燕麦生产全程机械化技术与装备研究进展

燕麦是一种粮饲兼用作物,是我国种植业结构调整的重要替代物和改善膳食结构的重要品种。针对我国燕麦生产机械化水平低,各环节发展不均衡,基础研究落后,产业化程度低,影响燕麦产业发展的生产实际,阐述了全球和我国燕麦产业现状,从燕麦全程机械化技术体系角度,分析了燕麦生产全程机械化中的薄弱环节,对国内外燕麦田间育种机械化技术与装备、机械化耕整地技术与装备、机械化播种技术与装备、机械化田间管理技术与装备、机械化收获技术与装备的发展现状进行了综述分析。就现阶段我国燕麦生产全程机械化发展存在的短板问题,建议围绕基础研究、多样化技术与装备研发、新技术推广、标准制定、产业经济效益、自动化和智能化装备等方面进行深入研究,助推燕麦产业机械化进程,促进燕麦产业标准化、产业化。研究可为我国燕麦产业的发展提供参考。     

沧州市牧草生产全程机械化技术探析与推广建议

沧州是河北省苜蓿种植面积最大的地区,推广牧草生产全程机械化技术对于发展苜蓿产业具有重要意义。本文探讨分析了牧草生产全程机械化技术路线、技术方案,提出了推广牧草生产全程机械化技术的建议。     

湖北省水稻生产全程机械化解决方案

湖北是我国水稻生产的大省之一,水稻生产全程机械化有利于提高水稻的生产效率。为此,以湖北省水稻种植区域划分为基础,结合各区域地形地貌、水稻种植模式、水稻机械化生产环节及机具技术等,从江汉平原的深泥脚、鄂东北低山丘陵机具的适应性、再生稻机收技术和机械化秸秆处理机具方面分析了湖北省水稻生产全程机械化存在的问题,并从建立江汉平原单季稻-冬油菜轮作模式、鄂东北丘陵机械化直播水稻模式等方面探讨了建设湖北省水稻生产全程机械化的途径。     

谈霍城县苜蓿生产全程机械化模式的建立

分析了通过打造苜蓿生产全程机械化模式来促进苜蓿生产关键机械化发展,新技术的运用推动苜蓿产业化发展,对制约模式形成的问题进行分析。     

我国生姜全程机械化技术装备研究现状及发展趋势

目前我国生姜机械化水平总体较低,种植和收获等主要生产环节缺乏适用机械化机具,生姜全程机械化生产设备中“无机可用,有机不好用”的现状严重制约了我国生姜产业的发展。重点介绍我国现有生姜生产中各环节机械化发展现状及存在的问题,预测了生姜全程机械化的发展趋势,以期为生姜全程机械化技术研究与装置创新设计提供参考。     

各地·动态

正河北:提升饲草生产机械化作业水平助推优势产业提档升级5月10日,2021年河北省农机推广"田间日"活动暨饲草(苜蓿)全程机械化作业演示会在沧州举办。活动主题为"提升饲草(首蓿)生产机械化作业水平,助推优势产业提档升级"。演示会共有来自国内外30余家企业近50种饲草机械设备登台亮相,对苜蓿机械化耕整地、植保、收获、合拢、捡拾打捆等机械化作业环节进行了全程演示。当天,还举办了饲草(苜蓿)生产机械化专题培训班。本次"田间日"活动的成功举办,     

结球甘蓝生产全程机械化研究现状与对策

我国是甘蓝生产大国,总产量占世界的一半,然而我国甘蓝生产机械化水平并不高。目前,甘蓝生产过程中的田间耕整、播种、移栽、田间管理、土肥水管理、配套设施农业装备技术较为成熟,制约甘蓝全程机械化发展主要有以下几个方面:收获机械化水平低、小型多功能收获机具欠缺。本文以国内外甘蓝全程机械化现状为主线,论述甘蓝生产的主要环节、难点技术、共性问题,对收获机械化进行技术分析,在分析现状与存在问题的基础上,结合国内外甘蓝生产机具发展模式与经验,提出甘蓝生产机械装备和技术的发展对策。     

水稻机械化种植技术现状及发展特征

水稻是我国重要的粮食作物之一,水稻机械化种植技术是水稻生产的重要环节,同时也是水稻生产机械化程度较低的环节之一。水稻种植环节作业工序多,用工量大,农户劳动强度大,是水稻全程机械化发展中的难点及薄弱环节。首先分析常见的水稻机械化种植模式及应用效益,并提出目前水稻机械化种植中存在的问题,提出我国水稻机械化种植的主要发展趋势与研究重点,研究结果对于提高水稻机械化生产提供一定的技术参考。     

山东省花生生产全程机械化解决方案

从花生生产形势、区域特点、栽培制度和主要种植模式等方面，阐述了山东省花生种植基本概况。分析提出了耕整地、播种、田间管理和收获等花生机械化生产各环节生产现状及存在的问题。确定了2种花生生产全程机械化技术模式和各生产环节机具配套方案，并给出花生生产全程机械化解决方案。      

牧草机械化收获的特殊性及解决方案

正作为国家生态文明先行示范区、草地生态畜牧业试验区,近年来青海省生态畜牧业发展不断深入,因此而催生的具有青海特色的草产业也呈现快速发展态势,同时牧草生产机械化水平也是节节攀升。但是,由于"重粮轻草"观念和对牧草生产认识不足等原因,青海省在牧草生产全程机械化技术应用和机具选配方面存在许多误区,特别是牧草营养价值理念还没有建立起来,鲜草加工没有引起应有的重视;青干草收获后的初级草产品(草捆)质量     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。