脂肪酶连续催化桐油酯交换反应制取生物柴油

为了提高酶法催化桐油制取生物柴油的生产效率,找到适合其工业化生产的工艺,该文探索了固定化脂肪酶连续催化桐油与甲醇酯交换反应制取生物柴油的连续反应工艺条件,在流化床反应器中、43℃的反应温度下,考察了反应液体积流量、脂肪酶填充密度、醇油摩尔比、反应连续时间等因素对单根反应器内连续酯交换反应的影响,得到了单根反应器连续反应条件：反应液体积流量为0.33 mL/min,醇油摩尔比为0.75︰1,脂肪酶填充密度为0.15 g/mL,酯交换率达22%;利用4根相同反应器串联操作,操作参数与单根反应器相同,油脂一次加入,在进入每根反应器前向反应液中加入油脂酯交换反应所需理论甲醇量的1/4,在该连续反应工艺条件下,桐油的酯交换率达到88%～92%。结果发现,本连续反应工艺条件比间歇反应具有更高的生产效率,可以应用于酶法制取生物柴油的工业化生产中。     

超声强化酯交换制备生物柴油的工艺优化

为了获得超声强化酯交换反应制备生物柴油最佳工艺条件,为工业化生产提供借鉴。该文考察了超声功率密度、反应温度、催化剂用量和醇油摩尔比等因素对超声强化 KOH 催化酯交换反应过程的影响,并采用响应曲面分析方法（RSM）优化最佳工艺参数。研究结果表明：超声强化 KOH 催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油最佳工艺条件为：超声功率密度54.7 W/L、反应温度34℃、催化剂用量为大豆油质量的 1.3%、醇油摩尔比6︰1,此条件下酯交换反应甲酯质量分数为 99.68%,经验证试验得实测值为99.56%。RSM优化的试验结果适合于碱催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油工艺,并能够预测不同条件下碱催化酯交换反应中的甲酯质量分数。     

废鸡油脂制取生物柴油试验研究

生物柴油作为一种绿色清洁替代型燃料,受到科研和产业界的广泛重视,原料油脂的廉价稳定供应是生物柴油产业化的关键.该文对来源于鸡肉制品加工的废鸡油作为生物柴油原料的潜力进行了探索,在NaOH催化剂作用下,通过与甲醇转酯化反应制备生物柴油.试验考察了醇油摩尔比、NaOH用量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对油脂转化率的影响,并对制备的生物柴油样品进行了燃料指标分析.结果表明,炼制鸡油较为适宜的转酯化反应条件为反应温度50℃、醇油摩尔比9:1、NaOH用量1.3%、反应时间90～120 min,获得油脂转化率约90%.试验生物柴油样品多项理化指标能够满足EN14214生物柴油标准及国内O#柴油标准.     

Enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharides from cotton stalks

Xylooligosaccharide (XO) production was performed from xylan, which was obtained by alkali extraction from cotton stalk, a major agricultural waste in Turkey. Enzymatic hydrolysis was selected to prevent byproduct formation such as xylose and furfural. Xylan was hydrolyzed using a commercial xylanase preparation, and the effects of pH, temperature, hydrolysis period, and substrate and enzyme concentrations on the XO yield and degree of polymerization (DP) were investigated. Cotton stalk contains about 21% xylan, the composition of which was determined as 84% xylose, 7% glucose, and 9% uronic acid after complete acid hydrolysis. XOs in the DP range of 2-7 (X6 approximately X5>X2>X3) were obtained with minor quantities of xylose in all of the hydrolysis conditions used. Although after 24 h of hydrolysis at 40 degrees C, the yield was about 53%, the XO production rate leveled off after 8-24 h of hydrolysis. XO yield was affected by all of the parameters investigated; however, none of them affected the DP of the end product significantly, except the hydrolysis period. Enzyme hydrolysis was maintained by the addition of fresh substrate after 72 h of hydrolysis, indicating the persistence of enzyme activity. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined as 40 degrees C, pH 5.4, and 2% xylan. The obtained product was fractionated via ultrafiltration by using 10, 3, and 1 kDa membranes. Complete removal of xylanase and unhydrolyzed xylan was achieved without losing any oligosaccharides having DP 5 or smaller by 10 kDa membrane. After a two-step membrane processing, a permeate containing mostly oligosaccharides was obtained.     

