锯缘青蟹蜕皮抑制激素cDNA的分子克隆及其表达分析

根据近缘种类同源序列设计简并引物,采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT—PCR)技术,首次扩增获得锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)眼柄组织中编码蜕皮抑制激素(MIH)成熟肽全长cDNA序列及部分信号肽序列。将该序列克隆到pUCm—T载体上进行序列测定。结果表明,编码锯缘青蟹MIH成熟肽的cDNA由234个碱基组成,由此推测MIH成熟肽含78个氨基酸残基。该序列不仅与其它短尾类甲壳动物的MIH氨基酸序列具有高度的同源性(79％～9l％),还与该激素同一家族的性腺抑制激素、大颚器抑制激素的氨基酸序列具有较高的相似性。RNA斑点杂交结果显示,MIH基因在眼柄神经节及脑组织中均有表达,而在肌肉、中肠腺中不表达。     

螯虾免疫相关基因的检出及丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制物基因分析

通过对抑制性差减杂交和cDNA芯片技术分离的 2 0 1个阳性克隆的测序 ,得到螯虾 (Procambarusclarkii)免疫相关基因 4 8个 ,其中正向克隆中 4 2个 ,反向克隆 6个 ,除正向克隆中SNAP - 2 5 (synatosome-associatedproteinof2 5ku)已报道外 ,其余均为新基因 ,均在GenBank登录。正向克隆中的同源基因有微管蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶前体、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制物Ⅰ、精氨酸激酶、70kD伴侣蛋白同类物等。进一步用DotNorthernblot对克隆号PCI188进行鉴定 ,结果攻毒组的杂交信号是对照组的 3.2 4倍 ,与cDNA芯片结果相符。用快速扩增cDNA末端技术扩增克隆号PCI188基因的 5’端片段和 3’端片段 ,全长共 112 8bp ,编码的蛋白质有 2 77个氨基酸 ,分子量为 30 .2 7kD。与GenBank序列号X795 12软尾太平剌蛄 (P .le niusculus)的蛋白酶抑制物Ⅰ (为丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制物 )的基因同源性为 5 8.7% ,氨基酸同源性为 6 9.7%。该蛋白质有 5个重复的结构域 ,与丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制物Kazal家族的结构域相似     

中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)coat-ε基因全长cDNA克隆及组织分布

coat-ε基因表达的蛋白是组成COPⅠ的coatomer复合体的一个亚基,为获得中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)coat-ε基因全长序列,采用cDNA末端快速扩增(Rapid amplification of cDNA end,RACE)技术,扩增出coat-ε基因的3端和5端,测序结果经DNAMAN比对拼接得出coat-ε基因全长,基因全长1402 bp,5非编码区(UTR)84 bp,3'非编码区(UTR)310 bp,开放阅读框1008 bp,预测编码335个氨基酸,其中,第230–300的氨基酸属于TPR超家族,Signal P 3.0 Server预测氨基酸序列没有信号肽,TMHMM Server v.2.0分析此氨基酸不存在跨膜结构,PSORTⅡPrediction预测该蛋白位于线粒体、细胞质、内质网中,属胞内蛋白。系统进化树显示,中国明对虾的coat-ε基因与节肢动物门的动物亲缘关系相近。采用实时荧光定量方法分析该基因在鳃、上皮、胃、肌肉、肝胰腺等不同组织中的相对表达,结果显示,coat-ε在肌肉中的相对转录表达量最高,在鳃和附肢的表达次之。本研究获得的中国明对虾coat-ε全长序列,可为该基因功能研究提供基础。     

牙鲆SRF基因的克隆及真核表达载体的构建

采用RACE-PCR技术,从牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)组织中克隆了血清应答因子(SRF)基因全长序列,该序列全长2 477 bp,开放阅读框1 503 bp,编码500个氨基酸。通过氨基酸同源序列比对,牙鲆SRF与其它物种的同源性较高,在氨基酸序列的N端具有NLS结构域和高度保守的MADS结构域。用PCR方法扩增SRF基因的编码区片段,克隆到p EGFP-N1载体中,构建真核表达载体p EGFP-N1-SRF,将重组质粒转染牙鲆胚胎细胞,在荧光显微镜下观察转染细胞有绿色荧光蛋白表达。荧光定量PCR和Western blot实验进一步证实,SRF在转染细胞中高表达。说明真核表达载体p EGFP-N1-SRF构建成功,为进一步研究SRF在牙鲆变态发育中的作用奠定了实验基础。     

