Effects of dietary medium-chain triacylglycerols (tricaprylin and tricaproin) and phospholipid supply on survival, growth and lipid metabolism in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae

The present study investigated the interaction of dietary medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) and phospholipids (PL) on survival, growth and lipid metabolism in common carp larvae. Nine diets based on casein and dextrin and with a variable lipid part were tested in triplicate for 22 days post first feeding. The 3×3 design consisted of three triacylglycerols (3% of diet) combined with three different lipid supplements. Tested triacylglycerols were triolein (TOL), tricaprylin (TC8) and tricaproin (TC6), and lipid supplements were 2% soybean oil (low-fat diets without PL), 2% soybean lecithin (low-fat diets with 2% PL) or both 2% soybean lecithin and 6% TOL (high-fat diets with 2% PL).

In the first step, both TC6 and TC8 resulted in improved survival and growth rates compared to TOL, irrespective of the PL supply. In the second step, TC8 decreased survival and growth rates, whereas the difference between TC6 and TOL became less. Histological signs of impaired intestinal absorption of neutral lipids were evidenced in larvae fed TOL without PL and also in high-fat diets with 2% PL. The latter diets also resulted in poorer growth rates compared to low-fat diets with 2% PL. These results suggest that the quantitative PL requirement of larvae increases as the dietary level of long-chain triacylglycerols increases. Larvae fed TC6 or TC8 showed enlarged liver and hepatocyte volume and a decreased level of body neutral lipids. Based on β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBA) measurements in whole larvae, TC8 was found to be more ketogenic than TC6. TC6 and TC8 affected differently the fatty acid profile of larval body neutral lipids. TC6 did not induce the appearance of MCFA, whereas TC8 feeding resulted in a low level of 8:0 and relatively high levels of 10:0 (3.8% of total fatty acids). Neither 8:0 nor 10:0 were found in larval polar lipids.

This study confirmed the essentiality of PL in common carp larval diets and underlines differences in the utilization of TC6 and TC8, which both initially stimulate growth during the first week, but only temporarily in the case of TC8.     

福瑞鲤2号不同生长速率个体肌肉组织转录组分析

鱼类通过选育获得优良生长性状的遗传分子机制 目前尚不清楚.实验分析比较了 2种不同生长速率福瑞鲤2号肌肉组织的转录组文库.组装后共获得3 92 23 8条测序序列(contigs).其中可比对上斑马鱼、弓斑东方鲀、青鳉、三刺鱼、尼罗罗非鱼和松浦镜鲤的蛋白序列的比例为56.01％～77.71％.2种不同生长速率福瑞鲤2号...     

鲤胰蛋白酶原基因的电子克隆及生物信息学分析

为深入研究胰蛋白酶在鱼类中的生理功能和作用机制,利用生物信息学的方法,成功获得了鲤3种胰凝乳蛋白酶原cDNA序列(ccTRP1、ccTRP2和ccTRP3)并对其进行了序列分析。结果表明,三者均含有一个长度为729bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),编码由242个氨基酸组成的胰蛋白酶原,其中包括15个氨基酸组成的信号肽和5个氨基酸(LDDDK)组成的激活肽。总平均亲水性GRAVY(grand average of hydropathicity)分析表明,三者均是亲水性蛋白。氨基酸比对结果显示,三者具备胰蛋白酶原的保守结构特征,如含有催化三联体氨基酸(His-57、Asp-102和Ser-195),12个半胱氨酸,位于底物结合口袋底部Asp-189和口袋开口处的Gly-216、Gly-226等。同时,鲤3种胰蛋白酶之间具有90%以上的同源性。进化树结果显示,鲤3种胰蛋白酶均属于Group I(阴离子型胰蛋白酶),且三者的进化距离不一致。     

Effect of feeding apidaecin on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) growth performances and immune function