利用动物脂肪酯交换反应制备生物柴油的试验研究

该文以牛油为原料,在KOH的催化作用下与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。采用正交试验与人工神经网络相结合的试验方法,考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响,得到了最优工艺条件,即反应温度70℃,醇油摩尔比10.5︰1,催化剂用量1.1%（占油脂质量的百分数）,反应时间90 min。经试验验证,利用神经网络优化后的酯交换率达到94.16%,高于正交试验的结果93.17%。     

利用自制设备转化废弃油脂制备生物柴油

为了满足小型用户就地生产、使用生物柴油的需求,利用自主研发的集成式生物柴油生产设备进行了废弃油脂转化生物柴油加工示范。该设备的反应过程主要包括2个工艺:反应工艺A,反应温度60℃,甲醇加入量10%,浓硫酸加入量1%,反应时间5h;反应工艺B,反应温度60℃,浓硫酸加入量0.1%,甲醇加入量4%,反应5h后加入NaOH0.8%,甲醇12%,继续反应1.5h。针对不同品质的废弃油脂分别采用不同的工艺路线:当废弃油脂酸值及含水率较大时,先采用A工艺,降低酸值和含水率,再进行B工艺;当废弃油脂酸值及含水率较小时,仅采用B工艺。设备的工艺路线适用于不同酸值的废弃油脂,生物柴油产率达95%以上,产品符合国家标准。     

菜籽油生物柴油的生产方法研究进展

该文阐述了菜籽油用于生物柴油生产的优势及菜籽油生物柴油的环境友好性,认为该产业很有发展前途,并概述了国内外利用化学法、脂肪酶法和超临界流体法制备菜籽油生物柴油的研究进展,并评价了各种制备方法的优劣性.发现化学法是比较成熟的工业化方法,具有反应快、成本低的特点,但污染大;酶法反应温和,但成本高、反应缓慢;超临界流体法不需使用催化剂,但要在高温高压下反应;最后提出了影响菜籽油生物柴油产业化发展的因素及对策.     

Enzymatic production and characterization of konjac glucomannan oligosaccharides

Enzymes from a balanced human gut flora are promising tools to design prebiotic oligosaccharides. In this study, we investigated the action of enzymes from fecal bacteria on the complex polysaccharide konjac glucomannan (KGM). The oligosaccharides produced were compared to oligosaccharides from KGM digests with fungal endo-β-(1,4)-glucanase (EG) or endo-β-(1,4)-mannanase (EM). For this purpose, the oligosaccharides from the different digests were first studied for their structural characteristics like monosugar composition and exo-enzymatic degradability, as monitored by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Whereas the oligosaccharides produced by EG and EM were characteristic for the selectivity of the respective enzyme in cleaving the mannose-/glucose-sugar linkages of KGM, oligosaccharides produced by the fecal enzymes did not point to a sugar-selective degradation. The oligosaccharide fragments from the different digests indicated the KGM polysaccharide to be composed of a backbone composed of short mannose and glucose sequences, to which branches rich in mannose are attached.     

菜籽油酯交换制备生物柴油的工艺研究

为提高生物柴油的转化率和纯度,以菜籽油为原料,研究在KOH催化剂作用下与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺,考察了甲醇用量、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响。结果表明,该反应最适宜的工艺条件为：甲醇用量为菜籽油质量的20%,催化剂用量为菜籽油质量的1.2%,反应温度为65℃,反应时间为90～120 min;菜籽油制备的生物柴油品质达到美国ASTM和德国DINE生物柴油标准,其生物柴油的转化率为94.89%。若充分开发中国南方可利用的冬闲田和边际土地约1000万hm²种植油菜,按照此工艺条件加工菜籽油,则每年可加工生产生物柴油740万t,具有广阔的发展前景。     

菜籽油碱催化法制备生物柴油的工艺参数

以碱催化剂为媒介的转酯化反应制备生物柴油方法因其转化率高而倍受重视。该文以菜籽油为原料,在小型试验装置上,采用均相碱催化法,研究了菜籽油在碱性催化剂NaOH的作用下与甲醇经酯交换反应制备生物柴油的工艺条件。考察了醇油摩尔比（4︰1～8︰1）、催化剂用量（0.5%～2%）、反应温度（30～60℃）和反应时间（30～150 min）等工艺参数对酯交换反应的影响,对生物柴油的组成成分进行了气相色谱/质谱联用(GC-MS)分析。结果表明,在醇油摩尔比6︰1,催化剂用量为油质量的1%,反应温度为50～60℃,反应时间为60 min时,酯交换反应转化率最高可达到96.7%。该生物柴油主要由油酸甲酯、芥子酸甲酯、9,12-十八碳二烯酸甲酯、11-二十碳烯酸甲酯、亚麻酸甲酯等脂肪酸甲酯组成,其中油酸甲酯含量最高,相对质量分数高达50.30%。     

