华山松无性系种子园混合授粉子代苗期测定初报

本文通过华山松种子园混合授粉子代苗期测定,结果表明:华山松种子园结实初期,进行人工辅助授粉,一可提高座果率、促进种子园的早实丰产;二能为生产提供播种品质和遗传品质经初步改良的用种;三为改良代种子园的建立提供了一定科学依据。建立华山松种子园,是一项改良该树种遗传品质和进行良种繁育的重要措施。目前我省所建华山松种子园,都是通过华山松表型选择的优树,采用不同的配置方式嫁接而成的初级种子园。这类种子园生产的种子。遗传品质如何?能够获得多大的遗传增益?这是当前研究和生产单位关心的问题。回答这个问题,只有通过子代测定,才能评定其亲本的优劣,进而不断留优汰劣改建种子园,提高种子园生产种子的遗传品质,投入生产,方可获得更佳的经济效益。本文通过赫章县华山松无性系种子园研究,仅对其混乱授粉子代苗期测定结果,初报如下,以供参考。     

杂交稻制种人工授粉结实性能与技术研究

研究分析了杂交水稻制种现行人工辅助授粉的结实效应及其花粉的时间分布、空间分布、垂直分布和水平分布的授粉性能特点，提出并试验了根据父母本开花习性进行人工辅助授粉及其明抖、竖抖、暗抖、斜抖的授粉田间操作方法，采取留剑叶，轻割倒２叶、倒３叶，减少母本行间花粉传播障碍等配套技术。结果表明，比现行人工授粉方法提高异交结实率１１．１～１６．１个百分点     

肉果秤锤树花粉活力测定及柱头可授性分析

为探明国家二级保护植物肉果秤锤树不同开花散粉时期(1～11 d)花粉活力与柱头可授性的变化规律,本研究采用过氧化物酶法快速测定花粉活力,用联苯胺—过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性。试验结果表明：肉果秤锤树花粉在开花散粉后的1～11 d均具活力,花粉活力最佳时间段为花后4～7 d (花粉活力均保持在80%以上),其中第4天花粉活力最高,为85.57%;柱头可授性在开花后1～4 d逐渐增强,且花后4～8 d的柱头可授性达到最强,随后柱头可授性逐渐降低。肉果秤锤树花粉活力与柱头可授性的最佳时间之间有很大程度重合,建议在开花4～8 d进行花粉采集和授粉工作,可提高其授粉成功率和结实率。本研究可以为肉果秤锤树野生资源保护与人工繁育提供理论依据和参考。     

木薯人工杂交授粉技术研究

以华南205为父本、华南5号为母本,通过人工破蕾方式、选择不同授粉时间段,测定结实率,并与常规人工授粉、自然授粉进行比较。结果表明,采用人工破蕾技术,在木薯开花前0.5~1 h进行破蕾授粉,木薯结实率可达88.3%,畸形果率为6.6%,与其它处理呈显著差异;在不同授粉方式中,采用破蕾授粉结实率和畸形果率与常规人工杂交授粉和自然授粉呈显著差异,说明人工破蕾可显著提高木薯授粉结实率还可以降低畸形果率。     

沙田柚人工授粉试验初报

荔波县现有栽培沙田柚面积270hm2,大部分是盛果期柚树。针对沙田柚自花授粉着果率低特性,定植时配栽授粉树(蜜柚),由于受多种因素影响,着果率低。严重影响沙田柚产量和果农的经济效益。为此,笔者在樟江沿河沙田柚产区实施了人工授粉试验。     

玉米制种人工辅助授粉技术的改进

玉米制种进行人工辅助授粉,能扩大制种行比,增加母本株数,提高父本花粉的利用率,比自然授粉可提高产种量15～20%;在花期相遇不好和不利授粉天气情况下,增产幅度更大。随着玉米制种技术的改进,授粉器、收粉技术授粉技术也有了很大改进。1984～1986     

