Interrelationships between leaf heat conductivity and tissue structures of different varieties of Populus tomentosa Carr.

Plant heat conductivity largely depends on tissue structure. Different structures lead to different heat conductivity. As well, water transfer also plays a very important role in heat transfer in plants. We have studied leaf heat conductivity and tissue structure of 3- and 30-year-old Populus tomentosa Carr. trees using mildred thermal imaging, steady state heat conductivity surveys and paraffin section and investigated the relationship between leaf heat conductivity, tissue structure and water content of leaves. The results show that the temperature on leaf surfaces among the various varieties of trees was almost the same. Leaf heat conductivity, temperature and water content of leaves are positively correlated. The thicker the leaf tissue structures, the larger the heat resistance. That is, the tighter the cells and the smaller the interspaces, the smaller the heat conductivity, which is not conducive for heat transfer.     

Model of leaf energy distribution and its experimental validation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis> Carr.

Leaf temperature of a plant is the result of heat transfer between the plant and its environment. There are many factors that can affect leaf temperature, such as the solar radiation energy, environmental temperature, wind velocity, evaporation on the leaf surface, photosynthesis, respiration and so on, which have different effects on the temperature of leaves. In first instance, we analyzed the heat transfer on leaves of Populus tomentosa Carr. theoretically and constructed a model of energy distribution. We then validated the model by analyzing seven different kinds of one-year-old P. tomentosa leaves experimentally. The result shows that solar radiation is the main energy input and the dominant ways of thermal diffusion are heat transfer between the upper and lower leaf surfaces and evaporation from the leaf surface.     

侧柏抗病单株对叶枯病抗性机制研究

本文比较测定了对叶枯病具有高度抗性的侧柏单株叶片中木质素和纤维素含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）和超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、以及细胞含水量和肉质化程度。结果表明,抗病单株叶片细胞中木质素和纤维素的含量显著地高于普通的感病侧柏;抗病单株的ＰＡＬ活性和ＳＯＤ活性也明显高于感病株。并且发现ＰＡＬ活性和木质素含量之间具有高度相关性。抗病单株的细胞含水量和肉质化程度则显著地低于感病株。综上指标说明,抗病单株在生理生化和遗传上,明显地区别于普通感病株。     

主脉切断后北美枫香叶的续红和早红

The effects of major veins severing on morphological and physiological features of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) leaves were investigated by observing leaf color change and measuring leaf temperature, green/luminance (G/L) value of half-lobes, leaf stomata conductance, and water content in Yamaguchi University, Japan. The palmately veined leaves of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were found more sensitive to the major vein severing than that of other species. Major veins severing resulted in serious water stresses, as indicated by the persistent reddening and/or advanced reddening of local leaf, lower leaf stomatal conductance, and higher leaf temperature, etc. Severed leaf can be clearly divided into non-severed area, transitional area, and stressed area, which the three areas have different colours and temperature. The major vein barrier can also be seen clearly. The persistent reddening and advanced reddening seem consistent with the phenomenon of red crown top of some sweetgum trees and may have similar mechanism.     

Growth and yield of coffee plants in agroforestry and monoculture systems in Minas Gerais, Brazil

This research compared coffee plants (Coffea arabica L.) grown in an agroforestry and monoculture systems. Data were collected during two years, on vegetative growth, reproductive development, nutritional status and yield of coffee, besides monitoring air temperature and the tree growth. All trees in agroforestry system increased in growth, resulting in a reduction in the magnitude of the diurnal temperature variation and also maximum temperature. Coffee plants in agroforestry system had less branch growth and leaf production, more persistent and larger leaves, and presented earlier flowering, with a smaller number of productive nodes and flower buds, leading to smaller berry yield than plants in monoculture system. In both systems, the coffee plants showed adequate leaf nutrient levels, except for P and K. The yield of 2443 kg ha^-1 of coffee from the monoculture was greater than 515 kg ha^-1 of coffee from the agroforestry system.     