Effect of apidaecin on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) based on growth performance, feed utilization (Feed Conversion Ratio, FCR) and immune parameters were investigated. Twelve aquaria with three replicates for G1-3 and control were used. The synthesized apidaecin peptide was added to common carp basal diets (Control) as additives in three concentrations: 10.0 mg kg^− 1 (G1), 15.0 mg kg^− 1 (G2) and 30.0 mg kg^− 1 (G3) by wet weight of basal diet. After an 80-day feeding experiment, G2 and G3 showed significantly better (P < 0.05) results of growth performances and FCR than the control. However, there was no remarkable difference (P > 0.05) between G2 and G3. As for G1, the final weight, SGR (Specific Growth Rate) and DG (Daily Gain) were increased and the FCR was decreased, but not significantly (P > 0.05) compared with the control. The serum lysozyme activity of G2 and G3 was significantly increased (P < 0.05) than the control. As for the alternative complement pathway activity, G2 and G3 were also higher (P < 0.05) than the control. However, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found whichever between G2 and G3 or between G1 and G2 in both lysozyme and the alternative complement pathway activities. Furthermore, there was no remarkable difference between G1 and the control in immune parameters.     

嗜水气单胞菌刺激下鲤血清质子转运载体15a2(Slc15a2)的表达分析

为解析鲤质子转运载体15a2 (Slc15a2)在嗜水气单胞菌侵染过程中对机体免疫应答机制的影响,实验通过制备鼠源Slc15a2-1和Slc15a2-2多克隆抗体,采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)技术检测嗜水气单胞菌感染后鲤血清中Slc15a2-1和Slc15a2-2蛋白表达变化。结果显示,(1)感染后2个拷贝的最高蛋白表达水平与空白对照组相比,分别增加了4.81和2.48倍;与Slc15a2-1相比Slc15a2-2的表达量从0～48 h一直处于较高表达水平。(2)从整体来看,Slc15a2的2个拷贝具有相似的表达趋势,均为先升高后降低、再升高再降低;但Slc15a2-1在3 h达到第1个表达高峰,而Slc15a2-2则在6 h达到第1个表达高峰。(3) 6～24 h的4个时期中,Slc15a2-1和Slc15a2-2蛋白表达呈现互补的表达趋势,即在同一时期一个拷贝的表达量显著下降,另一个拷贝的表达量显著升高,但总体维持较高表达水平。结果表明,本实验制备的鼠源Slc15a2-1和Slc15a2-2多克隆抗体具有较高的亲和力和特异性,当鲤受到嗜水气单胞菌侵染后,2个拷贝整体具有相似的...     

鲤头长、体厚、体高性状的QTL定位及遗传效应分析

用174个SSR、41个EST、345个SNP标记对以镜鲤良种后代为祖父母本所培育的杂交F2群体的68个个体进行基因型检测,运用JoinMap4.0软件包构建遗传连锁图。利用MapQTL5.0区间作图法(interval mapping,IM)和多QTL区间定位法(MQM mapping,MQM)进行QTL检测,通过置换实验(1000次重复)确定连锁群显著性水平阈值。在对体高、头长、体厚的区间定位中,共检测到6个与体高性状相关的QTLs区间,分布在LG1(SNP1339-SNP1490)、LG10(HLJE469-SNP1491)、LG12(SNP0922-HLJ1316)、LG13(SNP0937-HLJ328)、LG25(SNP1041-HLJ594)、LG35(SNP1425-SNP0389)等6个连锁群上,解释表型变异范围为20.0%～43.3%。其中,SNP1339-SNP1490区间LOD值最大为3.64,解释表型变异35.4%。6个与头长相关的QTLs,分布在LG1(SNP1339-SNP1490)、LG12(HLJ071-HLJ336)、LG13(SNP0937-HLJ328)、LG24(SN...     