水稻闭颖授粉QTL的初步定位分析

水稻闭颖授粉遗传位点的发掘旨在研究其闭颖授粉机制。本研究利用闭颖水稻品系RV2429为母本,开颖授粉水稻品系Koshihikari为父本杂交得到F1代,F1自交得到F2,以双亲本及F2为研究材料,对双亲本的粒型及花器官结构进行比较,推测出浆片体积增加较小是RV2429闭颖授粉的原因。统计F2群体的开花表型和基因型,通过QTL IciMapping 4.1软件分析,初步定位到4个与闭颖授粉相关的QTLs,qCL4.1(4.75%),LOD值为2.559 3、qCL6.1 (5.12%),LOD值为2.999 1、qCL11.1 (5.06%),LOD值为2.799 6和qCL12.1(4.77%),LOD值为3.052 1,分别在4、6、11、12染色体上。本研究结果明确了控制水稻闭颖授粉的新基因位置,为以后的精细定位提供了实验依据,为加快闭颖授粉的育种进程提供帮助,对抑制基因漂流具有重要意义。     

葛花粉活力及柱头可授性检测

葛(Pueraria montana (Willd.) Ohwi)自然结实率不高,为了找到可靠的进行科学人工育种方法,本研究以葛为研究对象,采用I2-KI法、2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)法对葛花粉活力进行测定,采用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定其柱头可授性。结果表明:(1)葛的花粉活力在开花前1 d最高,且此时花粉活性最强,开花后随散粉时间延长而逐渐降低,在开花后2~5 d有一个花粉活力较稳定的时期;(2)葛柱头可授性在开花后第1天最强,此后可授性下降并迅速在第5天不再具有可授性。本研究通过对葛花粉活力与柱头可授性进行研究,明确了葛花粉活力与柱头可授性最强的时间,推导出葛的最佳授粉方法是:采集开花前1 d的花粉对开花后第1天的柱头进行人工授粉,为进一步对葛进行科学人工育种提供了一定的数据支持。     

果树花粉采集与辅助授粉综合技术

正果树多属异花授粉植物,授粉质量是决定果实产量与品质的关键因素,但总有些果园出现授粉树缺乏、自然授粉不良或雌雄异熟(花期不遇)等现象,导致果树授粉差、坐果少、产量低,严重影响经济效益。实践证明,"适时采集花粉,进行人工辅助授粉"已成为现代果园提高坐果率(60%以上)、增加产量(30%以上)、提高果实品质与经济效益的重要措施,得到果农普遍重视。笔者现将果树花粉采集与辅助授粉主要技术总结如下,供生产中参考。     

濒危药用植物八角莲的野生抚育技术研究

摘要：【目的】为八角莲资源的可持续利用提供基础和科学依据。【方法】对八角莲进行人工辅助授粉、人工补种。【结果】经人工辅助授粉,庙坝石人山、松丰对窝山、槐坪山的八角莲结实率分别由8.1％、5.0％、2.5％提高到73.4％、91.6％、30.0％;人工补种八角莲栽培苗、种子育苗、组培苗定植苗、组培苗,成活率依次为96.7％、93.3％、50.0％、15.0%;定植一年,根部增重依次为80%、86.2%、103%、120%。【结论】人工辅助授粉明显提高了野生八角莲的结实率;人工补种方式增加了八角莲的种群数量及种群内个体数。     

四季蜜龙眼夏季开花坐果特性及传粉昆虫种类调查

为了解四季蜜龙眼夏季开花坐果特性和传粉昆虫种类,于夏季开花期间选定花穗记录雌雄花和果实数量,并以随机网捕方式采集传粉昆虫进行鉴定。结果表明:四季蜜龙眼夏季花期平均每穗开花天数为12.9天,雌雄花比例为1:6.57,授粉受精期的温度处于25～36℃之间,在较高的温度条件下雌花坐果率达到27.6%;雌花脱落占雌花数的11.1%,小果脱落占雌花数的61.3%。传粉昆虫有5目13科21种,以花金龟科的种类最多,占总数的33.3%;其次为蜂类和蝇类昆虫,分别占总数的30.1%和24.1%。     

