新生代农民工城乡双重边缘化的公共物品供给探析

分析了我国城乡公共物品供给的现状：一是农村公共物品供给严重不足,具体表现在：农业基本设施供给不足、农业科技投入不足、农村饮水安全存在问题、农民存在“行路难”问题、农村医疗保健水平较低、农村公共文化薄弱、农民教育供给短缺;二是城市公共物品供给制度与水平不能满足新生代农民工的需求,具体表现在：农民工通过政府渠道就业少、遭到城市安居工移的隔离、难以得到城市社会保障。城乡公共物品供给的失衡以及农村公共物品供给的严重不足,导致新生代农民工面临被农村和城市双重边缘化危机。为了切实缓解新生代农民工被城乡双重边缘化问题,提出了完善城乡公共物品供给的对策：一是增加对农村的财政投入,实现城乡公共物品均衡化;二是完善强农惠农政策,增加农村公共物品供给;三是以城市公共物品供给为先导,促进新生代农民工融入城市。     

Not just what, but how: Creating agricultural sustainability and food security by changing Canada's agricultural policy making process

Agriculture has been enormously productive in recent decades. The main problem is that fragmentation of issues, knowledge, and responsibilities has hidden the costs associated with this success. These are mainly environmental, social, and health costs, which have been assigned to other ministries, with their own histories unconnected to agriculture. Now that agricultural policy has achieved its success, its costs are becoming apparent. The current system is preoccupied with traditional views of competitiveness and efficiency. Policies, programs, and regulations are organized to support specific commodities, not farming and food systems. Responsibilities are extremely fragmented and frequently uncoordinated. In this environment, the focus on nourishment, food security, and environmental sustainability is subordinated to economic issues.The future lies in reorienting agricultural policy away from maximum production and towards sustainability. We propose a major transformation of the policy making apparatus in order to shift the focus of the system towards nourishment, food security, and sustainability. A new policy making system must be built on the themes of: integrated responsibilities and activities; emphasis on macro-policy; transdisciplinary policy development; proximity of policy makers to the diverse groups affected by problems needing resolution; food systems policy.The design principles for such a new system are taken from the theory of food security and ecology. Using these principles, we design a new provincial department of food and food security, and test this design with two case studies.     

发挥都市农业多功能促进城乡和谐发展

都市农业是城市可持续发展的一个永久性重要元素,都市农业不仅是城市食物供应系统的一部分,而且是创造绿色城市环境的一个重要因素,它对城市的可持续发展具有重要作用.应通过以下四种方式促进城乡和谐发展:第一,通过补助金制度促进农业的正外部性;第二,将都市农业纳入城市发展总体规划;第三,培育分散的、多渠道的销售市场;第四,将都市农业融入城市环境政策.     

Maize,food insecurity,and the field of performance in southern Zambia

This paper explores the interrelationship between maize farming, the discourse of modernity, and the performance of a modern farmer in southern Zambia. The post-colonial Zambian government discursively constructed maize as a vehicle for expanding economic modernization into rural Zambia and undoing the colonial government’s urban modernization bias. The pressures of neo-liberal reform have changed this discursive construction in ways that constitute maize as an obstacle to sustained food security in southern Zambia. Despite this discursive change, maize continues to occupy a central position in the farming systems of the region. I argue that the continued prevalence of maize in southern Zambia can be understood as a performance that allows farmers to maintain their identities as modern rural subjects. The paper concludes with the policy implications of the field of performance on two contemporary debates in Zambian food security: the use of GMO crops and the promotion of cassava as a drought tolerant alternative to maize. Nicholas Sitko is a doctoral student in the geography department at the University of Colorado. His research interests include multi-disciplinary approaches to food studies, critical development, and Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper presents initial findings from field work conducted in Zambia in 2006. His dissertation research will further develop the relationship between neo-liberalism, food security, and agricultural production by employing analytical concepts derived from political-economic and cultural studies.     