利用EST-SSR分子标记研究鲤的饲料转化率性状

饲料转化率是重要的经济性状,通过QTL定位获得的紧密连锁标记以及相关基因,是遗传育种的重要工具。本文利用70个鲤的EST-SSR,对鲤全同胞家系92个体的基因组DNA进行扫描,得到符合1∶1孟德尔分离类型的位点48个,3∶1孟德尔分离类型的位点22个。采用拟回交策略对符合1∶1分离的标记与鲤饲料转化率性状进行单标记回归分析。结果表明：HLJE335、HLJE253、HLE547、HLJE92、HLJE203、HLJE231等6个标记与饲料转化率性状相关（P<0.05）。其中,HLJE547和HLJE203两个标记与饲料转化率相关性达极显著水平（P<0.001）,分别解释了表型变异的11.00%、11.00%。应用NCBI数据库,分别对与性状极显著相关的2个ESTSSR标记进行同源性比对,发现标记HLJE547与斑马鱼基因组中编码ATPase, H⁺ transporting, lysosomal的核酸序列同源（同源性为74%）,与斑马鱼编码的ATPase, H⁺ transporting, lysosomal的蛋白序列同源（同源性为92%）。推测ATPase可能通过影响鲤消化与吸收等生物学机制,从而影响鲤的饲料转化效率。     

中国鲤育种的主要方法、遗传解析及展望

为探究鲤不同体色个体肌肉品质的差异,本研究以福瑞鲤2号青灰色个体 (BG)和全红个体 (WR)为对象,通过检测其肌肉色泽、氨基酸、脂肪酸和质构指标,评价这2种体色福瑞鲤2号肌肉品质的差异。结果显示,BG的b^*值显著高于WR;出肉率以及肌肉的水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白和灰分无显著差异;不同体色福瑞鲤2号的肌肉中均能检测出17种氨基酸,其中人体必需氨基酸7种,非必需氨基酸10种。甘氨酸 (Gly)、脯氨酸 (Pro)、组氨酸 (His)和半胱氨酸 (Cys)在2组间差异不显著,其他氨基酸在2组间存在显著或极显著差异,两种体色福瑞鲤2号之间ΣEAA/ΣTAA没有显著差异;BG肉豆蔻酸 (C14:0)显著高于WR,BG的饱和脂肪酸含量较WR稍高,WR的单不饱和脂肪酸含量较BG稍高,二者多不饱和脂肪酸含量相近;WR的弹性和咀嚼性显著高于BG。研究表明,体色对福瑞鲤2号的肌肉品质有影响。本研究为鱼类肉质性状改良提供基础数据和参照依据。

     

Effect of water temperature and short-term fasting on macronutrient self-selection by common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The influence of water temperature (17 and 25 °C) and a period of fasting on the self-selection of macronutrients were examined in common carp held on a 12:12-h light/dark cycle. Eight replicate groups of juvenile carp (ca. 15 g body weight at 17 °C and 25 g at 25 °C) were fed with three test diets [high-protein (HP), high-fat (HF) and high-carbohydrate (HC) diets] by individual self-feeders for 3 weeks, followed by a 2-week period of fasting and then 3 weeks of refeeding. At 17 °C, the carp initially selected the HP and HF diets [HP/HF/HC (%)=38:40:22], whereas at 25 °C, the carp selected the HP diet over the others (55:21:24). After fasting, the carp tended to increase their demand for the HF diet at 17 °C and for the HC diet at 25 °C, but the overall self-selection of the test diets did not differ markedly from that prior to fasting. Carp held at 17 °C had higher relative whole body fat content and plasma triglyceride concentration; the latter decreased markedly during fasting. These results suggest that water temperature influences the macronutrient selection by carp: a relatively high demand for both protein and fat at 17 °C and for protein at 25 °C. Two weeks of fasting, however, did not markedly alter their macronutrient selection.     

清水江鲤基于微卫星标记和形态指标的遗传分析

利用12个微卫星标记对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的4个野生群体 [清水江鲤、太湖鲤、黄河鲤(C.carpio haematopterus)和黑龙江鲤(C.carpio amurensis)] 和2个选育群体 [福瑞鲤(C.carpio var. FFRC)和松浦镜鲤(C. carpio var. specularis 'Song-pu')] 共208尾个体进行遗传分析。结果显示,12个位点共检测到341个等位基因,平均等位基因数为28.67,其中1个位点(HLJ1127)检测到正向选择压力;选育群体的遗传多样性参数普遍低于野生群体,其中松浦镜鲤群体的各项参数均值最低(N_a=6.82,H_o=0.54,PIC=0.50),清水江鲤群体的各项参数均值最高(N_a=21.25,H_o=0.80,PIC=0.91);分子方差分析显示,整体遗传变异主要来自群体内,但群体间呈极显著遗传分化(P<0.01);基于群体Nei's遗传距离的UPGMA聚类树和PCoA分析表明,鲤4个野生群体间遗传距离较近,而与2个人工选育群体间遗传距离较远;基于个体遗传结构及PCoA分析显示部分野生个体遗传结构比较混杂,而选育个体的遗传结构则相对单一。研究表明,中国鲤野生资源具有较高的遗传多态性,而人工选育群体维持着较纯的遗传种质。     