Water status of hinoki cypress, Chamaecyparis obtusa, attacked by secondary woodboring insects after typhoon strike

We estimated the water status of six 31-year-old hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) trees that were struck by a large typhoon. Measurements were made of the trunk water-conduction area of xylem, leaf water potentials, and diurnal changes in trunk diameters. The secondary woodboring insects, Callidiellum rufipenne and Ovalisia vivata, on the trees were captured by the sticky-trap banding method. In trees on which these wood borers were captured, water conduction areas were reduced, leaf water potentials were lower, and trunk diameter changes (R) fluctuated during the day, suggesting that the trees had been damaged by the typhoon and were under water stress. The secondary woodboring insects attacked the water-stressed trees.     

Sclerophylly and leaf anatomical traits of five field-grown olive cultivars growing under drought conditions

Leaf-level morphological and structural adaptations to reduce water loss were examined in five olive (Olea europaea L.) tree cultivars (Arbequina, Blanqueta, Cobran?osa, Manzanilla and Negrinha) growing under field conditions with low water availability. Leaf measurements included leaf tissue thickness, stomatal density, leaf area, leaf mass per unit area, density of leaf tissue, relative water content, succulence, water saturation deficit, water content at saturation and cuticular transpiration rate. We found considerable genotypic differences among the cultivars. Negrinha, Manzanilla and Cobran?osa had more morphological and structural leaf adaptations to protect against water loss than the other cultivars. Manzanilla and Negrinha enhanced their sclerophylly by building parenchyma tissues and increasing protective structures like the upper cuticle and both the upper and lower epidermis. Cobran?osa exhibited good protection against water loss through high density of foliar tissue and by thick cuticle and trichome layers. Compared with the Negrinha, Manzanilla and Cobran?osa cultivars, Arbequina leaves had a thinner trichome layer, implying that the leaves were less protected against water loss; however, the development of smaller leaves may reduce water loss at the whole-plant level. Among cultivars, Blanqueta had the largest leaves and some anatomical traits that may lead to high water loss, especially from the adaxial surface. The mechanisms employed by the cultivars to cope with summer stress are discussed at the morpho-structural level.     

Resistance against oxidative stress in leaves of young beech trees grown in model ecosystems with different soil qualities, elevated CO2, and lachnid infestation

Summary The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the resistance of beech foliage(Fagus sylvatica) against oxidative stress was affected by soil quality, nitrogen or CO₂ fertilisation, or lachnid infestation(Phyllaphis fagi). For this purpose young beech trees were grown for four years in reconstructed calcareous or acidic forest soils in open top chambers under ambient or elevated CO₂ concentrations with two levels of nitrogen fertilisation. At harvest lachnid colonisation was observed, preferentially on leaves from trees in calcareous soil and on leaves from trees fertilised with the high nitrogen level. General leaf characteristics such as pigment concentrations, dry mass, and leaf mass ber area were not affected by the soil type, nitrogen fertilisation or CO₂ regime. Leaves colonised with lachnids displayed slightly increased leaf mass per area. When the stress resistance was challenged by exposure to paraquat — a herbicide inducing oxidative stress — leaves from trees grown on calcareous soil maintained significantly longer membrane integrity and, thus, were better protected against stress than leaves from trees on acidic soil. Other experimental variables had negligible or no effects on the resistance against oxidative stress.      

9种乔木对城市交通环境的响应研究

以连云港市区常见的9种行道乔木为研究对象,对市区交通主干道和清洁对照区乔木叶片中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd)的含量、生理指标(脯氨酸、丙二醛和可溶性蛋白等)、pH、电导率、树叶表面气孔结构等进行分析测定。结果表明:9种乔木叶片镉(Cd)含量都约为0;城市交通主干道乔木叶片中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr含量都明显高于清洁对照区,其中香樟、法国梧桐、美国洋槐和大叶女贞含量相对较高;城市交通主干道与清洁对照区相比,叶片pH值降低,电导率变大,但电导率较pH值变化更加明显。城市交通主干道的乔木叶片中脯氨酸(除栾树外)、MDA含量、可溶性蛋白含量(除广玉兰、美国洋槐外)均大于清洁对照区。城市交通主干道的栾树、红叶李和法国梧桐的叶片表皮结构与清洁对照区比较差异较为显著,而银杏、马褂木在不同采样点叶片结构形状保持相似,说明栾树、红叶李和法国梧桐这3种乔木对环境变化的响应比较敏感。     