统筹城乡发展背景下扩大农民工就业的障碍及策略选择

影响扩大就业的障碍可划分为两个层面,一是就业主体层面,即与劳动力直接相关的劳动力市场、劳动力保障机制和劳动力素质等问题;二是就业环境层面,即区域经济发展、城乡就业观念、社会制度设置等不平衡状况。对此,需要推进以社会公平为导向的制度创新,以城乡一体化为目标的劳动力市场建设等五项应对策略。     

Potential and observed food flows in a Chinese city: a case study of Tianjin

This study examines the food flow in Tianjin, divided into three areas (urban, suburban, and rural), as a case study to gain a better understanding of local and regional food flows and ecosystem performance. The study has the following objectives: (1) to evaluate the capacity for self-sufficiency within Tianjin’s administrative boundary by estimating a self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) using statistical data at both the city and local scales, (2) to estimate food flow at the city scale from field surveys of the local markets and statistics provided by the local government, and (3) to examine the real flows of the two primary types of arable crops (cereal grains and vegetables) at the local level by conducting semi-structured household interviews. The results of this study show that Tianjin has experienced a rapid increase of self-sufficiency capacity since the 1980s, and it appears to have the capacity to support the citizens within its borders. Rural areas have had a surplus in all of the studied food categories since the 1980s, and suburban areas have a history of high estimated SSR for vegetables, poultry, and fish. However, a low degree of locally sourced product flow was observed in this study. Most of the local cereal crops were consumed in the agricultural production areas, but 70?% of the vegetables produced in the rural areas flowed outside of Tianjin and did not support Tianjin local consumption. To reduce its vulnerability to food security issues and to promote a more environmentally desirable local food system, Tianjin needs to recognize the high productivity of its local ecosystem and reduce its dependence on other remote ecosystems for its food needs. A stronger relationship between urban and rural areas should also be established.     

乡村振兴背景下的粮食安全策略研究

分析了乡村振兴战略与粮食安全的内在联系,探讨了通过科技创新、生产结构优化、农村经济环境改善、农产品流通体系建设以及政策支持等手段加强粮食安全的途径。指出乡村振兴战略是中国新时代农业发展的关键。同时,构建现代化农产品流通体系,缩减了农产品自种植地至餐桌的距离,提升粮食市场供应效率。文章还强调了政府在政策支持、法律法规优化、科技研发投入方面的作用,为粮食安全提供了长期稳定保障。综合评估了乡村振兴战略下粮食安全策略的实施成效,为全球粮食安全问题提供了借鉴。展现了科技创新和政策支持的重要性,为乡村振兴战略和社会经济增长奠定了基础。     

城市带动农村发展中的财政政策选择

财政政策在促进城市带动农村的发展中具有必要性,我国已具备了城市带动农村发展的能力与条件,可通过就业、公共产品、社会保障和资源流向诱导等路径发挥城市带动农村发展的作用。提出建立财政促进城乡统筹就业的长效机制,建立覆盖城乡的公共财政体制,健全农村社会保障体系,建立城市资源积极服务于农业农村发展的长效机制,加快城市带动农村发展的步伐的政策建议。     

新生代农民工创业问题实证研究——基于兰州市的调查

新生代农民工创业对兰州市工业化、城镇化进程的快速发展,以及统筹城乡协调发展,转变经济发展方式有一定影响。兰州市新生代农民工表现为创业者以男性为主、创业领域多元化、以独立创业为主、创业规模较小、创业资金来源渠道单一等特点;存在创业者综合素质偏低、创业层次较低、创业资金不足、创业环境欠佳等问题。建议：健全新生代农民工的创业培训体系,搭建以新生代农民工为对象的创业政策保障机制,健全新生代创业农民工的社会服务体系,鼓励女性新生代农民工的创业等。     

Air pollution,food production and food security: A review from the perspective of food system

Air pollution negatively impacts food security. This paper reviews the current literature on the relationship between air pollution and food security from the perspective of food system. It highlights that agricultural emissions which substantially contribute to air pollution could happen at every stage along the food supply chain. Meanwhile, air pollution can not only affect plant growth and animal health but also shift market equilibrium of both agro-inputs and outputs in the food supply chain and thereby affect food security indirectly. Furthermore, this study evaluates the effects of agricultural policy and energy policy on food security and air pollution, respectively, and provides an overview of potential policy instruments to reduce air pollution while ensuring food security. Finally, we identify the remaining research and policy issues for further studies, mainly focusing on the study of household's bounded rational behaviors and the issue of rural aging population.     

Food sovereignty, urban food access, and food activism: contemplating the connections through examples from Chicago

The idea of food sovereignty has its roots primarily in the response of small producers in developing countries to decreasing levels of control over land, production practices, and food access. While the concerns of urban Chicagoans struggling with low food access may seem far from these issues, the authors believe that the ideas associated with food sovereignty will lead to the construction of solutions to what is often called the ??food desert?? issue that serve and empower communities in ways that less democratic solutions do not. In Chicago and elsewhere, residents and activists often see and experience racial and economic inequalities through the variety of stores and other food access sites available in their community. The connections between food access, respect, and activism are first considered through a set of statements of Chicagoans living in food access poor areas. We will then discuss these connections through the work and philosophy of activists in Chicago centered in food sovereignty and food justice. Particular focus will be placed on Growing Power, an urban food production, distribution, and learning organization working primarily in Milwaukee and Chicago, and Healthy South Chicago, a community coalition focused on health issues in a working class area of the city.     

