适宜寒地稻区种植的3个水稻花培新品种

自日本人新关和大野通过花药培养获得水稻单倍体植株后,花药培养作为一项新技术受到世界各国科研工作者的重视并在育种上得到有效利用。我国于1970年开展水稻花药培养技术研究,在新材料创造、新品种选育、基因定位和加速转基因水稻外源基因纯合等方面都起到重要的促进作用,并取得了良好效果．使我国粳稻花培育种应用技术研究处于国际领先地位。     

分子标记辅助选择聚合Xa23、Stvb-i、Pi-13种抗病基因的研究

为了选育抗多种病害的水稻新品种,保证水稻的稳产高产,利用分子标记辅助选择技术,对378份通过常规育种技术与花药培养相结合培育的聚合Xa23、Stvb-i、Pi-1抗病基因的花培后代进行试验研究。结果表明:分子标记辅助选择可快速实现Xa23、Pi-1与Stvb-i抗3种病害基因的聚合,经PCR检测与抗病鉴定,培育出10份抗性遗传稳定、表达高效的粳稻新种质资源。在利用分子标记辅助选择基因型的同时,仍然需要与传统的人工抗病鉴定的表现型结果相结合,才能保证选择的准确率高。     

化学杀雄对籼稻花药培养力的影响

自1968年新关首先获得粳稻花粉植株以来,由于培养技术的不断改进,高效培养基的研制,使粳稻花药培养力大幅度提高,世界各国和一些国际研究组织相继采用花药培养技术应用于水稻育种实践。但迄今籼稻花药培养力仍极低(0.5%左右),致使该技术难以在籼稻育种上应用,而籼稻又在水稻生产中占主导地位,因此籼稻花药培养力的研究仍被列     

水稻花培育种前景

花药培养技术是一条快速高效的育种途径。80年代在华北和辽南稻区大面积推广花培品种如花育1号、中花9号等,使一季春稻产量提高到一个新水平,结束了日本粳稻品种独占鳌头的时代。然而,花培育种现在只是处于发展初期,在育种上还酝藏着巨大的增产潜力,今后必将在传统农业向高技术农业的转化中发挥纽带作用。     

不同基因型水稻花药培养效果的比较研究

为了筛选到花药培养效果好的水稻材料,选取常规籼稻、籼粳杂交稻、籼型杂交稻和粳型杂交稻4种不同类型的水稻材料进行花药培养,比较它们在花药培养过程中的愈伤组织诱导率和花药培养效果,建立高效花药培养再生体系。结果表明,禾香1号和福稻99愈伤组织诱导率较高,分别为3.01%和1.55%,可作为水稻花培育种的优良亲本。以玉晶91为亲本配制杂交组合并进行花药培养,结果表明玉晶91与某些亲本间具有较好的花药培养配合力和杂种优势,在水稻花培育种中具有一定的潜在利用价值。粳型材料中,甬优1526、组合圣稻18-15//春江041/武运粳24、中浙粳18/鄂香2号和香1号/17J42均不适合作为水稻花药培养育种的材料。甬优2640的花药培养愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率均较高,可以在水稻花培育种和DH群体创建中加以利用。这对创制新的种质资源、构建DH群体和培育新品种具有十分重要的意义。     

花药培养快速培育聚合抗3种水稻病害基因的新种质研究

为培育抗水稻白叶枯病、稻瘟病、条纹叶枯病3种病害的品种,保证水稻的稳产高产,利用花药培养与常规育种技术、分子标记辅助选择技术相结合,进行聚合抗3种病害的新种质研究。结果表明,用含有抗白叶枯病Xa23基因的BG152和含有抗稻瘟病Pi-1基因的R118分别与含抗条纹叶枯病Stvb-i基因的花育409进行有性杂交,共获得聚合双抗抗病基因的F0种子分别为180,105粒;鉴别真杂种后彼此再杂交,获得复交F0种子1 398粒。利用分子标记辅助选择技术,筛选出聚合抗3种病基因的杂合型单株52株,从中选择田间无病害的进行花药培养,经H0自然加倍,获得双倍体花培植株378株。经PCR检测,筛选出聚合3种抗病基因的花培H1株系14个;对其H2植株进行重复PCR与抗病鉴定,获得聚合3种抗病基因的花培材料所含的抗病基因能稳定遗传,抗病性鉴定有10份均表现为抗(R),且高效表达抗病。最后对水稻花药培养中存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了相应防治措施。     