Top-crossing with evaluation of slaughtering value in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) offspring

A three-year test of growth performance andoffspring survival from top-crossing of commoncarp hybrids in low altitude (350 m above thesea level, middle European climate) and in highaltitude (750 m above the sea level, middleEuropean climate) was terminated by assessmentof slaughtering value of edible parts in therespective strains. A recently establishedHungarian synthetic mirror carp strain (HSM)was chosen for testing as maternal strain. TheHSM, as well as wild Amur carp (AC), Ropshacarp (ROP) and Tata carp (TAT) were used aspaternal strains.The evidential strain*altitude interactioneffect was demonstrated as significant forweight of fish (0.0005), fillet without skin(0.0001), index of highbackedness (0.005),index of head length (0.0404),Fulton's coefficient (0.0497),index of widebackedness (0.0315) andgonadosomatic index (0.0082). The interactioneffect was demonstrated as insignificantbetween altitude*sex and betweenstrain*sex.The comparative test of analysis of variance(ANOVA) revealed significantly (P < 0.05)higher weight of fish after killing on lowaltitude (1611.6 g) than on high altitude(1090.3 g), but processed body yield andpercentage of fillet without skin was notsignificantly different (64.0 and 34.2 for lowaltitude, 64.2 and 33.4 for high altitude). Thepercentage of processed body weight andpercentage of fillet without skin in analysisboth altitudes were significantly better infemales (65.5 and 34.6%) than in males (62.5and 33.00%), respectively. The highestsignificant differences in weight of fish afterkilling were found between HSM (890.8 g) andHSM × AC (1283.3 g) in high altitude. In lowaltitude, it was between HSM (1527.2 g) andHSM × AC (1706.9 g) and HSM × ROP (1693.0 g).     

清水江鲤生物学特性及人工驯养技术研究

为探究清水江鲤(Cyprinus carpio)种质资源现状,基于分子标记和形态指标对其进行分析。研究发现清水江鲤群体呈现较高遗传多态性水平,12个微卫星位点的等位基因数(N_a)、有效等位基因数(N_e)、表观杂合度(H_o)、期望杂合度(H_e)和多态性信息含量(PIC)均值分别为10、8.37、0.54、0.86和0.84。遗传结构分析结果推测实验个体来源于3个理论种群,并将来源概率>70%的个体分成3个区组,进行遗传变异分析。基于微卫星标记的遗传分析,发现区组间达到中等水平的遗传分化(F_ST>0.05,P<0.01);区组间Nei’s遗传距离为0.473~0.546,区组间个体遗传结构相对独立。基于形态学指标,研究发现个体间存在较大形态差异,体质量的变异系数最大(38.0%);区组间在背鳍硬棘数、侧线鳞数、侧线上鳞数和尾柄长/体长等性状间存在显著差异(P<0.05);此外,基于形态学数据的欧式距离与Nei’s遗传距离的聚类结果相符。结果表明,清水江鲤群体表现出较高的遗传多样性水平,且群体内存在显著遗传分化。     

Heritability estimates for growth‐related traits in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) using a molecular pedigree

Pacific oyster is one of the leading species in world aquaculture, but heritability estimation applying mixed‐family approach has not been actively pursued. In this study, heritability for growth‐related traits in the Pacific oyster was first estimated by creating a single cohort of 45 families in a full‐factorial mating design consisting of nine sires and five dams. A total of 270 offspring were analysed and parentage assignment inferred by six microsatellite markers achieved 100% success. All parents contributed to the spawn and a total of 42 full‐sib families were represented. Using an animal model, heritability estimates at 12 months of age were 0.49 ± 0.25 for shell height, 0.36 ± 0.19 for shell length, 0.45 ± 0.23 for shell width and 0.35 ± 0.17 for wet weight. Genetic correlation between shell height and wet weight was quite high (0.79 ± 0.25), suggesting that direct selection of shell height, which is an easily measurable trait, also improves wet weight. The results obtained in this study indicate that growth‐related traits could be improved by exploiting additive genetic effects through selective breeding.     

