福建柏和杉木人工林凋落物分解及养分动态的比较

对福建柏和杉木的凋落物分解和N、P、K养分动态进行了为期 75 0d的研究 ,结果表明 :两树种的落叶和落枝分解速率与时间呈指数关系 ,第 1年干重损失率分别为 83 4 7%和 19 4 3% (福建柏 )、6 0 78%和 2 5 0 2 % (杉木 )。落叶分解过程中 ,P浓度增加 ,而K和C浓度下降 ;但落叶N浓度 ,福建柏的先升后降 ,杉木的则单调上升 ;落枝分解过程中各元素浓度均呈现 :N单调上升 ,K和C单调下降 ,P先升后降。落叶和落枝的元素分解速率均以K最大 ,其次为C和P ,N最小。福建柏落叶元素年分解速率 ,N、P和C比杉木的大 ,但K却比杉木的小 ;而福建柏落枝元素年分解速率C和N比杉木的大 ,而P和K却比杉木的小。福建柏落叶和落枝分解过程中N、P、K的年养分释放量分别为 2 6 30、0 16 2和 1 6 0 4g·m- 2 ,分别是杉木 (1 2 0 5、0 14 3和 1 12 9g·m- 2 )的 2 18倍、1 13倍和 1 4 2倍。与杉木林相比 ,福建柏林凋落物分解过程中养分释放量高 ,且养分释放 归还比值亦大 ,表明福建柏林凋落物养分周转比杉木快 ,这对维持林地土壤肥力是有益的。     

福建柏和杉木人工林细根生产力、分布及周转的比较

对福建三明福建柏和杉木人工林细根生产力、分布及周转进行了为期 3年的研究 ,结果表明 ,福建柏年均细根生物量达 389 7g·m- 2 ,是杉木林 (2 77 2g·m- 2 )的 1 4 1倍 ;活细根年均生物量达 2 16 3g·m- 2 ,是杉木林(14 8 4g·m- 2 )的 1 4 6倍 ;<0 5mm细根生物量 (2 4 2 2g·m- 2 )则是杉木林 (12 4 7g·m- 2 )的 1 94倍 ,其占总细根生物量比例 (6 1 2 % )比杉木林 (4 5 0 % )的高出 16 2 %。福建柏和杉木细根垂直分布在 0～ 10cm土层差异最大 ,该层福建柏总细根密度 (14 4 2g·m- 2 )是杉木 (70 2g·m- 2 )的 2 1倍。福建柏林活细根生物量 1年只出现 1次峰值 (3月 ) ,而杉木林活细根则出现 2次 (3月和 9月 )。福建柏不同径级细根第 1年分散速率及分解系数均低于杉木的。福建柏林细根年净生产量 (32 0 2g·m- 2 a- 1 )和细根年死亡量 (32 6 5g·m- 2 a- 1 ) ,分别是杉木林 (2 5 1 3和 2 4 9 2g·m- 2 a- 1 )的 1 2 7倍和 1 31倍。福建柏细根年均周转速率为 1 4 8a- 1 ,低于杉木林的 (1 6 9a- 1 )。福建柏和杉木细根生物量分别仅占其乔木层生物量的 1 70 %和 1 18% ,但细根净生产力却分别占其乔木层总净生产力的 19 84 %和19 2 1% ,细根年死亡量分别占地上部分凋落物量的 4 8 74 %和 5 1 0 0     

马尾松和杉木人工林凋落物能量研究

通过对福建建瓯25年生马尾松和杉木人工林凋落物能量归还量及月动态的研究,结果表明:马尾松和杉木人工林凋落物年能量总归还量分别为13 734 KJ.m-2和11 377 KJ.m-2,其中通过落叶归还的能量分别占总凋落物能量归还量的67%和60%,表明凋落叶是凋落物能量归还的主体。马尾松林总凋落物能量归还量月变化动态呈单峰型,在7月出现峰值;而杉木林总凋落物能量归还量1 a中出现3次峰值(5月、8月和11月)。     

福建柏和杉木人工纯林凋落物热值及灰分含量月变化动态

通过对福建三明32年生福建柏和杉木纯林凋落物的热值、灰分含量及其季节动态的研究表明,福建柏凋落物各组分的干重热值介于20 88～22 28kJ·g-1之间,杉木凋落物各组分干重热值介于20 22～22 08kJ·g-1之间,各树种凋落物各组分的热值大小顺序皆为:落叶>落花>落果>落枝>杂物。福建柏凋落物各组分的热值均高于杉木。福建柏落叶的干重热值和去灰分热值以2月最大,6月最小;杉木落叶的干重热值和去灰分热值以4月最大,9月最小。福建柏凋落物各组分的灰分浓度介于2 74%～5 29%之间;杉木凋落物各组分的灰分浓度介于3 17%～5 26%之间。福建柏林落叶的灰分浓度比杉木高。福建柏落叶的灰分浓度以10月最大,9月最小;杉木落叶的灰分浓度以12月最大,7月最小。     

