本期资讯

正要闻农业部发布规划加强草原保护建设为切实做好"十三五"时期草原保护建设利用工作,加快草原生态改善,推进草牧业发展,农业部组织制定了《全国草原保护建设利用"十三五"规划》(以下简称《规划》)。《规划》从草原制度、草原生态、草原畜牧业、牧民收入、草牧业发展、防灾减灾能力六个方面总结了草原保护建设利用"十二五"成效。同时,《规划》明确提出了草原保护建设利用的目标任务,即到2020年,全国草原退化趋势得到有效遏制,草原生态明显改善,草原生产力稳步提升,草原科学利用水平不断提高,草原畜牧业因灾损失明显降低,草原基础设施     

以建立草原公园为抓手,推动牧区草原转型升级

草地不仅是构建"两屏三带"生态安全战略的重要部分,也是我国牧业发展的基础,我国草原保护在生态保护与牧民增收、草原利用管理、科技支撑能力等方面仍存在很多问题.文章阐述了草原自然公园的定义和草原资源的特点,分析了草原保护中存在的主要问题,并提出了从发展生态旅游、建立产学研相结合的技术创新体系、发展饲草产业、完善补偿机制4个...     

以推进农业供给侧结构性改革为契机加快发展现代草牧业

2014年10月,汪洋副总理首次提出"草牧业"的概念,其内涵主要包括草原保护及草产业发展、草食畜牧业发展、融合一二三产业的草畜生产及其加工和服务业的完整产业链三个层次。本文首先介绍了我国草牧业发展情况,主要包括草原生态保护、草产业发展、草原畜牧业、试验试点4个方面取得的积极进展。其次,从生态文明体制改革、农业结构调整和现代畜牧业建设三方面,深入论述新常态下草牧业发展面临的机遇与挑战。最后,介绍了目前我国主要草牧业政策项目,并强调了下一步重点推进的几项工作,即研究落实草原改革任务、实施好强牧惠牧政策、强化草原法制建设、促进产业转型升级等。     

卓尼县草畜产业发展问题及对策

近年来,随着卓尼县畜牧产业的快速发展,草与畜的矛盾日益突出,天然草原保护任务更加艰巨,卓尼县是一个典型的半农半牧业县,草畜产业发展与草原保护利用方面存在许多不协调因素和问题,本文就草畜产业发展中存在的问题做了分析,提出了全县草畜产业发展与草原保护利用的对策建议,以供参考。     

山丹县草畜产业发展与草原保护利用的现状、问题分析及对策建议

近年来,随着畜牧产业的快速发展,草与畜的矛盾日益突出,天然草原保护任务更加艰巨,山丹县是一个典型的半农半牧业县,草畜产业发展与草原保护利用方面存在许多不协调因素。本文通过分析目前的现状、存在问题的原因,提出了全县草畜产业发展与草原保护利用的对策建议,对半农半牧业区转变畜牧业发展方式具有一定的参考价值。     

阿勒泰地区草原畜牧业发展存在的问题及建议

阿勒泰地区是典型的草原畜牧业地区,草原既是该地区重要的生态屏障,又是牧民的基本生产资料和畜牧业发展的物质基础。如今草原生态保护与牧业生产发展、牧民收入增长的矛盾日益突出,如何有效地保护草原生态环境,科学地发展畜牧业生产,促进牧业增效牧民增收是当前畜牧工作者面临的一个重大课题。笔者结合工作实际对如何实现阿勒泰地区草原畜牧业的可持续发展浅谈几点看法,与广大读者共享。     

实行草原承包责任制保护草地资源

草原是发展草地牧业的物质基础,是牧业发展的重要依托。为有效遏制草原退化,推进牧业的发展,使草原资源优势得到最大限度的发挥,吉林省通榆县在西艾乡实行了草原承包责任制。通过草原承包,彻底打破草原管理、建设、利用上存在的大锅饭,使生产者与草原资源紧密结合,从根本上解决草原资源浪费、产出率低等问题,最大限度调动广大农民开发治理草原的积极性,变资源优势为经济优势。     

草原现状与保护建设建议

<正>黑龙江省是草原畜牧业大省,现有草原面积6500万亩,其中西部松嫩平原地区面积是2800万亩,可利用草原面积2400万亩。是我省的主要牧区,畜牧业的快速发展,已成为农村经济发展的支柱产业。据统计,西部13个牧业、半牧业县(市)农牧民的收入,50%以上来自畜牧业。草原畜牧业的快速发展,农牧民收入增加的同时,也导致了草畜矛盾的突出,草原退化的加剧。因此,加强草原的保护和建设,合理利用草     