寒地粳稻种质苗期耐碱鉴定与评价

对于水稻来说,盐碱危害是最典型和涉及面最广的非生物胁迫之一。位于东北粮食主产区的苏打盐碱地面积广阔,同时,由于耐碱水稻品种匮乏,严重限制粮食总产量的提高,筛选、鉴定适合盐碱地种植的耐碱粳稻种质资源迫在眉睫。利用水培筛选方法,对190份寒地粳稻种质资源进行苗期耐碱性鉴定与评价,筛选出苗期耐碱粳稻种质5份,为耐碱粳稻新品种的培育奠定基础。其中地方品种、推广品种和外引品种的苗期耐碱性存在一定差异,糯稻以及我国寒地粳稻地方种质的耐碱性不应忽视。     

花药培养技术在小麦种质资源创制及育种中的应用

花药培养技术是目前小麦生物技术育种中应用最为成功的方法。从1970年代以来,国内外相关学者通过不断优化该技术体系,进而应用于育种实践中,先后育成50多个小麦品种在生产中推广应用,成为小麦常规育种的有益补充。在查阅国内外相关文献并结合多年研究的基础上,阐述了该技术在小麦种质资源创制及育种中的应用情况,首次较为全面地统计了迄今为止国内外研究者利用花药培养技术育成的小麦品种,分析了影响小麦花培育种的主要因素,并针对目前存在的问题提出了建议,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

水稻花药培养技术的研究进展

花药培养技术的出现,大大地缩短了水稻育种的年限,也加快了各种基因型材料的获取。本研究综述了花药培养技术概况、影响花药培养力的6个关键因素、水稻花药培养技术的进展、分析水稻花药培养技术现阶段存在的问题,并对未来发展进行了展望。     

超级杂交稻的培育需要基因工程的加盟

理想株型两系法亚种间杂交组合的培育成功与应用，标志着栽培稻种内部资源间遗传信息的交流及配组变得相当容易、栽培种资源的利用已趋饱和。要在亩产800Kg的高平台上取得水稻育种的新突破，种质创新是基础。因此，必须拓宽资源利用范围，转移远缘物种有利性状基因，创新水稻种质。而利用远缘资源创制水稻新种质，必需采用基因工程等分子技术。     

开花期低温胁迫对四川攀西稻区水稻开花结实的影响

以3种籼稻品种和3种粳稻品种为试验材料, 利用人工气候室在开花期进行低温胁迫处理, 研究了低温胁迫对攀西稻区籼、粳稻开花和结实及两者间关系的影响。结果表明, 开花期低温胁迫下籼稻和粳稻的开花习性、花药和花粉特性和结实表现不同。常规粳稻开花对低温有较高的耐冷性。低温胁迫下籼稻品种(组合)花药体积、花药开裂率、可育花粉率、柱头着花粉数和柱头花粉萌发率较对照降低幅度均比粳稻品种(组合)大; 籼稻品种(组合)各产量构成因素较对照降低幅度比粳稻品种(组合)大。相关分析表明, 结实与水稻花药和花粉主要性状有密切关系。开花期低温胁迫影响花药和花粉发育成熟, 使花药不能正常开裂、散粉不足, 可育花粉率和柱头花粉萌发率降低, 直接影响受精结实, 成为结实率降低的主要原因之一。     

应用花培技术育成粳稻光敏核不育系1647S

用杂交育种和花药培养相结合的方法育成的光敏核不育系１６４７Ｓ，在北京平原地区有明显的育性转换期，在１５ｈ长光照条件下不育性稳定。该品系株型好，米质优良，配组优势较强，花培效率高，可以在华北平原北部稻区扩大配组试用，也宜作为优良的中介亲本应用。     

水稻籼粳交偏籼后代材料花药培养研究

试验利用水稻籼粳交偏籼后代的10份材料进行了花药培养效果研究,结果如下:不同株系间培养效果存在较大差异,出愈率和绿苗分化率之间没有必然联系;N6、SK3培养基对籼粳交偏籼后代材料的培养效果明显优于通用培养基,N6又稍优于SK3培养基;花培材料在预冷处理之前不宜剪叶;从试验中筛选到了2份具有较高培养力的株系,为今后遗传育种工作和分子遗传研究提供了合适的遗传工程材料。     