固体催化剂催化牛油制取生物柴油工艺优化

利用固体催化剂催化废弃动物油脂制取生物柴油可以实现催化剂的重复利用、降低原料成本,从而提高生物柴油的市场竞争力。该文以牛油为原料,在自制固体催化剂Cs2O/γ-Al2O3的催化作用下与甲醇酯交换反应制备生物柴油。采用响应面法对反应过程进行了优化,试验考察了醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度等操作条件对酯交换反应的影响,并得到了最优反应条件,即反应温度66℃,醇油摩尔比10.5：1,催化剂用量5.3%,反应时间120 min,生物柴油的酯交换率达到95.5%。反应后固体催化剂在400℃下灼烧4 h后可以重复利用,重复利用8次后酯交换率下降不到6%。研究结果将为固体催化剂催化废弃动物油脂制取生物柴油的连续和产业化生产提供试验基础,为提高生物柴油的市场竞争力提供参考。     

Intensity and balance concept as an approach to optimal vegetable production

Abstract

Optimal yields have been obtained by establishing and maintaining a specified ionic root environment. An Intensity and Balance Concept has been developed, utilizing intensity and balance soil testing procedures. Total salts and the proportionate concentration of cations and anions in a soil saturation extract are used to evaluate the ionic environment. That combination of ionic concentrations which gives the best yield is used as the standard forming the basis for fertilizer recommendations. Consistently high yields of fresh market tomatoes from 96,000 to 117,000 kg/ha were produced during 9 seasons using the procedures described where ionic environments were established and maintained. During these same seasons, the average Florida production for fresh market tomatoes was considerably less, ranging from 10,000 to 50,000 kg/ha.     

Enzymatic production of galactooligosaccharides by beta-galactosidase from Bifidobacterium longum BCRC 15708

The production of galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) by transgalactosylation using beta-galactosidase from Bifidobacterium longum BCRC 15708 was studied. Other than lactose, galactose, and glucose, two types of GOSs, tri- and tetrasaccharides, were formed after beta-galactosidase action on 40% lactose. Trisaccharides were the major type of GOS formed. Generally, an increase of the initial lactose concentration in the reaction mixture resulted in a higher GOS production. A maximum yield of 32.5% (w/w) GOSs could be achieved from 40% lactose solution at 45 degrees C, pH 6.8, when the lactose conversion was 59.4%. The corresponding productivity of GOSs was 13.0 g/(L.h). Transgalactosylation activity of beta-galactosidase from a test organism showed a relatively lower sensitivity toward glucose and galactose than that from other organisms. The addition of 5% or 10% glucose or galactose to the reaction mixture did not significantly (p>0.05) reduce the transgalactosylation reaction of beta-galactosidase.     

Enzymatic production and complete nuclear magnetic resonance assignment of the sugar lactulose

The enzymatic transgalactosylation from lactose to fructose leading to the prebiotic disaccharide lactulose was investigated using the beta-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae and the hyperthermostable beta-glycosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus (CelB). The conditions for highest lactulose yields relative to the initial lactose concentration were established on a 1 mL scale. Dependent on the initial molar ratio of lactose to fructose, more or fewer oligosaccharides other than lactulose were generated. Bioconversions on a 30 mL scale in a stirred glass reactor were performed, and lactulose yields of 46 mmol/L (44% relative to lactose) for CelB and 30 mmol/L (30% relative to lactose) for A. oryzae beta-galactosidase were achieved. Only <5% of other oligosaccharides were detectable. The corresponding productivities were 24 and 16 mmol/L/h, respectively. The molecular structure of lactulose was investigated in detail and confirmed after purification of the reaction solution by LC-MS and 1D and 2D NMR. Lactulose (4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-fructose) was unambiguously proved to be the major transglycosylation disaccharide.     

菜籽油碱催化酯交换法制备生物柴油工艺参数的优化

为获得最佳反应条件,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对菜籽油碱催化酯交换法制备生物柴油的工艺参数进行了优化试验,结果表明,预测酯交换反应过程中菜籽油转化率变化的回归方程拟合程度良好,最优工艺参数为：醇油摩尔比6.12︰1,催化剂用量0.9%,反应时间40 min,反应温度57.74℃,并且在最优工艺参数下进行了验证试验,得到菜籽油转化率为97.43%,与预测值的误差为0.4%,小于5%。对生物柴油的组成成分进行了气相色谱/质谱联用（GC/MS）分析,结果表明,脂肪酸甲酯质量分数达到99.54%。因此,利用响应面分析法得到的最优工艺参数真实可靠,制得的生物柴油品质较好。     