The breeding of scab-resistant frame cucumbers in the Netherlands

Summary Scab caused by the fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum, may cause serious damage to frame cucumbers. Bulbosan (trichlorotrinitrobenzene) is an effective chemical means of control. Between 1945 and 1954 this German fungicide could not be supplied, and, as a result, the need for resistant varieties became very great.Before 1920 scab-resistance in pickling cucumbers was already known to Dutch growers. Selection started around 1920 on the initiative of W. G. v. d. Kroft and resulted in scab-resistant pickling cucumbers of which Baarlose Nietplekker VI is still widely grown. In 1948 G. W. v. d. Helm (Exp. Garden at Sloten) started breeding a scab-resistant yellow slicing cucumber destined for gardeners in the neigh-bourhood of Amsterdam. The resistant variety Highmoor was used as one parent. In 1954 the yellow variety Vios and the white variety Mabro were introduced. In 1952 G. W. v. d. Helm at the Exp. Garden Sloten, and J. M. Andeweg at the Institute of Horticultural Plant Breeding, Wageningen, simultaneously started breeding green scab-resistant frame cucumbers, using Highmoor as the resistant parent. In 1955 the experimental garden at Sloten introduced the scab-resistant green slicing cucumbers Amato and Proso, while in 1956 the Institute of Horticultural Plant Breeding introduced the scab-resistant green slicing cucumber Esvier. In 1953 seed of 2 first-backcross populations was supplied by the Institute to seed growers. At present intensive breeding for scab-resistance is also being carried out by a number of Dutch seed growers.Scab-resistance depends on one dominant gene; and young plants can readily be tested for resistance. Consequently a backcross scheme can easily be carried out. Rapid breeding is possible because at least 2 cultures can be carried out yearly. If necessary, cuttings of promising plants can be taken. Before and after artificial pollination the flowers can be tied up with raffia. It is simpler, however, to pinch the flowers with a special stainless clip as originally used for grafting cucumbers.The uniform fruit colour of the Dutch green frame slicing cucumbers is a recessive character; the fruit length of the Dutch varieties is dominant.     

The effect of gibberellic acid on fruit and seed set in crosses of garden and winter hardy Rosa accessions

Summary The effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃) was studied on a wide range of crosses between various garden roses and two hardy breeding lines. Although there were fewer seeds per fruit, fruit set was higher in most crosses when GA₃ was applied to the stigma at the rate of 250 ppm ten days after pollination. However, higher fruit set did not result in more seeds per pollination for many crosses and seemed to be related to the degree of male parentage. Both parents used had a major effect on pollination success. Recently developed Rosa cultivars have a narrow genetic base and the use of distantly related cultivars as parents would possibly give a high seed set and greater numbers of progeny.Contribution No. 335/90.08.01R, Experimental Farm, L'Assomption; Contribution No. Ro 44, Research Program Service, Ottawa.     

蓝莓人工杂交及幼苗培育技术研究

为了通过有性杂交、实生选种等方法对蓝莓进行遗传改良与种质创新,以获取蓝莓栽培品种杂交果实,提高蓝莓实生育苗效率,选取Chippewa、Bluecrop、Darrow、Northland、Duke和Powderblue 6种不同蓝莓栽培品种作为亲本,进行人工杂交授粉试验,并对杂交得到的种子进行幼苗培育。结果表明：低温干燥有利于蓝莓花粉的贮藏及活力保存;不同倍性蓝莓品种间存在杂交不亲和现象;杂交果实成熟后其横纵径和单果重存在差异;杂交授粉产生的种子出苗率为4%,使用赤霉素(GA3)能显著提高出苗率,并总结出蓝莓人工杂交与幼苗培育的方法。     

Emasculation of Tartary buckwheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagopyrum tataricum</Emphasis> Gaertn.) using hot water