铁在寒地早粳花药培养中的效应研究

摘要：铁是水稻花培培养基的重要成分。通过对7份寒地早粳组合F1（或品系）花药在不同Fe2+含量培养基上离体培养,发现培养基中的Fe2+的含量对诱导率、绿苗分化率影响较大。结果表明在N6培养基中将Fe2+提高到32-40mg/kg诱导率最大,高于N6培养基（Fe2+含量为5.6mg/kg）1.4倍以上。在此以内随着Fe2+含量的增加诱导率增加,大于此含量诱导率降低,呈单峰曲线分布。分化培养基中Fe2+含量增加到40mg/kg分化率显著降低。但在32-40mg/kgFe2+培养基上诱导出的愈伤组织在MS培养基上的绿苗分化率差异明显,71.4%材料可使绿苗生产率提高到9.2%左右。因此适当提高诱导培养基中Fe2+含量可提高寒地早粳的花培效率。     

提高水稻同源四倍体花药培养愈伤诱导率的研究

以同源四倍体水稻原种零轮、02428、培矮64、轮回422及其成对二倍体为实验材料,分别以琼脂浓度（0.5%、0.75%和1%）、碳源种类（蔗糖和麦芽糖）与用量（60 g L^-1和80 g L^-1）、不同激动素（KT和Zip）以及不同基本诱导培养基（MS、N6、M8、NB）等因素为变量,共设计26种诱导培养基（2种对照）,进行了花药愈伤诱导实验,旨在筛选出愈伤诱导率的培养基优化组合。结果表明,琼脂浓度0.75%和60 g L^-1蔗糖组合对提高水稻花药诱导率作用较好, N6培养基及其衍生NB培养基对提高四倍体水稻特别是粳稻花药诱导率有着较好作用。激动素的加入,能显著提高愈伤诱导率,最高可达到84%。在供试的26种培养基中,有6种诱导培养基得到较高的四倍体粳稻愈伤诱导率,有2种诱导培养基得到较高的四倍体籼稻愈伤诱导率,在8种较好的诱导培养基中有3种不但有较高的愈伤诱导率而且具有较高的绿苗率。     

水稻抽穗期高温胁迫对不同品种受粉和受精作用的影响

水稻抽穗期高温障碍导致结实性降低已经成为长江中下游水稻的重要自然灾害之一。以现代常规粳稻、三系杂交籼稻和两系法杂交籼稻为试料,研究了抽穗期高温处理对现代水稻品种和组合受精率的影响。现代粳型品种表现出较好的抽穗期高温耐性;杂交稻特别是两系杂交稻抽穗期高温耐性相对较弱,抽穗期39℃的高温胁迫下,受精率几乎接近于零;在杂交稻中,汕优63在较轻高温胁迫下表现较好耐性,但在较强的高温胁迫下高温耐性迅速下降。相同处理下抽穗期高温耐性在品种间有较大差异。2个两系超级杂交稻的单药花粉数均在1750粒以上,数量最多,宁粳1号数量最少,为979.8粒药^-1。总体趋势为杂交稻多于常规稻,籼型品种多于粳型品种,分析表明单药花粉数与高温耐性不相关。高温胁迫导致花药开裂系数显著下降,宁粳1号在较强的高温胁迫条件下还能维持一定程度的纵裂率,开花后柱头上花粉数量相对较多。可见水稻抽穗期高温耐性与花粉生产能力无关,与花药开裂和柱头捕获的花粉量关系较大。     

寒地早粳品种稻瘟病抗性与产量性状的关系

采用寒地早粳近5年审定和参加黑龙江省区域试验、生产试验的水稻品种316个为材料,对稻瘟病抗性与水稻生育特性、产量性状的相关关系进行了研究。结果表明,无论在人工接种还是在自然感病条件下,寒地早粳品种的叶瘟、穗颈瘟与生育日数、活动积温呈极显著负相关,平均相关系数分别达到-0.2647、-0.1796和-0.2090、-0.1743;叶瘟、穗颈瘟与穗长呈极显著负相关,平均相关系数为-0.3027和-0.2765,而与平方米穗数呈显著正相关,平均相关系数达到0.1953和0.1481,穗颈瘟与产量呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.1792。表明在寒地稻作区生育日数越长、活动积温越高叶瘟和穗颈瘟的发病越轻,平方米穗数越多稻瘟病越重,品种抗病性越强产量越高。因此,通过对品种生育性状的适当选择,在寒地稻作区完全可以选育出既高产又抗病的水稻新品种。     

