美国研究高压喷射处理对全脂巴氏杀菌牛乳黏度和起泡特性的影响

正研究表明,高压处理能使牛乳中的酪蛋白胶束发生解离,使乳清蛋白变性,改变牛乳的外观和流变学特性。高压喷射处理是一种新型的高压处理技术,目前它在食品工业中的应用正在研究中,高压喷射处理对乳制品影响的研究还鲜有报道。美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究人员对全脂牛乳进行均质、巴氏杀菌和0～500 MPa范围内的高压喷射处理后,研究全脂牛乳的理化和起泡特性。结果表明:处理压力为125 MPa时,牛乳的粒径呈单峰分布,处理压力为250、     

国际科技资讯

西班牙研究多不饱和脂肪含量对热处理、高压和微波处理的牛乳脂肪酸组成及稳定性的影响近年来,人们对提高牛乳中对人体有益的不饱和脂肪酸含量产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。然而,牛乳经过热加工后,反式脂肪酸和共轭亚油酸发生变化,高压处理破坏乳脂肪球膜,使脂核暴露,从而使其易于被氧化。最近,西班牙研究传统巴氏杀菌、高温短时处理、超高温瞬时处理、高压处理以及微波巴氏杀菌是否改变牛乳     

巴氏杀菌牛乳中免疫球蛋白G含量和乳过氧化物酶活性

免疫球蛋白G和乳过氧化物酶是牛乳中2 种生物活性物质，研究在巴氏杀菌牛乳加工过程中及货架期内的免疫球蛋白G含量和乳过氧化物酶活性变化。结果表明：采用65 ℃以下的均质温度及15～25 MPa的均质压力处理牛乳对2 种生物活性物质影响较小；72～76 ℃、15 s处理可更好地保留2 种生物活性物质；采用膜滤除菌方式比一般巴氏杀菌效果更佳。巴氏杀菌牛乳中的免疫球蛋白G含量和乳过氧化物酶活性不会随着保存时间的延长而显著降低，但采用透明包装的产品长期暴露在光照下会造成乳过氧化物酶部分失活。     

低乳糖脱脂鲜牛奶的研究

以新鲜的脱脂牛乳为原料,应用乳糖酶对脱脂牛乳中的乳糖进行水解,经杀菌灭酶研制了营养丰富,且具有保健功效的低乳糖脱脂牛奶。乳糖酶在脱脂牛乳中最适水解条件为：水解温度35℃,水解时间2h,乳糖酶添加量1.2g/L,脱脂牛乳经乳糖酶水解,其乳糖水解率达到65%以上。     

酶解对脱脂牛乳蛋白抗原性及感官特性的影响

以脱脂牛乳为原料,采用间接竞争酶联免疫吸附测定法和三(羟甲基)甲基-甘氨酸-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳等方法研究碱性蛋白酶（Alcalase,AT）、复合蛋白酶（Protamex,PT）和风味蛋白酶（Flavorzyme,FT）处理对脱脂牛乳的抗原性、分子质量分布、滋味和色泽的影响。结果表明：AT对主要致敏乳蛋白的脱敏效果显著优于PT和FT(P<0.05),当酶底比为500 U/g、酶解时间为20 min时,其对α-乳白蛋白、β-乳球蛋白和酪蛋白的抗原抑制率分别达到64.01%、76.00%和69.10%;AT、PT和FT处理后脱脂牛乳中低分子质量肽段明显增加,且苦味、涩味、苦后味、涩后味随酶解时间延长、酶底比的增加而升高,FT处理脱脂牛乳的滋味优于AT和PT;酶解脱脂牛乳的亮度值显著降低,红度值显著升高（P<0.05）,透光性增加,AT处理脱脂牛乳的色泽更接近于牛乳。     

超高压均质对牛乳中微生物和酶的影响研究进展

超高压均质作为一种新兴的加工方式,与传统热处理和静态超高压相比,动态超高压处理具有可连续化、经济及热负荷低等诸多优点.随着压力的提高,高压均质带来的剪切、湍流和空化现象急剧增加,产品在处理过程中的温度瞬间增加,这为牛乳的杀菌和灭酶提供了新的途径.本文总结超高压均质在牛乳微生物和酶中的应用研究,现有的研究表明超高压均质对...     

高压脉冲电场对牛乳杀菌效果的研究

以牛乳为试验材料,经场强50-100 kV/cm、脉冲数400-1200的高压脉冲电场进行杀菌处理后用倾注法进行菌落总数测定,发现高压脉冲电场对牛乳有一定的杀菌效果,得出杀菌率与电场条件优化的二次回归方程.分析表明,杀菌率与电场强度和脉冲数正相关,电场强度的通径系数和灵敏度高于脉冲数的通径系数和灵敏度.说明场强与脉冲数是影响杀菌效果的重要因素,场强的影响效果更为明显.     

不同杀菌方法对牛奶中VC损失量的影响研究

为了探讨热力杀菌和微波杀菌对牛乳申VC的影响。对牛乳热力杀菌和微波杀菌进行了对比实验。实验结果表明，在牛乳微生物杀灭的条件下，微波杀菌对VC的影响小于热力杀菌。且两者差异显著。进一步研究了影响微波杀菌的因素——牛乳层厚度和微波功率。通过鼠因素实验得出了牛乳层厚度和微波功率对VC损失量的影响曲线，建立了相应的回归方程。利用优化技术得出了微波杀菌的最佳参数组合为牛乳层厚度66.3mm，微波功率469W。     

国际科技资讯

正荷兰研究荧光假单胞菌AprX蛋白酶和血纤维蛋白溶酶对牛乳脂肪球稳定性的影响超高温(ultra-high-temperature,UHT)加热处理牛乳保质期长,且可以在室温下远距离运输,因此世界范围内的消费量正在增加。对于全脂和半脱脂UHT牛乳,贮藏过程中可能发生脂肪分离,脂肪球聚集形成漂浮的脂肪层或富含脂肪的蛋白质聚集体,成为UHT牛乳保质期的限制因素。均质化使天然     

超高压杀菌处理对乳中蛋白质的影响

超高压杀菌技术是一项冷杀菌技术，近年来已在食品工业中应用。笔者综述了超高压处理技术、高压装备及其对乳中蛋白质的影响。高压力加工杀菌作用均一、迅速，无大小和形状的限制，能更好地保持食品的营养成分．避免了对食品物料的热损伤；对食品中原有的色泽、风味物质等各种小分子物质的天然结构均无影响，且使酶失活，抑制褐变反应；节约能源，缩短生产时间；经高压处理的食品可延长保质期。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …