肉牛饲喂甘油渣研究进展

<正>随着可用于饲养家畜的生物燃料共产物的增多,学者们开发了多种利用粗甘油(生物柴油的副产物)的途径。最近在美国衣阿华州得梅因市,由美国畜牧业和美国奶牛科学协会联合召开的中西部分会上,发表了几项这方面的研究成果。     

饲料分析检验过程的质量保证与控制

在饲料分析检验过程中不可避免产生系统和随机误差,从而影响分析结果的准确度。系统误差是由于检验过程中某些确定的、经常性的原因所造成的误差．它对检验结果的影响比较固定．在重复检验过程中可以重复地表现出来．系统误差产生的原因和来源主要包括仪器误差、试剂误差、测定方法误差、分析人员个人误差等。随机误差是由于一些偶然的外部因素所引起的．产生随机误差的因素不定。     

Quality assurance of data collection and data processing in epidemiologic study data]

Quality assurance of the data generating processes in epidemiologic studies is a prerequisite for the internal validity of study results. This paper presents practical aspects of such a quality assurance system pertaining to the planning, data gathering, data entry and data processing phase of a study. It is concerned with data obtained in the framework of a project rather than with data accumulating continuously in private practices, research institutes or veterinary faculties. During the planning phase of a project, standard operating protocols should be developed that assure a reliable performance of observation, coding and data entry. The data base structure, consisting of tables, input validation rules and queries, should be predefined and well documented. A data safety concept will provide the necessary integrity, physical safety and availability of the data. The paper presents technical solutions to common data processing problems with emphasis on re-coding and relational data base facilities (Microsoft-ACCESS) using a hypothetical study on risk factors for mastitis.     

直接竞争ELISA检测氯霉素残留的方法建立及初步应用

用混合酸酐法合成氯霉素的CAP抗原,用过碘酸钠氧化法合成CAP酶标记抗原,用ELISA方法对合成的CAP抗原、CAP酶标记抗原进行鉴定表明其与抗CAP单克隆抗体具有特异性反应。在此基础上建立了包被二抗的直接竞争ELISA方法。特异性试验结果表明,CAP琥珀酸酯、CAP琥珀酸钠盐的交叉反应率分别为107%、106.4%;甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素与CAP的交叉反应率小于0.016%;与其他结构类似物间未见交叉反应。该方法对CAP的检测限可达到0.1μg/L,IC50为11.6μg/L,线性范围0.1～100μg/L,批内变异系数小于11.5%,批间变异系数小于19.6%。对猪肉、鸡肉、蜂蜜分别添加1.0、3.0、10.0、30.0μg/L CAP标准品,回收率61.0%～102.0%,变异系数为6.6%～15.8%;对猪肉、鸡肉、蜂蜜中CAP的最低检测限分别为0.48、0.42、1.20μg/kg。     

通过电子课程学习家禽福利和食品质量评价指标

1 电子化学习的现实意义和目的 按照动物源食品"农场到餐桌"的原则,即可追溯性、透明性、有标签,有关生产方法的研究应着眼于满足消费者需求.因此,在可持续的畜禽加工环节中,质量保障方面的知识和技能的重要性正逐渐上升,解决遇到的问题就要求有专业的技能.     

When is a residue not a residue?

Residues of veterinary products in food animals have been the subject of much debate in recent years. This paper attempts to define and classify what is meant by the term 'residue' and to discuss the toxicological significance of various types of residues and how they may be controlled to ensure that no hazard results to consumers.     

Quality assurance considerations for detection of waterborne zoonotic parasites using Cryptosporidium oocyst detection as the main example

A laboratory quality assurance (QA) program can minimize errors and provide confidence in the validity of laboratory test results. The structure of a QA program varies somewhat among laboratories but usually requires addressing a QA manual, QA goals, quality of resources, standard operating procedures, internal quality control, and external QA procedures. This paper reviews these general components and discusses some of the more particular QA considerations specific to filtration, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), immunofluorescence microscopy (FA), vital dye staining, differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, and molecular methods, which are involved in the detection and enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts.     