异育银鲫Toll样受体3的cDNA序列分析与蛋白质高级结构预测

利用RT-PCR、RACE及克隆等方法获得了异育银鲫Toll样受体3(cagTLR3)基因全长cDNA序列.该cDNA全长3170 bp,5'端非编码区181 bp;3'端非编码区283 bp;开放阅读框(ORF)2706 bp,编码901个氨基酸.经序列同源性分析显示,其编码的氨基酸序列与金鱼、斑马鱼、斑点叉尾鲴、虹鳟和红鳍东方鲍有较高的相似性,其相似性分别为92%、88%、79%、75%和72%,说明TLR3在长期的进化中具有较高保守性.TLR3全长序列起始21个氨基酸残基为信号肽;50至695个氨基酸残基间包含15个富含亮氨酸的重复序列(LRR);704至726个氨基酸残基为跨膜区(TM);754至897个氨基酸残基为与白介素-1受体高度同源的区域(TIR).将异育银鲫TLR3与人和斑马鱼胞内TIR结构的氨基酸比对后发现,Phe728、Leu738、Tyr756与Arg736在TLR3的信号转导及胞内定位过程中起到关键作用.异育银鲫TLR3胞外配体结合域的三维结构呈U型,与人TLR3的相应结构十分相似,在N端具有1个二硫键,C端有2个.因LRRs上的插入序列和14个糖基化位点,异育银鲫TLR3胞外配体结合域内表面的大量β-折叠结构呈平坦的平面.     

鳜胃蛋白酶原基因cDNA全长的克隆与序列分析

利用RT–PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增法(RACE)克隆鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)胃蛋白酶原基因cDNA全长序列,并对该基因的结构特征和系统进化关系进行了分析。鳜胃蛋白酶原基因cDNA序列全长1367 bp,5′端非翻译区43 bp,3′端非翻译区187 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1137 bp,共编码378个氨基酸。鳜胃蛋白酶原氨基末端存在信号肽和激活肽序列,序列中含有催化活性必需的2个天冬氨酸残基和构成二硫键的6个半胱氨酸残基。鳜胃蛋白酶原氨基酸序列与其他脊椎动物胃蛋白酶原氨基酸序列的同源性为59.9%～91.2%,表明胃蛋白酶原基因在脊椎动物的长期进化中比较保守。鳜胃蛋白酶原基因的成功克隆不仅为进一步研究该基因的时空表达奠定基础,而且为鱼类胃蛋白酶原的分子特征和进化提供了新的资料。     

黄鳝ghrelin基因的克隆及分子特征分析

Ghrelin是联系生殖和能量代谢的重要桥梁信号分子,通过克隆黄鳝(Monopterus albus)的ghrelin基因并对其基因结构和功能进行了初步分析;运用c DNA末端快速扩增技术获得了黄鳝ghrelin基因的c DNA序列和DNA序列全长。结果表明,黄鳝ghrelin基因c DNA全长552 bp(Gen Bank accession no.JX122807),包括115 bp的5'端非编码区、324 bp的完整开放阅读框以及113 bp的3'端非编码区;DNA序列全长1323 bp,由3个内含子和4个外显子构成,内含子剪切位点具有典型识别核苷酸GT/AG,3个内含子分别为594 bp、84 bp和93 bp,4个外显子长度分别为229 bp、78 bp、112 bp和133 bp。氨基酸序列分析显示,ghrelin基因推导的Ghrelin蛋白前体原(propreghrelin)序列由26 aa的信号肽、19 aa的成熟肽以及C端氨基酸残基等构成;其中,成熟肽第3位为丝氨酸(Ser3),是Ghrelin的酰基化位点;C端氨基酸残基序列极可能包括与Ghrelin成熟肽功能相互拮抗的肥胖抑制素(Obestatin)。氨基酸的同源性及进化关系分析表明,黄鳝与某些鲈形目鱼类的蛋白前体原存在高度相似性,且在进化上黄鳝与较高级的鲈形目、鲽形目鱼类聚为一支。ghrelin基因结构及其蛋白质某些氨基酸残基序列的高度保守,预示着Ghrelin在脊椎动物中有着重要的生理功能与类似的作用机制。     

脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)α2-巨球蛋白cDNA全长的克隆和表达分析

根据本实验室前期获得的脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)α2-巨球蛋白基因EST序列,采用cDNA末端快速扩增(Rapid amplification of cDNA end, RACE)技术克隆获得脊尾白虾α2-巨球蛋白基因cDNA全长,命名为Ecα2M基因.该基因全长4823 bp,由4413 bp的开放阅读框、64 bp的5'端非编码区以及346 bp的3'端非编码区组成.开放阅读框编码1470个氨基酸,分子量为163.0 kDa,理论等电点为5.03.序列分析显示,Ecα2M序列N端含有23个氨基酸组成的信号肽.同源性分析显示,脊尾白虾Ecα2M氨基酸序列与罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)α2M的同源性最高,达到80%.荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,Ecα2M基因在血细胞、肝胰腺、肌肉、鳃、卵巢、眼柄、胃及肠中均有表达,其中在血细胞中的相对表达量最高.感染鳗弧菌和WSSV后,脊尾白虾血细胞中Ecα2M的相对表达量于6 h达到最大值且显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),肝胰腺中Ecα2M的相对表达量于3 h达到最大值且显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),相对表达量变化具有明显的时间差异性.     

栉孔扇贝Cf-dmrt4-like基因的克隆、序列特征及表达分析

DMRT家族是一类转录因子,在性别决定与分化、器官形成等早期胚胎发育中起重要的作用。本研究采用简并PCR扩增和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),从栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)精巢中克隆得到1个全长为2312bp的dmrtcDNA序列,其开放阅读框(Open reading frame,ORF)1110bp,编码369个氨基酸,具有dmrt基因家族共有的DM保守结构域。同源比对和系统进化分析结果显示,其为Cf-dmrt4-like基因。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,该基因从受精卵至匍匐幼虫各发育时期均有表达,卵裂期表达量较高;在雄性成体的鳃和精巢以及雌性成体的外套膜、鳃、肾和闭壳肌中表达,但卵巢中未见表达。qRT-PCR检测不同发育时期的精卵巢,以成熟期精巢表达量最高。由此推测,栉孔扇贝Cf-dmrt4-like基因参与个体的早期发育,并在两性成体中发挥着不同的作用。     

剑尾鱼卵黄蛋白原C(Vg C)全长cDNA的克隆及表达

利用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)和cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)等方法,克隆获得剑尾鱼卵黄蛋白原C(Vg C)基因的全长cDNA序列。剑尾鱼Vg C基因cDNA序列全长4 011 bp,其5′非编码区包含12 bp和3′非编码区包含246 bp;含有一个3 753 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码1 250个氨基酸,推测其编码氨基酸分子量大小为141.7 ku,编码氨基酸序列与其他鱼类卵黄白原C编码氨基酸序列相似性在44%～85%。荧光定量PCR结果显示,Vg C在剑尾鱼肝脏中表达量最高,脾、肾、卵巢中有微量表达,脑、肌肉、鳃中几乎没有检测到表达;对不同时间暴露在雌激素中剑尾鱼肝脏进行实时荧光定量PCR表达分析的结果表明,Vg C在剑尾鱼肝脏中第5天表达量最高,随后降低,第9天后维持相对较低的表达量。研究首次克隆了剑尾鱼Vg C基因全长cDNA序列,并对Vg C在剑尾鱼体内表达组织器官分布及雌激素诱导后不同时间表达谱进行了初步研究,为剑尾鱼生殖生理及环境污染物监测应用等不同领域研究打下重要基础。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.