鲤胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-2和-3基因启动子克隆与序列分析

胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factors,IGFs)系统对鱼类的生长和繁殖有着重要的作用。利用PCR方法克隆获得了鲤胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白(insulin-like growth factor binding protein,IGFBP)-2和-3基因的上游启动子部分序列,长度分别是1142bp和1067bp。Igfbp-2启动子区域没有TATA框和CAAT框。同时,Igfbp-3中只含有TATA框,但没有CAAT框。研究结果表明,二者启动子不具备典型的启动子特征,同时,在二者启动子上还发现了cAMP应答元件和肝细胞核因子结合位点,以及Pit-1、Oct-1、RXR和GR等结合位点。研究认为,鲤Igfbp-2和-3基因的表达受到潜在的多因子调控。     

Heritability of reproductive traits and genetic correlations with growth in the black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon reared in tanks

Captive-reared broodstock of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) have exhibited poor reproductive performance limiting attempts to domesticate this species. The potential for improved reproductive performance was assessed by determining heritabilities of four measures of reproductive performance, their genetic correlations with each other and with growth rate and weight at age. Heritability estimates (h² ± S.E.) obtained from √ (days to spawn), √ (egg number), √ (nauplii number) and arcsin√ (proportion hatched) were 0.47 ± 0.15, 0.41 ± 0.18, 0.27 ± 0.16, and 0.18 ± 0.16, respectively. Estimates of genetic correlations between reproductive traits and weight at age, or growth rate were less than 0.5 except for √ (egg number) and weight at 54 weeks (0.93 ± 0.19) and √ (egg number) and 16–54-week growth (0.63 ± 0.29).     

Effects of background color on growth performances and physiological responses of scaled carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) reared in a closed circulated system

Growth performances and physiological responses of Cyprinus carpio after long-term (14 weeks) background color adaptation were investigated. Six groups of ten individuals each (initial body weight 116 g) were reared in black, green and white tanks (two replicate groups for each color). At the end of the experiment, blood (cortisol, glucose, haematocrit, cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids, osmolality, electrolytes, pCO₂, pH), liver (total lipids, glycogen, hepatosomatic index) and growth (body weight, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio, condition factor, proximate carcass composition) parameters were determined. Plasma cortisol levels in white-adapted carp were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those in black, while in green-adapted fish did not differ significantly from those in both other counterparts. White-adapted carp showed the highest specific growth rate and the lowest food conversion ratio, whereas black-adapted fish exhibited the opposite pattern. In addition, mean (%) increase of body weight in white-adapted carp was 4.66 and 3.58% higher than that in black- and green-adapted fish, respectively. Furthermore in white-adapted carp, blood pCO₂ and pH were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than those obtained in black- and green-adapted fish. In black-adapted carp, liver total lipid levels were significantly lower, and plasma total lipid levels were significantly higher, than those in white- and green-adapted fish. No significant variations were observed in the other parameters. It is concluded that different background colors may lead to different growth performances of scaled carp depending upon rearing conditions.     

Efficiency of local feeds for the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Saudi Arabia

The effects of feeding three local feeds (53%, 43% and 33% protein) on the growth and quality of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were investigated. The 43% protein feed proved most economical, with the highest biological value and has increased the protein and amino acid contents of the flesh but resulted in poor fish growth (0.10 g/day).     