Quality assurance: the key for amendments of the EU-directive/s regulating veterinary training in Europe

The free movement of persons, goods and services within the European Union (EU) is one of the major principles established by the European treaties. This free movement shall now be reinforced through the full application of the new general system for the mutual recognition of professional qualifications, in which veterinary medicine is included. The success of this measure for internal market development imposes availability of professionals with the highest possible basic training and opportunities for continuing education and specialisation. Such benchmark definition requires the establishment of veterinary training throughout the EU to focus on the qualitative aspects of the basic training they impart. New production forms, new labour markets and a higher degree of consciousness of the producers and the consumers, together with an ever-increasing load of new information and knowledge in most veterinary fields had forced changes in veterinary education strategies. These changes have led to the adaptation of curricula and the application of new pedagogical concepts ultimately leading to the design of new, exciting programmes of veterinary training. Some of them use a combination of basic education and elective terms while others have focused training in species-oriented tracks already by the time students enter the clinical level. There is general consent that the quality of basal training must enable the student to achieve a level of confidence in life-long learning so he/she would be able to follow relevant CPD's and, eventually, pursue specialisation. At the same time, veterinary establishments are concerned with their ability to achieve these goals, mostly due to the usual high costs of veterinary training that constrain their chances to maintain equality of training levels through the EU. We need to find tools to harmonise veterinary training among the establishments of veterinary education in Europe, beyond the compulsory subject and training minimum requirements laid down by the Directive 78/1027. Harmonisation requires regulations but also awareness. Establishments of veterinary education must not only comply with regulations but also become aware of the advantages of quality assurance of their basic training. The present paper is a series of personal reflections by the author who ultimately addresses veterinary educators and interest organisations such as the European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education (EAEVE) and the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE) to focus on strategies of quality assurance as the basis for claims of amendments of the EU-Directive/s regulating veterinary training in Europe.     

响应面法优化柑桔皮渣发酵蛋白饲料辅料及其配比研究

以柑桔皮渣为发酵原料,利用黑曲霉(A)、米曲霉(B)、扣囊腹膜胞酵母(C)三种菌种进行固态发酵,根据Plackett-Burman和Box-Benhnken实验设计,运用SAS和MATLAB软件,以发酵产品中可溶性蛋白和粗蛋白含量为考察指标,考察麸皮、玉米芯、玉米皮、秸秆、豆饼粕、废水、尿素、Na2HPO4、K2SO4、NaCl等十种辅料对发酵产品中蛋白含量的影响,确定最优辅料及其配比。结果表明,在发酵时间为3d、发酵温度为29℃条件下,当柑桔皮渣:麸皮:秸秆:尿素的质量比为20:3.25:4.97:0.04时,发酵产品中可溶性蛋白含量达到最大,为3.119mg/g。     

Producer quality assurance programs.

Essentially all animal commodity organizations have established quality assurance programs designed to ensure food safety and quality. Most of these programs were originally implemented to address problems with veterinary drug residues. Many of the current programs have or plan to include food safety critical control points with specific guidelines on how to control or reduce pathogen load. The continued focus placed on food safety by today's consumer demands that American producers ensure that their commodities are wholesome, safe, and of high quality in order to remain competitive in the global marketplace. Veterinarians should recognize that it is important to encourage food animal producers to participate in quality assurance programs for their clients' economic health and for food safety and protection of public health. Commodities certified as being produced under good production practices or by producers certified as following a recognized and validated quality assurance program often bring a premium price. Also, some slaughter establishments are beginning to require producers to be certified as practicing under a recognized quality assurance program before animals are accepted for processing. This practice is being driven partially by the demands placed on slaughter establishments by the US Department of Agriculture's implementation of the Pathogen Reduction, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Systems regulation. Regardless of why producer trade association quality assurance programs have come into existence, veterinarians should promote the programs as an excellent mechanism to help ensure everyone's goal of a safe, wholesome food supply.