Use of androgenesis in intersubspecific hybrid rice breeding

Significant differences of callus induction, green plant regeneration and culture efficiency were observed among restorer lines and their hybrids in rice. Average callus induction percentage of F₁, hybrids was about twice that of their parents. Twenty doubled haploid (DH) lines that showed normal fertility with both indica and japonica CMS lines, were selected as widely compatible restorers (WCRs). TG8 derived from CPSLO17/Minghui 63 not only showed normal fertility to both indica and japonica test varieties and CMS lines, but also exhibited superior agronomic traits, in particular short plant, desired plant type, high tillerability, large panicles, good grain quality and resistance to rice blast disease. Strong heterosis for yield was observed in crosses between indica or japonica CMS lines and TG8. TG8 possessed a dominant, widely compatible gene (WCG) that was inherited from the variety CPSLO17. Results confirmed that the anther culture technique is a quick and effective way of developing widely compatible restorers in rice and that it is applicable to the direct use of intersubspecific heterosis with the three-line method.     

Anther culture of recalcitrant indica × Basmati rice hybrids

Fertile, green, di-haploid plants were obtained at high frequencies from several indica × Basmati rice F₁ hybrids and/or F₂ plant populations using an improved anther culture procedure. Anthers from cold-pretreated (10 ^°C for 10 d) panicles of six indica (HKR120, HKR86-3, HKR86-217, PR106, Gobind andCH2 double dwarf) and two Basmati rice (Basmati 370,Taraori Basmati) varieties and 14 heterotic indica ×Basmati F₁/F₂ hybrids were cultured in modified agarose-solidified N6M, Heh5M and RZM media. Best callus induction frequencies (2.6–78%) were obtained in RZM medium containing 4% (w/v) maltose,2,4-D, NAA and kinetin. F₂ plants compared to F₁ hybrids and parental rice varieties, were more responsive to anther culture. Androgenesis frequencies of 31–78% were obtained for indica × Basmati F₂ plants in RZM medium in just 30 d which are comparable to or higher than that reported for japonica rice varieties and hybrids involving japonica rice parent(s). Agarose (1.0% w/v)-solidified MS medium containing 3.0% maltose, kinetin, BAP, and NAA, induced green shoot regeneration in 0–51% of the anther-derived callide pending upon the genotype. High plant regeneration frequencies (67–337 green plants per 1000 anthers)were obtained from anther calli of several F₁hybrids (Gobind × Basmati 370 and HKR120 ×Taraori Basmati) and F₂ plants (Gobind × Basmati370, Gobind × Taraori Basmati, HKR86-3 × TaraoriBasmati). A sample of 498 plants obtained from the above hybrids, were transferred to pots with>90% survival; 8–78% of these plants had >5%spikelet fertility and were diploid. In addition,18% of the haploid plants could be diploidized by submerging in 0.1% colchicine solution for 16–18 h. The improved anther culture procedure reported here, resulted in several fold increase in the recovery of green plants from recalcitrant indica × Basmati rice hybrids compared to previous published procedures. The study may accelerate the introgression of desirable genes from indica into Basmati rice using anther culture as a breeding tool. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A Mediterranean japonica rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar improvement through anther culture

Certified seed producers systematically select and propagate registered varieties year after year in order to maintain their uniformity and the original registered cultivar traits. However, natural mutations, spontaneous breeding between varieties and alien grain contamination can introduce undesirable variability. NRVC 980385 is a temperate japonica rice cultivar (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica) first registered in Spain in 2002. In 2005 certification tests detected a plot differing from the original traits in terms of uniformity and height suggesting the presence of a certain heterozygosis. This material was therefore seen as an opportunity to obtain newly stabilized doubled haploid (DH) lines which could compete in the Spanish short grain seed market. In this study, an in vitro anther culture protocol is defined which also covers the field tests selection to obtain four new, improved and stabilized DH derived lines ready to be registered for commercial proposes. This took just 4 years from the initial anther collection until new lines were grown in large scale field trials. Consequently, this protocol reduces the time for obtaining field assessed DH lines thereby having considerable advantages over other techniques by both maintaining the original registered cultivars and/or generating new derived varieties.