Hot water treatment was applied to Tartary buckwheat (var. ‘Hokkai T8’) for emasculation. Apical clusters of flower buds were soaked in a constant temperature water bath (42–44°C) in the afternoon and then the flowers which opened in the next morning were used for the investigation of self-fertilization and the artificial pollination. Hand pollination was carried out by rubbing the anthers taken from the male parent (var. ‘Hokkai T10’) to the stigma of the flowers treated by hot water. The seed set by self-fertilization was almost 0% when treated at 42°C for 8 min or more, at 43°C for 5 min or more and at 44°C for 3 min or more. With artificial pollination, the best performance was obtained when treated at 44°C for 3 min, in which the seed set was 55.1% and the matured seed was obtained 37.7% of the hand-pollinated flowers. Nine out of 26 progeny seedlings emerged and the cotyledonal color of them were all reddish green, probably indicating the hybrid of ‘Hokkai T8’ and ‘Hokkai T10’. The hybridization was reconfirmed by the segregation in F₂. The hot water treatment at 44°C for 3 min was available to other seven varieties. From 24.5% to 100% of the hand-pollinated flowers set mature seeds though only one self-fertilized seed remained without artificial pollinations. This hot water treatment must be practically useful in hybridization breeding of Tartary buckwheat.     

香料烟F1杂交种制种效率研究

为解决香料烟生产上利用杂种优势时遇到的制种问题,对授粉环节中有关杂交制种效率的一些主要因素进行了研究,通过在不同开花期设置不同授粉次数和不同授粉时间,调查单株结实情况,结果表明,不同花期授粉对结果率和结实率有不同影响。在授粉杂交的成功率方面,60%的烟株中心花开放后开始杂交,只杂交1次的方法结果率较高,且工资成本较低;40%的中心花开放后开始杂交,杂交3次,每次间隔3~5d的方法平均单株可采收种子量最高,但制种效率低于前者;20%的烟株中心花开放后开始杂交,杂交4次的方法比较费工,制种效率较差。在同一天内的不同时间段进行人工授粉杂交,结果率差异不大,但在16:30~18:30这个时间段授粉,千粒重较高,且蒴果种子量多,平均单株可采收种子量明显增加。因此,选择在40%的烟株中心花开放后开始杂交,杂交2次的方法,不仅提高了花朵利用率,可以获得较高的单株种子产量,而且授粉用工量适中。授粉时间则应选择在16:30~18:30,不仅结实的种子较饱满,而且蒴果种子数量多,单位面积种子产量高。     

不同花粉密度条件下光温敏雄性不育小麦BS366异交结实分析

研究了人工授粉和田间不同授粉方式条件下,光温敏雄性不育小麦BS366的异交结实情况。结果表明,在不育系花后不同时间人工饱和授粉条件下,其异交结实率呈先增后减的变化,花后第4天至第8天,异交结实率达80%以上,其中第5天为88%;穗中部异交结实能力最强,但异交结实粒数变异也最为明显;多次人工饱和授粉的异交结实率达94.7%,说明该不育系具有较高的异交结实潜力;花后天数与异交结实率的关系可以用方程y=-1.457 7x2 20.489x 12.472(R2=0.914 6**)描述,观察值与模拟值相差0～9%。田间不同授粉方式下,距恢复系1.5 m内,不育系异交结实变异较大,2.0 m以外无显著差异;距恢复系0.5 m内,不育系异交结实率较高,行间差异不显著;辅助授粉时,距恢复系1.0 m以内的不育系异交结实率和杂交种子重量的增幅最大,异交结实率最高可增加45%。光温敏雄性不育小麦BS366制种时播种宽度应控制2.0 m,并在花后8 d内,尤其是花后4～8 d进行辅助授粉,可实现较高异交结实率。     