The flammability of shrubs and trees in anAcacia mangium plantation based on silica-free ash content

Preliminary research to understand the flammability of 14 species of shrubs and 8 species of trees based on silica-free ash content was done in order to recognize which shrubs or trees are more flammable. The results show that the silica-free ash content of shrubs and trees leaves was greater than the stems ranging between 1.7% and 11.4% for leaf and 0.4% and 7.8% for the stems. The shrubsDicranopteris linearis, Imperata cylindrica, Eupatorium pubescens, Lantana camara, Eugenia sp.,Cliforia laurifolia, Pterospermum sp.,Hibiscus similis, Clidemia hirta andTrema orientalis must be considered when fire invades the plantation as well as the treeParaserianthes falcataria, Eucalyptus urophylla, Calliandra callothyrsus, andPeronema canescens.     

Model of leaf energy distribution and its experimental validation of Populus tomentosa Carr

Leaf temperature of a plant is the result of heat transfer between the plant and its environment. There are many factors that can affect leaf temperature, such as the solar radiation energy, environmental temperature, wind velocity, evaporation on the leaf surface, photosynthesis, respiration and so on, which have different effects on the temperature of leaves. In first instance, we analyzed the heat transfer on leaves of Populus tomentosa Cart. theoretically and constructed a model of energy distribution. We then validated the model by analyzing seven different kinds of one-year-old P. tomentosa leaves experimentally. The result shows that solar radiation is the main energy input and the dominant ways of thermal diffusion are heat transfer between the upper and lower leaf surfaces and evaporation from the leaf surface.     

Comparative water use by dryland trees in Parklands in Senegal

Despite the clear evidence of competition for water between trees and crops, there have been very few studies comparing simultaneous water use by differing tree species in drylands. Comparative water use by dryland trees was measured in Senegal using heat balance gauges at the end of the wet season and in the dry season. Significant differences between tree species were found for maximum rates of water use per unit leaf area. Indigenous species may be better adapted to the dry environment than exotic species but the indigenous species Acacia seyal Del. used more water per unit leaf area than all other species. The exotic species Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. consistently used less water per unit leaf area than most other species. There were significant differences in amounts of water used per unit leaf area by differing provenances of the same tree species. Water use in the dry season varied by a factor of three between two provenances of Acacia aneura F. Muell ex Benth. indicating potential to select provenances for drylands based on their water use characteristics. Absolute rates of water use as well as differences in sapflow between species were greatest when soils were moist suggesting that comparative sapflow studies will be most informative when carried out during the wet season. Water use rankings of the differing tree species were broadly maintained irrespective of season.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

辣木幼林对氮、磷、钾肥效响应及叶片的生理反应

[目的]研究辣木幼林时期对大量元素的需求状况。[方法]应用"3414"配方施肥试验设计,探讨N、P、K配方施肥对元阳干热河谷辣木幼龄林的生长量、叶片色素含量(叶绿素a、b及类胡萝卜素)和叶片含水率的影响。[结果]肥力补充对辣木幼林的生长具有非常明显的促进效果,其中N肥各施肥配方对幼林的各项生长量指标和生理指标具有显著或极显著的影响,P肥对除地径增量和叶片含水率之外的其它设定指标也表现出显著效果,而K肥各施肥处理仅对冠高增量、冠高比增量和叶片含水率具有显著影响。[结论]综合方差分析、多重比较、极差分析和相关分析结果,显著促进树高、地径、冠幅生长和叶片色素积累的组合均为本试验设计的中高施肥量配比,其中N3P2K3为最优组合。辣木幼龄阶段对大量元素需求非常旺盛,以维持其快速增长的生物量。     

Persisting soil drought reduces leaf specific conductivity in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens)

