长、碳氮代谢和活性氧清除系统的影响。结果表明,低温下,镁胁迫降低了黄瓜的总叶片数、叶面积、根长、全株干质量和壮苗指数,增大了根冠比。适温下,镁胁迫使黄瓜叶片可溶性蛋白、还原糖和可溶性总糖含量、硝酸还原酶活性下降,根系活力提高;低温下,各处理硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力、可溶性总糖含量较对照降低,还原糖含量较对照升高,多镁和适镁使可溶性蛋白的含量较对照降低,缺镁则使其含量较对照提高。多镁和缺镁均导致黄瓜幼苗叶片MDA、H2O2含量及O2 产生速率升高,缺镁升幅大于多镁。低温缺镁对植株的伤害最大,可能与活性氧的增加有关。适温下,镁胁迫使POD、SOD活性升高,其中POD活性升高幅度最大,而CAT活性降低;适温下植株可能主要通过提高POD活性来抵御镁胁迫。     

Some effects of varied magnesium nutrition on the growth and composition of olive plants (cultivar ‘chondrolia chalkidikis’)

Olive plants (Olea europaea cultivar ‘Chondrolia Chalkidikis’) were grown in perlite: sand (1 : 1) cultures irrigated with nutrient solutions widely varying in magnesium (Mg) levels. When calcium (Ca) concentration in solution was 4 mM, maximum fresh weight (Fw) was produced with 0.4–2 mM Mg. Above 2 mM Mg in solution, fresh weight yield declined. The ratio of $\text{Ca}\text{Mg}$ in solution for optimum vegetative growth of olive trees was 2.Ca concentration of leaves and roots fell consistently with increasing Mg concentration in solution from 0.005 to 20 mM. When the concentration of Ca was 0.5 mM, an increase of Mg in solution from 3 to 20 mM did not further reduce Ca content of tissue. Mg concentration of leaves and roots increased, but not in proportion to the increase of Mg in the nutrient solution. An increase of Mg in solution from 2 to 10 mM was followed by a proportional increase of manganese (Mn) content of leaves. Above 10 mM Mg, a plateau in Mn concentration was reached.The zinc (Zn) content of leaves and roots was increased when Mg in solution increased up to 0.2 mM, then was reduced in the range 0.2–2 mM Mg and remained constant between 2 and 20 mM Mg. Other elements like copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) were not affected by increasing Mg concentration in solution.     

硼、镁缺乏诱发柑橘叶片维管组织变化差异研究

 以尤溪金柑（Fortunella crassifolia Swingle）、纽荷尔脐橙[Citrus senisis（L.）]和琯溪蜜柚[C. grandis（L.）]一年生老熟春梢叶片为材料,结合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP）和常规石蜡切片法对缺硼和缺镁条件下叶片维管组织结构变化的差异进行了研究。结果表明：缺硼植株叶片中脉维管组织异常增生,早期纤维鞘结构成束状分离,但木质部与韧皮部之间界限分明,维管射线结构保持完整;后期主脉初生韧皮部及纤维鞘外层薄壁细胞坏死,侧脉初生韧皮部坏死并伴随韧皮部增生的同时海绵组织细胞增生。维管组织及维管束外周的薄壁细胞增生为缺硼典型组织异常。缺镁植株叶片,早期叶绿体的数量与结构发生明显改变,中脉纤维鞘成束状分布,后生木质部结构弥散,木射线结构不完整;后期中脉髓部与韧皮部细胞坏死,侧脉初生木质部导管内部产生大量侵填体,初生木质部退化,而木质部与韧皮增生。木质部的阻塞退化与不规则增生以及髓部细胞的退化为缺镁典型组织异常。