功能性饲料添加剂复方制剂对肉鸡生产性能和脂肪代谢的影响

本试验观察了一种功能性饲料添加剂复方制剂对肉鸡生产性能和脂肪代谢的影响。试验结果表明,在基础日粮中添加该复方制剂500mg·Kg-1可使49日龄肉鸡体重提高5.83%,料重比降低8.48%,成活率提高7.03个百分点;并同时降低肉鸡血清总胆固醇含量、血清甘油三酯含量、腹脂率和肝脏粗脂肪含量,而对胸肌粗脂肪含量无明显影响。     

Effects of epigallocatechin gallate on lipid metabolism and its underlying molecular mechanism in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on fat metabolism and to establish the molecular mechanism of these effects in broilers. Seventy‐two 28‐day‐old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into three groups with different levels of EGCG supplementation for 4 weeks: normal control (NC) group, L‐EGCG (a low‐level supplement of EGCG, 40 mg/kg body weight daily) and H‐EGCG (a high‐level supplement of EGCG, 80 mg/kg body weight daily). After 4 weeks of oral administration, EGCG significantly reduced the level of abdominal fat deposition in broilers. The serum triglycerides and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol of chickens in H‐EGCG group were also significantly decreased compared with the NC group, and the high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was notably increased at the same time. Moreover, the vital role of the liver and abdominal adipose tissue in lipid metabolism of poultry animals was examined through gene expression and enzyme activities related to fat anabolism and catabolism in these organs. Our data show that EGCG supplementation for 2 weeks significantly downregulated the expression of fatty acid synthesis and fat deposition‐related genes, and upregulated the expression of genes involved in fatty acid β‐oxidation and lipolysis genes. Simultaneously, the activities of hepatic fatty acid synthesis enzymes (fatty acid synthase and acetyl CoA carboxylase) were significantly decreased, and the activity of carnitine palmitoyl transferase‐1 was notably elevated. The results suggest that EGCG could alleviate fat deposition in broilers through inhibiting fat anabolism and stimulating lipid catabolism in broilers.     

溶血卵磷脂对肉仔鸡脂类代谢的影响

选200羽1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分成对照组和试验组(每组10个重复),试验组日粮添加0.1%溶血卵磷脂,研究溶血卵磷脂对肉鸡脂类代谢的影响。结果表明:溶血卵磷脂降低肝脏系数和肝脂率(P>0.05)、血清总甘油三酯与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)(P>0.05)、LDL-C/HDL-C和葡萄糖含量(P<0.05),提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和游离脂肪酸含量(P<0.05),上调肉仔鸡肝脏载脂蛋白B(P<0.01)和脂肪酸合成酶(P=0.155)mRNA表达水平;而对肉仔鸡的42日龄体重、腹脂率、皮下脂肪厚、肌间脂肪厚、腿肌和胸肌含脂率以及血清总胆固醇、三碘甲腺原氨酸、四碘甲腺原氨酸、促甲状腺激素刺激激素和胰岛素含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示:溶血卵磷脂对肉仔鸡有减少肝脂肪沉积及降血脂作用。     

不同配比油脂对肉鸡脂类代谢的影响

以肉鸡为动物模型,探讨了日粮中添加不同配比油脂后对其脂肪代谢的影响。648只1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复18只鸡,试验期为42 d。CON组为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),SO组为正对照组(日粮中添加豆油),LO组为负对照组(日粮中添加猪油),COP、COC、COV组分别在日粮中添加以棕榈油为主的配比油脂、以椰子油为主的配比油脂、多种植物油配比的油脂。结果表明:42 d,各组腹脂重、皮下脂肪厚度与肌间脂肪厚度、胸肌含脂率、腿肌含脂率均无显著性差异(P>0.05);SO、COP组总甘油三酯含量低于COV组(P<0.05);COP组血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量低于LO组(P<0.01)与CON组(P<0.05);COP组血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量的比值高于LO、COC、COV组(P<0.01),SO组显著提高(P<0.05);SO组肉鸡血清中总脂酶活性高于CON组(P<0.05),肝脏中COP、COC、COV组脂蛋白脂酶、肝脂酶与总脂酶活性都显著提高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:配比油脂组与豆油组在不影响脂肪沉积的情况下,改善了肉仔鸡的体脂分布,且对脂质代谢具有很好的调节作用,其中豆油组与以棕榈油为主的配比油脂组效果较好。     

The effect of dietary supplementation with globin and spray-dried porcine plasma on performance,digestibility and histomorphological traits in broiler chickens

This study evaluated the effects of globin and spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) on growth performance, digestibility, nitrogen retention, energy retention efficiency (ERE) and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 336-day-old male broiler chickens were reared from 1 to 40 days of age and fed 3 diets (8 replicates/diet, 14 birds/replicate) during 3 feeding phases: starter (1–12 days), grower (12–25 days) and finisher (25–40 days). Isonitrogenous diets were formulated by replacing gluten protein isolate contained in the control diet (C diet) with 2% (starter) or 1% (grower and finisher) spray-dried porcine plasma in the plasma diet (SDPP diet). The globin diet (G diet) was obtained by adding globin on the top of C diet at a dose of 0.08% for the whole rearing period. Total tract apparent digestibility (aD), nitrogen retention and ERE were assessed during the three growing phases. At 12  and 40 days of age, one bird per pen was slaughtered to sample gut, liver, spleen and bursa of Fabricius for histomorphological investigations. The SDPP diet increased body weights of chickens at 12 (+60 g; p < .001), 25 (+101 g; p < .001) and 40 days (+130 g; p = .018) of age compared to C and G diets. Also SDPP improved crude protein aD (+9.7%) and ERE (+12.3%) during the starter phase (p < .001). Dietary globin and SDPP inclusion did not affect either the gut morphology or the histopathological findings in birds at 12 and 40 days of age, despite a numerical (+6.90% and +7.40% respectively) villus height improvement in the SDPP group. Overall, these results confirm that dietary supplementation with SDPP and, to a lesser extent, with globin can improve growth performance and dietary protein and energy utilization in broiler chickens without effect on gut functionality.     

Effect of dietary citric acid on the performance and mineral metabolism of broiler

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary citric acid (CA) on the performance and mineral metabolism of broiler chicks. A total of 1720 Ross PM3 broiler chicks (days old) were randomly assigned to four groups (430 in each) and reared for a period of 35 days. The diets of groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were supplemented with 0%, 0.25%, 0.75% or 1.25% CA by weight respectively. Feed and faeces samples were collected weekly and analysed for acid insoluble ash, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg). The pH was measured in feed and faeces. At the age of 28 days, 10 birds from each group were slaughtered; tibiae were collected from each bird for the determination of bone mineral density, total ash, Ca, P, Mg and bone‐breaking strength, and blood was collected for the measurement of osteocalcin, serum CrossLaps^®, Ca, P, Mg and 1,25(OH)₂Vit‐D in serum. After finishing the trial on day 37, all chicks were slaughtered by using the approved procedure. Birds that were fed CA diets were heavier (average body weights of 2030, 2079 and 2086 g in the 0.25%, 0.75% and 1.25% CA groups, respectively, relative to the control birds (1986 g). Feed conversion efficiency (weight gain in g per kg of feed intake) was also higher in birds of the CA‐fed groups (582, 595 and 587 g/kg feed intake for 0.25%, 0.75% and 1.25% CA respectively), relative to the control birds (565 g/kg feed intake). The digestibility of Ca, P and Mg increased in the CA‐fed groups, especially for the diets supplemented with 0.25% and 0.75% CA. Support for finding was also indicated in the results of the analysis of the tibia. At slaughter, the birds had higher carcass weights and higher graded carcasses in the groups that were fed the CA diets. The estimated profit margin was highest for birds fed the diet containing 0.25% CA. Birds of the 0.75% CA group were found to have the second highest estimated profit margin. Addition of CA up to a level of 1.25% of the diet increased performance, feed conversion efficiency, carcass weight and carcass quality, but only in numerical terms. The addition of CA up to 0.75% significantly increased the digestibility of macro minerals, bone ash content, bone mineral density and bone strength of the broiler chicks. It may, therefore, be concluded that the addition of 0.75% CA in a standard diet is suitable for growth, carcass traits, macromineral digestibility and bone mineral density of broiler chicks.     

Effects of dietary supplementation with carnosine on meat quality and antioxidant capacity in broiler chickens

1. This study aimed to investigate the effects of carnosine supplementation on meat quality, antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation status in broiler chickens.

2. A total of 256 1-d-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treatments consisting of 8 replicates of 8 chickens each. The birds were supplied with 4 different diets: a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg carnosine, respectively. The whole experiment lasted 42 d.

3. The results showed that dietary supplementation with carnosine linearly increased the values of pH_45 min and redness and reduced drip loss of breast meat. Dietary carnosine increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in liver, serum and breast meat and decreased the contents of lipid peroxides at 21 and 42 d of age.

4. These findings indicated that dietary supplementation with carnosine was beneficial to enhance meat quality, antioxidant capacity and decrease lipid peroxidation status of breast meat.     

Effect of early feed restriction on hepatic lipid metabolism and expression of lipogenic genes in broiler chickens

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of early feed restriction (ER) on lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function in the liver of broiler chickens. Newly hatched broiler chickens were randomly allocated into control and ER group which was subjected to feed restriction with feed provided on alternate days from hatch to 14 days of age (14 d), followed by ad libitum feeding until the end of the experiment on 63 d. ER group exhibited significantly lower body weight throughout the experiment. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) were significantly higher in ER group at 14 d (P < 0.05), and the higher serum TC level in ER group was also observed at 63 d. In contrast, the contents of triglyceride (TG), TC and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in liver were significantly lower in ER group at 14 d (P < 0.05). At 14 d no significant difference was detected for the mRNA expression of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase-α (ACC-α), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α (PPAR-α) between control and ER group. At 63 d ACC-α mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated accompanied with a significantly up-regulated CPT-ImRNA and a decreased tendency of SREBP-1c mRNA expression in ER group (P = 0.09). Swollen mitochondria with fragmented and reduced cristae were observed in liver of ER group at 14 d. Meanwhile the inner mitochondria membrane viscidity increased and hepatic mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased at 14 d. The results suggest that feed restriction at early postnatal stage may produce long-term effect on lipid metabolism of broiler chicken, probably through, at least in part, alterations in mitochondria morphology and function.     

预消化处理肉鸡加酶日粮中非淀粉多糖酶解效果的研究

文章旨在研究4种单体NSP酶制剂(木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶和甘露聚糖酶),经过预消化处理工艺后,对肉鸡日粮中的非淀粉多糖的酶解情况,为进一步研究NSP酶制剂在肉鸡日粮中的合理利用提供参考依据。结果显示,不同的NSP酶添加量对肉鸡日粮的预消化处理效果有着显著的相关关系,木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶、甘露聚糖酶的最佳添加水平分别为250、350、300、200 mg/kg;初步确定的预消化处理参数是:温度45℃、时间60 min、水分35%。本试验条件下,结合相关的数据分析,试验日粮中最佳酶制剂组合是:木聚糖酶186 mg/kg、β-葡聚糖酶440 mg/kg、纤维素酶337 mg/kg、甘露聚糖酶200 mg/kg(P<0.01)。研究表明,加酶日粮经过预消化处理后,可以有效地降解其中日粮的非淀粉多糖,提高日粮的营养利用率。     

Microstructure of the small intestine in broiler chickens fed a diet with probiotic or synbiotic supplementation

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of a probiotic and a synbiotic on the morphometric parameters of the small intestine of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted on three hundred sixty, one‐day‐old female Ross 308 chicks, which were randomly selected from 20,000 birds and divided into three treatment groups (n = 120) with ten replicates per treatment. The control group (C) was fed a commercial diet, the probiotic group (PRO) was fed the same diet with an added 1% of the probiotic Lavipan® (Lactococcus lactis, Carnobacterium divergens, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and the synbiotic group (SYN) was fed the commercial diet with an added synbiotic: 0.8% of the prebiotic RFO (extracted from lupin seeds) and 1% Lavipan®. According to the manufacturer's data, apart from the typical probiotic action,microorganisms contained in the preparation release anti‐bacterial substances (hydrogen peroxide and bacteriocins) and, therefore, are antagonistic towards pathogenic bacteria present in the gut of animals. Supplementation took place in the first seven days of rearing, and all birds had ad libitum access to water and feed during the 42 days of the experiment. On the last day, all birds were slaughtered and samples from three segments of the small intestine were taken. Villi area, height, width and crypt depth ratios were read using Multiscan software. Synbiotic supplementation increased the BWG of broilers from first to tenth day of rearing, compared to the control group. The PRO group had improved villi morphometric parameters of the duodenum. In the jejunum and ileum, both bioactive substances improved villus width and villus surface area. Crypts were deeper in the small intestine of birds supplemented with bioactive substances, which allows greater renewal of the villi. As expected, the intestinal morphometric parameters of broiler chickens benefited from bioactive substance supplementation.     

日粮中不同牛磺酸水平对蛋鸡体内脂类代谢的影响

将504只59周龄海兰褐蛋鸡随机分为7组,每组3个重复,每个重复24只鸡。在各组鸡饲粮中分别添加0%、0.005%、0.01%、0.02%、0.04%、0.08%、0.16%的牛磺酸,研究牛磺酸对蛋鸡血清、肝脏及蛋黄脂类代谢的影响。试验结果表明:1)日粮中添加牛磺酸能够显著降低68周龄蛋鸡血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量(P<0.05);显著提高64周龄及68周龄蛋鸡血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量(P<0.05)。2)添加牛磺酸可显著降低68周龄蛋鸡肝脏胆固醇含量(P<0.05)。3)日粮中添加牛磺酸可降低68周龄蛋鸡蛋黄胆固醇含量但差异不显著(P>0.05);显著降低68周龄末产蛋鸡蛋黄中棕榈酸及硬脂酸含量(P<0.05);显著增加蛋黄油酸含量(P<0.05);极显著增加蛋黄亚油酸含量(P<0.01)。说明蛋鸡日粮中添加牛磺酸可以改善蛋黄脂肪组成。4)综合本试验各项结果,以添加0.005%水平牛磺酸调节蛋鸡脂类代谢的效果最佳。     

转植酸酶基因玉米对肉仔鸡生长性能及钙磷代谢的影响

选择480只AA商品代肉仔鸡,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,对照组添加磷酸氢钙,试验各组磷酸氢钙减半,分别添加500 U/kg的外源植酸酶和500、750 U/kg转植酸酶基因玉米来源的植酸酶。试验结果表明:肉仔鸡试验期间健康状况正常,各组平均日增重、饲料转化率均无显著差异(P>0.05);各组间血清和胫骨中钙、磷、氮水平无显著差异(P>0.05);试验组21和42日龄时粪中磷的存留量分别比对照组降低49.43%、55.17%、54.02%和31.50%、32.28%、14.96%,差异极显著(P<0.01);转植酸酶基因玉米组与微生物植酸酶组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。转植酸酶基因玉米可以替代外源植酸酶作为一种植酸酶来源在肉仔鸡日粮中使用,不仅不影响生产性能,而且减少磷酸氢钙的使用和氮磷的排放。     

Differential expression of genes implicated in liver lipid metabolism in broiler chickens differing in weight

ABSTRACT

1. Lipid parameters and expression of ACACA, APOA1, CPT1A, FASN, FOXO1, LIPG, PPARα and SIRT1 genes involved in lipid metabolism were investigated in two groups of high (HW) and low (LW) weight broilers from the same strain.

2. Blood cholesterol and liver triglyceride levels were significantly increased in HW chickens compared to LW broilers, while other parameters, i.e. blood triglyceride, blood HDL/LDL, liver cholesterol and total liver fat showed no significant changes in either group.

3. The relative expression of ACACA, APOA1 and CPT1A genes was significantly lower in the liver tissues of HW broilers than in the LW group. The mRNA levels of these three genes showed a significant negative correlation with abdominal fat deposition and live weight of broilers. However, relative expression of FASN, FOXO1, LIPG, PPARα and SIRT1 hepatic genes did not differ among broilers.

4. It was concluded that, of eight hepatic genes implicated in lipid metabolism, only the expression of three (ACACA, APOA1 and CPT1A) were significant for fat and leanness within the same strain of chicken. Since reducing body fat is a major goal in the broiler industry, these data can provide fresh insight into the molecular processes underlying the regulation of fat deposition in broilers.     

Effect of dietary lignocellulose on ileal and total tract digestibility of fat and fatty acids in broiler chickens

The study was conducted to determine the effect of a lignocellulose supplemented diet on apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of fat and fatty acids (FA) in broiler chickens. A total of 48 21‐day‐old male Ross 308 chickens were divided into four treatment groups (n = 12) with six replicates per treatment. From 21 to 42 days of age, the broilers were fed experimental diets varied in the amount of lignocellulose: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%. Total excreta were gathered during the last 3 days of the feeding trial and digesta was collected from the ileum at 42 days of the bird age. Digestibility was determined by the indicator method. The ether extract content in diet/digesta/excreta was determined by the gravimetric method, and fatty acid methyl esters were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fat digestibility measured to the end of the small intestine and in the whole gastrointestinal tract in birds was high and exceeded 90% and 87% respectively. Addition of lignocellulose (1%) increased (p < 0.05) ileal fat digestibility but had no significant effect on total tract fat digestion. Absorption of total fatty acids (TFA) as well as myristic (C14:0), palmitoleic (C16:1) and α‐linolenic (C18:3n?3) acids, estimated by both methods, was significantly higher in birds fed the diets supplemented with lignocellulose, especially at a dose of 1%. Total tract absorption of some dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (C20:2, C20:4n?6) was significantly lower from diet supplemented with 0.5% and 0.25% lignocellulose. There was observed a decrease in apparent digestibility of fat and most examined fatty acids, when measured between terminal ileum and total gastrointestinal tract. The results suggest that lignocellulose can affect digestion and FA absorption in broilers but, as the effect of lignocellulose was not studied previously, further investigations are necessary to confirm the results of the present experiment.     

Effect of dietary astaxanthin rich yeast,Phaffia rhodozyma,on meat quality of broiler chickens

We evaluated effects of dietary supplementation with astaxanthin (Ax)‐rich yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma (Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), on broiler chicken meat quality. Fourteen‐day‐old female Ross broilers were divided into three groups: control group, Ax‐free diet; Ax 10 group, 10 mg/kg Ax diet; and Ax 20 group, 20 mg/kg Ax diet for 28 days. At 42 days old, chickens were slaughtered, and then growth performance, meat quality and sensory attributes were analyzed. Compared with the control, a* values increased significantly after slaughter and 48 h postmortem for Ax 20 samples (P < 0.05) and for b* values in Ax 20 and Ax 10 groups (P < 0.05). Cooking loss decreased in the Ax 20 group (P < 0.05). After 120 h aging, contents of several free amino acids and total free amino acid content of Ax 20 group were significantly higher than the control (P < 0.05). In sensory evaluation, meat texture attributes improved significantly in the Ax 20 group (P < 0.01). No significant changes occurred in flavor attribute scores of meat soup from the Ax 20 group compared with the control even though most assessors preferred meat soup from the Ax 20 group. Overall, Ax‐rich yeast in the diet improves broiler chicken meat quality.     

肉鸡日粮钙源及其消化代谢研究进展

越来越多的人认识到钙源品质变化对肉鸡胃肠道pH、磷和氨基酸消化率、外源酶功效和胃肠道微生物种群的影响.本综述的目的是描述肉鸡饲料成分钙消化、代谢,重点介绍可能影响消化率的因素.但文献报道的钙消化和代谢的可重复性仍然存在局限性.未来使用玉米型日粮对回肠钙表观消化率系数进行评估,将钙与非植酸磷比例大于1:1的日粮适应期定为...     

淀粉消化特性对肉仔鸡蛋白质代谢的影响

淀粉是肉仔鸡能量的重要来源,肉鸡体内50%的代谢能是由淀粉提供的。本文主要综述了饲料淀粉的消化特性对肉仔鸡蛋白质代谢的影响。