Leaf specific conductivity (LSC; the ratio of stem conductivity (K(P)) to leaf area (A(L))), a measure of the hydraulic capacity of the stem to supply leaves with water, varies with soil water content. Empirical evidence for LSC responses to drought is ambiguous, because previously published results were subject to many confounding factors. We tested how LSC of similar-sized trees of the same population, under similar climatic conditions, responds to persistently wet or dry soil. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) trees were compared between a dry site and a wet site in the Valais, an inner alpine valley in Switzerland. Soil water strongly influenced A(L) and K(P) and the plant components affecting K(P), such as conduit radius, conduit density and functional sapwood area. Trees at the dry site had lower LSC than trees with the same stem diameter at the wet site. Low LSC in trees at the dry site was associated with a smaller functional sapwood area and narrower conduits, resulting in a stronger reduction in K(P) than in A(L). These observations support the hypothesis that trees maintain a homeostatic water pressure gradient. An alternative hypothesis is that relatively high investments in leaves compared with sapwood contribute to carbon gain over an entire season by enabling rapid whole-plant photosynthesis during periods of high water availability (e.g., in spring, after rain events and during morning hours when leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit is small). Dynamic data and a hydraulic plant growth model are needed to test how investments in leaves versus sapwood and roots contribute to transpiration and to maximizing carbon gain throughout entire growth seasons.     

Leaf water relations in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus densiflora</Emphasis> Sieb. et Zucc. on different soil moisture conditions

To elucidate the differences in the leaf water relations of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. growing in different soil moisture conditions, we examined the pressure-volume curve and the diurnal changes in the stomatal conductance, the transpiration rate, and the leaf water potential. The leaf water relations were compared using field-grown 40-year-old pine trees growing on the upper and lower parts of a slope. We also compared the leaf water relations of potted 4-year-old saplings growing at pF 4.2 and pF 1.8 soil moisture levels for almost 1 year. The values of the ratio of symplasmic water at turgor loss point to symplasmic water at saturated point (V_p/V_o) and bulk modulus of elasticity () of both the adult trees on the upper part of the slope and the potted saplings growing on pF 4.2 soil moisture were higher than those values of both the adult trees on the lower part of the slope and the potted saplings growing on pF 1.8 soil moisture, respectively. The field-grown adult tree and the potted saplings growing under long-term water stress tended to reduce their stomatal conductance in response to the acute soil drying. It is suggested that P. densiflora growing under long-term water stress rapidly closed its stomata in response to soil drying and avoided losing water, and could also rapidly absorb water with reducing water loss because of the decrease in the leaf pressure potential derived from the high values.     

越南多毛金花茶的光合特性和叶解剖结构对光照环境的适应

[目的]以越南多毛金花茶(Camellia hirsuta Hakoda et Ninh)为实验材料,开展不同光照处理对多毛金花茶光合特性、叶解剖结构及光合色素含量的影响研究,为越南金花茶引种栽培和抚育管理提供理论依据。[方法]于2017年5月上旬,将越南多毛金花茶置于不同光照强度(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%,通过覆盖不同层数的遮荫网获得)的遮荫棚内生长,处理时间2个月。[结果]不同光照处理下,多毛金花茶净光合速率日变化趋势不同,20%、30%光照处理显著提高了多毛金花茶叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率,同时蒸汽压亏缺降低,促进光合作用的进行,达到显著差异(P0.05);在30%光照处理下,光合色素的含量最高,而叶绿素a/b的值最低,30%光照更有利于多毛金花茶叶片中叶绿素b的合成。20%、30%光照处理下的多毛金花茶叶片具有更发达的栅栏组织、海绵组织及更厚的叶片厚度,这2个处理的叶片结构可能有利于其对环境的适应并且光合能力更强。在适当的遮荫条件20%～40%光照处理下,多毛金花茶的最大净光合速率增大。[结论]在20%、30%光照处理下,其叶片具有更发达的叶片厚度和栅栏组织,气孔密度相对较低,净光合速率、蒸腾速率得到提高,胞间CO_2浓度和蒸汽压亏缺降低,CO_2和水蒸气进出气孔阻力变小,同时在30%光照处理下光合色素的含量最高,说明光合速率得到有效提高。越南多毛金花茶适宜在20%～30%光照强度的环境下生长。     

不同香樟单株含水量及抗寒性差异分析

该试验通过对香樟单株叶片、枝条含水量和电导率的分析,比较了不同香樟单株抗寒性的差异.试验结果表明,香樟单株不同,其叶片、枝条含水量有显著差异,且1a生枝条含水量＞叶片＞2a生枝条;随着冬季来临,香樟枝、叶含水量下降的程度因单株不同而有差异;香樟枝、叶的相对电导率随温度的下降显示不同的规律.Al相时电导率最小,抗寒性最强.     

Influence of non-genetic factors on yield of monoterpenes in leaf oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Sources of variation in yields (as a fraction of leaf weight) of 1,8-cineole, -pinene, -pinene and limonene in the leaf oils of young Petford Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees were studied. The oil yields of leaves up to 5 months of age were significantly affected by physiological changes associated with leaf maturation. The extent of these changes depends on genotype and on external influences such as soil moisture conditions. Prolonged drought stress reduced oil production in young leaves but did not affect greatly the equilibrium reached between synthesis and removal of oils at leaf maturity. Waterlogging prolonged peak oil production.Trends in oil yields with time differed markedly between individual trees. Although genotypic variation was great, there was detectable variation attributable to site, season and year. A relationship between seasonal patterns and climatic factors could not be established. Part of the observed variation in oil yields with time was attributable to variability in leaf maturity.The relative superiority in oil-yielding capacity of certain individuals in each experiment was maintained throughout, despite substantial variation from non-genetic sources. This consistency in ranking is of advantage to tree breeders wishing to make selections amongst plantations of differing age, on different sites and at different times of the year. However, even with careful sampling controls, absolute values will vary substantially and progeny testing will be necessary to further assess the potential of the initial selections.     

Terminal bud failure of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) exposed to salt-laden winter storms

At coastal sites, trees are exposed to marine aerosols that may cause foliar necrosis and shoot dieback, which can result in deformed crowns and contorted stems. A six-year study of leaf primordia in terminal buds of black cottonwood trees (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) on Heimaey Island off the south coast of Iceland was undertaken to elucidate the physiological events associated with salt-deposition-related bud failure. Leaf and bud lengths, dry mass, water content and chloride concentrations were monitored and related to four phenological stages: (1) bud set; (2) dormancy induction; (3) dormancy release; and (4) bud break. The trees set buds in July and shed their leaves by late September. Leaf primordia generally stopped growing by September 10 +/- 22 days and attained midwinter water content in late September. Leaf growth commenced in the terminal buds by March 2 +/- 16 days, but mean dates of bud swelling and bud break were April 29 +/- 19 and May 10 +/- 12 days. In summer and until November, chloride concentrations in leaf primordia were low, but increasing. Chloride concentrations remained stable from December to February, even though the dormant trees were exposed to large amounts of marine aerosols. In February and March, three events occurred more or less simultaneously: (1) leaf extension growth commenced; (2) chloride concentration surged in the leaf primordia; and (3) the leaf primordia began to hydrate. Following dormancy release, growth and hydration of leaf primordia were negatively related to chloride concentration in the leaf primordia, with inhibition of leaf growth, tissue hydration and chloride acquisition occurring at a chloride concentration threshold estimated at 7.3 mg Cl- g(-1) tissue water. Necrosis of leaf primordia was observed above 14 mg Cl- g(-1) tissue water. Growth and hydration of leaves at bud break in mid-May was explained by a three-parameter logistic model of chloride concentration in leaf primordia at the end of March. By mid-May, 90% of all buds remained non-necrotic, but only 56% the terminal buds had broken. Salt alone explained the observed growth suppression of leaf primordia in the buds and the resultant failure of terminal buds to break by mid-May.     

Effect of Betula pendula clone and leaf age on Melampsoridium betulinum rust infection in a field trial

Ten 5‐year‐old Betula pendula clones were studied for their rust resistance in the field. The trees were treated by inoculating 10 leaves on a shoot with Melampsoridium betulinum urediniospore suspension or spraying the control leaves with water. The birch clones differed significantly in their resistance to M. betulinum leaf rust fungus and the clones also varied in their responses to the local rust strain and the inoculated rust strains. However, natural rust infections and inoculation treatment were positively correlated. The older leaves had fewer infections than the younger ones on the tip of the shoot in the control trees, but in the inoculation treatment no significant correlation was found between the leaf ages and rust infection. The factors behind the different leaf susceptibilities are discussed.