利用Biopro型设备转化废弃油脂制备生物柴油

为开发适应中国废弃油脂生物柴油转化的成套技术与装备,结合美国Biopro 380型设备,对中国的4种典型废弃油脂生物柴油转化工艺进行了系统研究,结果表明,甲醇回流温度65℃下,酯化反应时间2.5h、浓硫酸加入量0.5%、甲醇与游离脂肪酸摩尔比2.7∶1时,酯化混合物的酸值降至1～2?mg/g;转酯化反应在醇油摩尔比6∶1、催化剂NaOH的加入量1.0%（与废弃油脂的质量百分比）、反应时间60 min时,转酯化效果最佳;将该工艺条件应用于Biopro 380型设备中进行验证试验,获得的生物柴油产品质量指标基本符合中国生物柴油标准GB/T 20828-2007。     

Enzymatic and fungal treatments on sugarcane bagasse for the production of mechanical pulps

Crude ligninolytic enzyme extracts from Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungi were applied to sugarcane bagasse, prior to thermomechanical (TMP) and chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP), and their properties were compared with the normal TMP and CTMP and also with TMP and CTMP pretreated with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and P. chrysosporium fungi. The sugarcane bagasse was impregnated with the crude enzyme extract containing lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and laccase (Lac). The results show that pretreatment with enzyme crude extract is an advantageous way to produce TMP and CTMP from sugarcane bagasse, as compared with only fungal pretreatment. Enzymatic pretreatments need only hours to enhance pulping and paper properties, compared with the weeks necessary for fungal treatments. Higher pulp yields were obtained compared with the fungal pretreatments. Enzymatic pretreatment reduced the energy consumption in a proportion similar to that of C. subvermispora fungal pretreatment and increased the pulp tensile index compared with the normal TMP and CTMP pulps, although the tensile strength was somewhat lower than that for pulps from C. subvermispora fungal pretreatment before CTMP processing. An advantage of enzymatic pretreatment is that brightness is increased compared with normal TMP and CTMP processes, whereas fungal pretreatments reduce the brightness.     

Enzymatic production of monoacylglycerols containing polyunsaturated fatty acids through an efficient glycerolysis system

The aim of the study was to develop an efficient glycerolysis system for the enzymatic production of monoacylglycerols (MAGs) containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. Glycerolysis has been widely applied in industry for the chemical production of food MAGs under high temperature. The enzymatic glycerolysis system at 40-70 degrees C is unfortunately a multiphase system, which leads to the lower reaction efficiency. A tert-butyl alcohol system was developed after careful evaluation and more than 20-fold of the reaction efficiency from this system was obtained compared to the solvent-free system. Novozym 435 was employed as a catalyst in the glycerolysis from the screening. In the batch reaction system with tert-butyl alcohol, temperature higher than 40 degrees C was favored. The glycerol/oil ratio was best in the study with 4.5 while the solvent weight ratio from 1 to 3 had little effect. In general, 60-70% yield can be obtained at 2 h in the stirred tank reactor. The continuous glycerolysis was conducted in a packed bed reactor. MAG yield up to 70% was reached at 30-40 min residence time. The continuous glycerolysis was more sensitive to the amount of tert-butyl alcohol, and in the weight ratio to oil more than 2 was favored. The continuous process was optimized with the assistance of response surface methodology. Optimal conditions for the packed bed reactor after all considerations were recommended as glycerol/oil 4:1 (mol/mol), temperature 40 degrees C, and residence time 45 min. The operation stability study showed that there was no slight reduction of reaction performance at more than 30 days, implying a high feasibility in practical applications.     

Screening of the entire USDA castor germplasm collection for oil content and fatty acid composition for optimum biodiesel production

Castor has tremendous potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The oil content and fatty acid composition in castor seed are important factors determining the price for production and affecting the key fuel properties of biodiesel. There are 1033 available castor accessions collected or donated from 48 countries worldwide in the USDA germplasm collection. The entire castor collection was screened for oil content and fatty acid composition by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. Castor seeds on the average contain 48.2% oil with significant variability ranging from 37.2 to 60.6%. Methyl esters were prepared from castor seed by alkaline transmethylation. GC analysis of methyl esters confirmed that castor oil was composed primarily of eight fatty acids: 1.48% palmitic (C16:0), 1.58% stearic (C18:0), 4.41% oleic (C18:1), 6.42% linoleic (C18:2), 0.68% linolenic (C18:3), 0.45% gadoleic (C20:1), 84.51% ricinoleic (C18:1-1OH), and 0.47% dihydroxystearic (C18:0-2OH) acids. Significant variability in fatty acid composition was detected among castor accessions. Ricinoleic acid (RA) was positively correlated with dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) but highly negatively correlated with the five other fatty acids except linolenic acid. The results for oil content and fatty acid composition obtained from this study will be useful for end-users to explore castor germplasm for biodiesel production.