新疆牧民参与草原生态补偿意愿分析——以新疆和静县、沙湾县为例

通过对新疆巴州地区和静县和塔城地区沙湾县206户牧民进行抽样调查,运用逻辑斯谛(Logistic)回归模型对牧民参与和接受草原生态补偿意愿的影响因素进行计量分析。结果表明:牧业收入、自主保护意愿和草原保护主体等因素与参与草原生态补偿的关系成正相关关系,草场流动意愿、牧业支出、气候变化和草场状况等因素与参与草原生态补偿意愿成负相关关系。     

牢固树立绿色发展理念 坚定守护龙江大美草原

<正>一、加强草原保护制度建设,织密制度篱笆1.完善基本草原保护制度。黑龙江省畜牧兽医局于2015—2016年组织牧区15个牧业半牧业县和区域内的农垦系统对基本草原划定工作进行了再完善,共划定基本草原984万亩,并全部实现了区域内草原和基本草原空间分布数字化上图,纳入黑龙江省草原资源信息管理系统进行信息化管理。2015年以来,通过严格审查,据此驳回建设项目征占用基本草原申请10次。为落实非牧区基本草原保护制度,已将     

Wildlife Conservation on the Rangelands of Eastern and Southern Africa: Past,Present, and Future

Our objective was to assess the status of the large native rangeland mammals in the eastern and southern African countries focusing on conservation strategies that will benefit the animals, their rangeland habitats, and the people who live in this region. Eastern and southern African rangelands are renowned for supporting a globally unique diversity and abundance of large mammals. This wildlife legacy is threatened by changing demographics, increased poaching, habitat fragmentation, and global warming, but there are reasons for optimism. After sharp declines from 1970 to 1990 across Africa, wildlife populations in some countries have subsequently increased due to incentives involving sport hunting and ecotourism. National parks and protected areas, which have been critically important in maintaining African wildlife populations, are being increased and better protected. Over the past 50 years, the number of parks has been doubled and the areas of several parks have been expanded. The major problem is that no more than 20% of the national parks and reserves set aside for wildlife are adequately protected from poaching. The southern African countries where wildlife has recently thrived have robust hunting and ecotourism programs, which economically benefit private landowners. Considerable research shows rural communities dependent on rangelands can be incentivized to participate in large mammal conservation programs if they can economically benefit from wildlife tourism, sport hunting, and the legal sale of animal by-products. Community-based wildlife conservation programs can be economically and ecologically effective in sustaining and enhancing African wildlife biodiversity, including rhinos, elephants, and lions. Low-input ranching wild ungulates for meat and hunting may be an economically viable alternative to traditional range livestock production systems in some areas. However, in many situations, common-use grazing of livestock and wildlife will give the most efficient use of rangeland forages and landscapes while diversifying income and lowering risk.     

Ranching as a Conservation Strategy: Can Old Ranchers Save the New West?

Working ranches are often promoted as means of private rangeland conservation because they can safeguard ecosystem services, protect open space, and maintain traditional ranching culture. To understand the potential for generating broad social benefits from what have come to be called “working landscapes,” one must consider the synergies of people, environment, and institutions needed to accomplish conservation, as well as complicating factors of scale and uncertainty. Focusing on the problem as it has unfolded in the western United States, we review the state of knowledge about the extent of ranchland conversion; reasons why maintaining working ranches may benefit conservation; and the challenges and opportunities of rancher demographics, attitudes, values, and propensities for innovation. Based on this review, we explore whether the supply of traditional, full-time ranch owners is likely to be sufficient to meet conservation demand, and conclude that although demographic trends seem to suggest that it is not, there exist alternative enterprises and ownership forms that could achieve the goals of ranch conservation. We offer suggestions on how potential shortfalls might be addressed.     

Knowledge in Practice: Documenting Rancher Local Knowledge in Northwest Colorado

For more than 150 years, ranchers in the West have gained insight about natural systems through daily interaction and management of landscapes, but this knowledge has never been systematically documented and analyzed. We interviewed 26 ranchers from a single watershed to understand how ranchers acquire their knowledge, document what they know about rangeland ecosystems, and explore how this knowledge varies within the ranching community. This exploratory study offers insight into the types of knowledge ranchers possess without attempting to survey all rancher knowledge or ascribe this set of knowledge to all ranchers. We identified three major knowledge categories in interviews: active knowledge applied to management decisions, embedded knowledge from living in place, and integrative knowledge that links ecological, economic, and social aspects of rangeland systems. We found rancher knowledge complemented scientific knowledge in its ability to provide site-specific information on management practices and ecological responses, and insight regarding potential indicators of rangeland health. Knowledge varies widely within the ranching community, and knowledgeable ranchers are readily identified through community referrals. Ranchers gained their knowledge primarily through experience and social interactions, and this knowledge is an untapped source of context-specific information. We did find that economic constraints, social norms, and proximity to the system might limit application of knowledge to practice. There is also a danger that this accumulated and dynamic knowledge base will be lost over the next generation, as many family ranches are sold to new ranchers or for nonranching uses. Based on our findings, we propose that more dialogue within ranching communities and between ranchers and scientists may lead to more sustainable land management practices and effective outreach efforts, and could expand and strengthen the informal social networks through which much rancher knowledge is shared and on which the social sustainability of ranching communities depends.     