氧化应激对鲤抗氧化状态和免疫功能的影响

为探讨氧化应激对鲤抗氧化状态和免疫功能的影响,本实验以H_2O_2作为活性氧自由基(ROS),将鲤暴露于不同浓度的H_2O_2(0、0.25、0.50和1.00 mmol/L)中,诱导鲤产生氧化应激反应。连续暴露7 d后,采集鲤血液和肝组织,以检测相关生化指标以及基因表达量的变化。结果显示,与空白对照组(0 mmol/L)相比,随着H_2O_2浓度的升高,血清葡萄糖(GLU)、皮质醇(cortisol)和乳酸(LA)含量显著升高;而碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性仅在1.00 mmol/L H_2O_2处理组中显著高于其他实验组。氧化应激参数显示,与空白对照组(0 mmol/L)相比,0.50和1.00 mmol/L H2O2处理显著降低血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,而提高还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)水平;在肝脏组织中,1.00 mmol/L H_2O_2处理显著降低了GSH含量,促进了MDA生成。基因表达结果显示,与空白对照组相比,1.00 mmol/L H2O2处理组显著上调了肝脏组织中cyp1a表达,而下调了cyp1b表达;同时0.50和1.00 mmol/L H2O2处理显著上调了hsp70、hsp90、c3、c-lyz和hep的表达。研究表明,氧化应激暴露可诱导鲤产生明显应激反应和脂质过氧化,降低机体抗氧化能力并激发免疫应答反应。     

中国鲤育种的主要方法、遗传解析及展望

水产种业是水产养殖业发展的基础,是渔业战略性、基础性核心产业,也是保障未来养殖业绿色、健康发展的核心竞争力。随着水产业全球化、市场化的发展,我国种业正面临着前所未有的机遇与挑战。特别是随着生物技术的快速发展,水产育种也由传统的选择育种和杂交育种,发展至细胞工程育种、分子标记辅助育种、全基因组选择育种、分子设计育种和基因组编辑等精准设计育种。水产动物重要经济性状的基础研究及其遗传改良技术的创建驱动着我国水产种业的蓬勃发展,截止2022年,通过全国水产原种和良种审定委员会审定并由农业农村部公告的水产新品种就有266个,其中鲤新品种数量最多,为31个,表明鲤育种工作卓有成效。本文重点回顾了我国鲤的种质和基因组资源现状,鲤的主要品种及其育种方法;简要介绍了鲤生长、抗病、体色、饲料转化率等经济性状关联的遗传研究进展,并由此提出了新时代背景下鲤种业的发展方向和措施建议,以期为我国鱼类育种提供借鉴。     

鲤 IGF-I 基因 2 个高度多态微卫星位点的鉴定及其与生长相关性 状的关联分析

??利用PCR结合测序方法, , 在鲤(Cyprinus carpio)类胰岛素生长因子-I (insulin-like growth factor-I, , IGF-I)基因内含子1和内含子2中各鉴定1个微卫星多态性位点, , 分别命名为intron1189和intron2310, , 这两个位点均以4碱基为重复单元。以黑龙江鲤(Cyprinus cario haematopterus, , YL)(n=263)、德国镜鲤选育系(Cyprinus carpio L. mirror, , JL)(n=229), 及荷包红鲤抗寒品系(Cyprinus carpio var. wuyuanensis, , HL)(n=255)为研究对象, , 评估了这两个位点不同基因型(频率>3%)与鲤4个生长时段(135 d 、325 d、335 d和445 d)生长表型的关联。结果显示, , 2个位点在3个鲤群体中均表现为高度多态(PIC>0.5)。intron1189位点多态性主要对YL的135 d、325 d体长和325 d、385 d体质量有显著影响(P<0.05), , 而intron2310位点多态性对JL各检测时段的体长和体质量均有显著影响(P<0.05)。对不同基因型个体的体长和体质量性状进行多重比较, , 结果显示, , 在intron1189位点, , 185/229基因型YL的135 d、325 d体长和325 d、385 d体质量最低, , 而205/221基因型YL的135 d、325 d体长和325 d体质量最高。在intron2310位点, , 290/350基因型JL在各检测时段的体长及135 d、325 d、385 d体质量最低, , 而318/350基因型JL的135 d、325 d、385 d体长和体质量均为最高。上述结果表明, , 鲤IGF-I基因内含子中的这两个高度多态微卫星位点潜在影响鲤的生长性能。