On food security and alternative food networks: understanding and performing food security in the context of urban bias

This paper offers one explanation for the institutional basis of food insecurity in Australia, and argues that while alternative food networks and the food sovereignty movement perform a valuable function in building forms of social solidarity between urban consumers and rural producers, they currently make only a minor contribution to Australia’s food and nutrition security. The paper begins by identifying two key drivers of food security: household incomes (on the demand side) and nutrition-sensitive, ‘fair food’ agriculture (on the supply side). We focus on this second driver and argue that healthy populations require an agricultural sector that delivers dietary diversity via a fair and sustainable food system. In order to understand why nutrition-sensitive, fair food agriculture is not flourishing in Australia we introduce the development economics theory of urban bias. According to this theory, governments support capital intensive rather than labour intensive agriculture in order to deliver cheap food alongside the transfer of public revenues gained from rural agriculture to urban infrastructure, where the majority of the voting public resides. We chart the unfolding of the Urban Bias across the twentieth century and its consolidation through neo-liberal orthodoxy, and argue that agricultural policies do little to sustain, let alone revitalize, rural and regional Australia. We conclude that by observing food system dynamics through a re-spatialized lens, Urban Bias Theory is valuable in highlighting rural–urban socio-economic and political economy tensions, particularly regarding food system sustainability. It also sheds light on the cultural economy tensions for alternative food networks as they move beyond niche markets to simultaneously support urban food security and sustainable rural livelihoods.     

河北省农村居民生活消费支出倾向分析

按照人们实际支出去向将农村居民消费支出分为食品消费支出、衣着消费支出、家庭设备及服务;肖费支出、医疗保健消费支出、交通通讯消费支出、文教娱乐及服务消费支出、居住消费支出、其他商品及服务消费支出共8项内容,从农村居民生存型消费结构（食品、衣着、居住、文教娱乐）与农村居民享受型消费结构（交通通讯、家庭设备及服务、医疗保健、其他商品及服务）2方面的变化情况探讨了河北省农民居民生活消费支出结构变化状况,得出河北省农村居民生活消费支出逐年增长,生活消费水平逐渐提高,生存型消费有所下降,下降幅度不是很大,主要是食品消费下降所到导致的结果,享受型正在消费缓慢增长,主要表现在交通通讯支出和其他商品及服务支出上。根据河北省2003～2007年农村居民调查资料,对河北省农村居民生活消费支出的8项指标进行定性分析,采用具有消除相关性影响的主成分分析方法分析了河北省农村居民生活消费结构的变化情况,得出河北省生活消费支出从生存性;肖费向享受型消费转变．农村屠民哇活消静水平在不断提高。     

城乡建设用地布局结构研究——以会宁县为例

基于1996～2005年以及2008年甘肃省会宁县建设用地数据,对会宁县城乡建设用地布局结构进行研究,表明会宁县城乡用地总量呈上升趋势;城乡用地存在农村居民点人均建设用地偏高、结构不合理,城市建设用地比例失调、用地集约利用程度低等问题;未来城乡用地总规模将继续扩大,农村居民点用地规模将有所减少。对城乡建设用地做出了预测,并进行结构优化,提出了会宁县城乡建设用地布局发展思路:明确县域空间结构布局;以产业发展带动城乡用地布局优化;以交通基础设施建设促进城乡用地布局优化;协调生态因素与城乡用地布局优化。     

胶州市土地利用变化及其驱动力分析

以胶州市为研究对象,根据1998和2008年土地利用现状数据,运用数理统计和GIS空间叠加方法,分析了胶州市10年来土地利用类型动态变化情况,并从人口、交通、政策和经济4个方面对胶州市土地利用变化的驱动力因素进行了分析。结果表明,10年间胶州市耕地、园地呈减少趋势,城镇工矿用地、交通水利及其他用地呈增加趋势,其中耕地的减少和城镇工矿用地的增加十分显著;主要转移方向包括耕地转化为建设用地,未利用地转化为耕地、其他农用地等;土地利用变化主要受人口、交通、政策和经济等人为驱动力因素的影响。     