Review of coconut selection in Indonesia

Summary The coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an ancient cultivated plant, which has been selected to a certain extent in the course of ages, by using the fruits of high yielding trees for propagation.Two aggregate varieties can be distinguished, viz. the ordinary coconut (the tall type) and the dwarf coconut (the dwarf type). Apart from the height, there are differences in flower biology and earliness. The ordinary coconut is a cross pollinator because the male and the female flowers of a palm bloom at different times; the dwarf coconut, contrarily, is a self pollinator. The latter also distinguishes itself by early fertility and small fruits, while it proved to be too weak for planting on a commercial scale in Indonesia.The breeding of the ordinary coconut in Indonesia is based on the selection of good mother trees and the artificial crossing of high yielders. The progeny of these crosses form the so-called primary seed gardens. After thinning, the most productive trees will produce the fruits which will be used for the raising of secondary seed gardens. Attention should be paid to ensure that a fruit variety of different types is included in order to prevent inbreeding.The tall type can be crossed with the dwarf type. The F₁ generation shows a difference in flowering time between the male and the female flowers, an early fertility and fruits of intermediate size. It does not show the weakness of the dwarfs.The hybrid can be used for circumstances which requite early fruit bearing, for instance in new settlements. The hybrids can be obtained by regularly cutting away all male flowers of the dwarf trees standing near the tall ones, before the flowers open.     

Breeding research in sweet potato,Ipomoea batatas poir

In the sweet potato fruit formation following artificial selfing, artifical cross pollination and natural pollination was investigated. Artificial self-pollination in one case gave a fruit formation of 21.2%; in five other cases no or hardly any fruit formation took place. Artificial cross-pollination produced a fruit formation varying from 0 to 52.9%. Natural fertilization did not occur in cases when the nearest flowering sweet potato clone stood at a distance of 80 m. When other flowering clones were in the direct vicinity the percentage of fruit formation through natural pollination differed from 0 to 25.2%.Pre-treatment of sweet potato seed with concentrated sulphuric acid applied during 10 or 20 minutes had a favourable effect on the speed of germination and the germination percentage, also when the seed after treatment was kept in store in or outside an exsiccator for one or two months. The method of scarifying the seed showed a reasonably good influence in this respect. Two different warm water treatments were not or practically not satisfactory.     

Femaleness in breeding glasshouse cucumbers

In growing parthenocarpic cucumber varieties the occurrence of bullnecks due to pollination by bees is a problem. To prevent the formation of these bullnecked cucumbers the possibilities of breeding female-flowered varieties were explored. Use was made of material derived from the gynoecious line MSU 713-5. Femaleness is caused by the gene Acr, which accelerates the production of female flowers. Within the type which, genetically, must be regarded as female, a variation occurs from total absence of male flowers to rather numerous axils with male flowers, mainly on the lower part of the stem. On the one hand this variation is also genetically controlled, and we may speak of “weakly” female and “strongly” female. On the other, environmental factors play an important part. The formation of male flowers in preponderantly female-flowered material is promoted by a long day, high night temperature and particularly, at least with our material, low light intensity; furthermore by a low pH of the soil and rich dressings of nitrogen. In order to be able to distinguish during selection between the weakly and strongly female plants, the environmental conditions should be favourable for the formation of male flowers. The maintenance of female plants is possible, because the formation of male flowers can be induced by spraying with gibberellin, after which selfing can be practised. Old plants respond less readily to gibberellin than young plants. Also, the response from strongly female plants is less pronounced than that from weakly female ones, which offers another possibility of selection. The extent to which male flowers may occur when growing female varieties depends on the cultivation method used. With the conventional method fruiting is forced to begin mainly on the laterals and any male flowers, if confined to the main stem, could be removed early. However, in view of fluctuations caused by the environment a rather pronounced female character will be desirable. Other cultivation methods are conceivable, e.g. short-term cultivation of larger numbers of plants per area unit, allowing the plants to come into bearing rapidly. The total absence of male flowers is then indispensable. With the aid of the femaleness it is also possible to simplify the production of hybrid seed, as hand pollination can be replaced by bee pollination. The combination gynoecious × monoecious, which in itself is the most favourable for this purpose, has the drawback that the resulting hybrid is usually insufficiently female. Therefore, use will generally have to be made of the combination gynoecious × gynoecious, spraying the latter parent with gibberellin.