美国公共放牧地管理政策演进的历史经验

当初步遏制草地退化后,我国当前迫切需要对草地管理政策进行优化和调整,进而更好地通过草畜平衡和生态补贴实现生态保育和牧民利益的协调和可持续发展目标。长达90年的美国公共放牧地政策可以为我国调整和优化草地管理政策提供借鉴。美国经验表明,实现草地生态保育需要在社会共识、法律体系和行政管理等方面,牢固地树立和实现草地的多重功能和生态系统服务理念。进一步地,公有的草地产权制度是保障草地多重生态系统服务的法律前提,非牧产业发展是实现草地多重功能的经济基础,精细的行政管理是实现草地生产生态平衡的技术保障,多种利益主体参与是实现草地管理制度改革的活力来源。美国草地管理制度发展的曲折反复,也说明了生态管理政策的失效和调整,禁牧和监管强度的张弛反复,不同利益集团的矛盾诉求和博弈消长,都是草地治理中的正常情况。我国草地治理也可能经历复杂曲折的过程。在下一阶段,草地产权的优化、行政管理的精细化、牧民利益和生态保育目标的协调,是实现我国草地可持续治理的核心要务。     

美国草原管理法律法规发展概况

草地资源的立法管理是各国管理草地资源防止草地退化的主要人为调控手段。美国草原立法开始早,立法体系完善,对美国公共草地合理管理做出了巨大贡献。美国草地立法经历了3个阶段:首先是草原立法和管理主要在各州层面上,对公共草地管理作用不大,使西部公共草地处于无序利用状态,草地退化严重;第二是《泰勒放牧法》颁布后,开始了公共草地管理,建立了有照放牧和放牧收费制度;第三是美国草地的多用途管理,出台了与草地资源管理相关的一系列法律,主要是《环境政策法》和《联邦土地政策管理法》,草地资源相关价值受到高度重视。在国家立法规定下,对草地资源的价值进行评估。研究美国草地立法过程和立法思想,对于合理管理中国草地资源具有重要指导意义。     

肉牛和奶牛家庭牧场发展现状与对策

为保证我国肉牛养殖业和奶牛养殖业的高速发展,经过多种养殖模式的对比,发现以家庭为主体集约化生产、商品化经营的家庭牧场更加适合未来畜牧业的发展趋势,我们认为肉牛和奶牛的家庭牧场式养殖已经成为我国畜牧业未来的发展方向之一。本文对我国肉牛和奶业发达国家的奶牛的家庭牧场发展现状进行了分析,并与畜牧业发达国家的家庭牧场进行对比,总结了我国家庭牧场在发展中存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出了未来我国家庭牧场的发展对策,以期促进我国肉牛和奶牛的家庭牧场持续健康发展。     

北方农牧交错区草地生态系统服务间接价值的初步评估——以太仆寺旗和沽源县境内为例

以草地地上生物量为基础,运用经济学的市场价值法、物质量法、水量平衡法等方法对太仆寺旗和沽源县境内的农牧交错区草地的固定CO2、释放O2、土壤侵蚀控制、涵养水源、营养物质循环5项生态系统服务功能进行初步的评估。结果表明：由这5项功能构成的生态系统服务的间接价值在农区为16 668元/（hm2·a）,在草原区为17 223元/（hm2·a）。尽管草原区的间接价值比农区的高3.33%,但研究所选的农牧交错区由于农业活动的干扰,并没有导致草地生态系统服务功能间接价值的显著下降。这说明维持现阶段的农业活动或退耕还草可能促进草地生态系统生态经济价值的可持续性发展;但若继续开垦和破坏草地,草地生态系统的服务功能可能会显著下降,草地所具有的生态屏障作用也会减弱甚至消失。     

政府决策和管理体制在草地健康发展中的作用

草地资源退化不能仅仅归谬于全球变化、人口压力和放牧强度的增加,政府的决策和现行的体制对草地的健康发展同样起到决定性的作用。如果没有合理的政策法规和有效的实施体制,单纯的技术管理往往不能根本改变目前草地退化的现状。从中国草地管理的发展历程及主要存在问题、草地科研体制与方向对草地生态系统的影响与作用、草地管理的组织机构以及美国草地管理政策启示等几个方面,系统分析了政府决策和体制对草地健康发展的影响,提出了促进草地可持续发展的一系列政策建议。