将农民工纳入城市住房保障体系的几点思考

逐步将农民工纳入城镇住房保障体系中,是城镇化进程的必然趋势,也是全面贯彻落实科学发展观,构建和谐社会的必然要求。但应充分考虑到农民工自身的特点和各地的实际情况,要科学纳入而不应盲目扩容;同时还应着力研究进城定居农民工享受城市住房政策和农村宅基地政策的衔接,统筹城乡资源。     

Reweaving the food security safety net: Mediating entitlement and entrepreneurship

The American food system has produced both abundance and food insecurity, with production and consumption dealt with as separate issues. The new approach of community food security (CFS) seeks to re-link production and consumption, with the goal of ensuring both an adequate and accessible food supply in the present and the future. In its focus on consumption, CFS has prioritized the needs of low-income people; in its focus on production, it emphasizes local and regional food systems. These objectives are not necessarily compatible and may even be contradictory. This article describes the approach of community food security and raises some questions about how the movement can meet its goals of simultaneously meeting the food needs of low-income people and developing local food systems. It explores the conceptual and political promise and pitfalls of local, community-based approaches to food security and examines alternative economic strategies such as urban agriculture and community-supported agriculture. It concludes that community food security efforts are important additions to, but not subsitutes for, a nonretractable governmental safety net that protects against food insecurity.     

加快户籍制度改革 推动城乡一体化发展

随着我国城镇化的发展,城乡一体化发展问题与农业转移人口市民化等问题成为当前全面建成小康社会的重要议题,而户籍制度改革是解决该问题的关键环节。当前,我国户籍制度改革存在的主要问题有:大城市户籍制度改革进展较慢、外来人口获取城镇公共服务较难、福利与户籍挂钩。我国农业转移人口市民化所遇到的主要问题有:部分农民担心进城可能面临原有福利的损失、部分城市居民担心自己的福利水平会因为外来人口落户而下降、地方政府推进户籍制度改革的积极性不高、扩大城市公共服务覆盖面面临较大的资金压力。鉴于此,为加快户籍制度改革,推进农业转移人口市民化,推动城乡一体化发展,提出建立事权和支出责任相适应的制度、建立财政转移支付同农业转移人口市民化挂钩机制、保障进城落户农民的农村财产权益等对策建议。     

Accessing food resources: Rural and urban patterns of giving and getting food

Reciprocity and redistribution economies are often used by low-income households to increase access to food, adequate diets, and food security. A United States study of two high poverty rural counties and two low-income urban neighborhoods reveal poor urban households are more likely to access food through the redistribution economy than poor rural households. Reciprocal nonmarket food exchanges occur more frequently in low-income rural households studied compared to low-income urban ones. The rural low-income purposeful sample was significantly more likely to give food to family, friends, and neighbors and obtain food such as fish, meat, and garden produce from friends and family compared to the urban low-income group. Further, 58% of the low-income rural group had access to garden produce while only 23% of the low-income urban group reported access. In a rural random sample of the whole population in the two high poverty counties access to garden produce increased chances of attaining recommended vegetable and fruit servings controlling for income, education, and age. Access to a garden also significantly increased the variety of fruits and vegetables in diets.

Rights-based food systems and the goals of food systems reform

Food security, health, decent livelihoods, gender equity, safe working conditions, cultural identity and participation in cultural life are basic human rights that can be achieved at least in part through the food system. But current trends in the US prevent full realization of these economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) for residents, farmers, and wageworkers in the food system. Supply chains that strive to meet the goals of social justice, economic equity, and environmental quality better than the dominant globalized food value networks are gaining popularity in the US. However, achieving important human rights has become conflated with other goals of food system reform over the past decade, such as being “community-based,” local, and sustainable. This conflation confuses means, ends, and complementary goals; and it may lead activists trying to help communities to regain control of their food system choices into less productive strategies. This paper introduces a new concept, rights-based food systems (RBFS), and explores its connection with localization and sustainability. The core criteria of RBFS are democratic participation in food system choices affecting more than one sector; fair, transparent access by producers to all necessary resources for food production and marketing; multiple independent buyers; absence of human exploitation; absence of resource exploitation; and no impingement on the ability of people in other locales to meet this set of criteria. Localization and a community base can help achieve RBFS by facilitating food democracy and reducing environmental exploitation, primarily by lowering environmental costs due to long-distance transportation. Sustainability per se is an empty goal for food system reform, unless what will be sustained and for whom are specified. The RBFS concept helps to clarify what is worth sustaining and who is most susceptible to neglect in attempts to reform food systems. Localization can be a means toward sustainability if local food systems are also RBFS.