第2代杉木林速生阶段营养元素的空间分布特征和生物循环

利用 2a定位观测数据 ,本文对速生阶段的第 2代杉木人工林内N、P、K、Ca、Mg 5种养分元素的含量、积累、空间分布和生物循环进行了研究 ,结果表明 :各组分养分含量排列顺序为草本层 >灌木层 >树叶 >树枝 >树皮 >树根 >树干。树枝中Ca的含量丰富 ,树皮中K的含量丰富。凋落物层养分元素含量低于树枝和树叶 ,反映了凋落时养分元素向林木体内迁移回收的现象。杉木富集N、P、Ca 3种元素。 5种元素积累总量为 85 4 6 5kg·hm- 2 ,是第 1代的 1 5倍。第 2代杉木生产 1t干物质所需养分量为 11 6 2kg ,高于第 1代 ,第 2代杉木林将消耗更多的林地养分。林冠枝叶与树皮养分积累量占林木总积累量的 75 % ,采伐利用应仅取走树干而在林地中留下其它部分 ,让其分解使养分元素归还给土壤。草本层、灌木层与凋落物层三者的养分积累量为 88 13kg·hm- 2 ,是重要的养分库。第 2代杉木中养分元素的年积累量为 93 13kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,略高于第 1代杉木林的养分年积累量。总归还量为 89 4 9kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,其中凋落物归还 17 4 6kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,略低于第 1代 ,淋溶的养分量 72 0 4kg·hm- 2 a- 1 ,是凋落物的 4倍多。吸收量为 182 6 2kg·hm- 2 a- 1 。与第 1代相比 ,第 2代杉木林中土壤K、P的含量高 ,而N、Ca、Mg 3种养分     

嘉陵江上游低山暴雨区3种林分凋落物量及其N、P归还

通过对广元低山暴雨区湿地松（Pinus eliottii Engelm）纯林、刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）纯林、湿地松与刺槐混交林（mixed stands of Pinus eliottii and Robinia pseudoacacia）3种人工林凋落物量与养分归还的研究表明,3种林分的年凋落量范围在3609．6kg·hm^-2·a^-1到4917．6kg·hm^-2·a^-1,除刺槐林外,湿地松林和混交林均以叶的凋落量占优势,分刺占各自总凋落量的87．45％、55％。湿地松纯林凋落量1a中出现3次峰值（5月、7月、11月或12月）。刺槐纯林出现两次峰值（7月、11月或12月）,混交林与刺槐纯林相似。3种林分N、P的年归还量均以刺槐林最大,湿地松纯林最小,这与凋落物总量的大小排序相反。通过凋落物各组分的养分归还中,落叶的归还量占主体。3种林分相比,湿地松林和混交林的凋落总量明显高于刺槐林,但养分归还量却有所不同,刺槐林和混交林明显高于湿地松林,这说明阔叶林有良好维持地力的能力,针阔混交比针叶纯林更能改善土壤肥力。     

浙江省杉木生态公益林凋落物及其与植物多样性的关系

在浙江省10万km2的区域内,选取32个典型样地调查杉木生态公益林凋落物特征.研究表明:1)幼龄、中龄、成熟林3个年龄级的优势林年均凋落量依次为56.2、121.5和327.2 g·m-2a-1,在浙西北、浙中、浙南及沿海4个地理气候区域间无显著差异(P＞0.05);2)叶凋落量占总凋落量的76.0%～96.4%;不同龄级的凋落物组分不同,即杉木在不同发育阶段凋落物存在差异;3)杉木优势林的凋落量小于含杉木的混交林,即乔木种类越多,杉木优势度越小,凋落量越多;4)凋落物对森林水源涵养和水土保持有重要作用.从凋落物角度分析,杉木优势林的生态效益较低,不利于林地自肥、保水及进一步的植被恢复.     

马尾松林下补植阔叶树后森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间的变化

在25年生的马尾松林下分别补植拉氏栲、青栲、闽粤栲、格氏栲和苦槠,形成针阔混交异龄林。补植16年后,对上述5种混交林类型及马尾松纯林的森林凋落物量、养分含量及周转时间进行研究。上述5个混交群落和马尾松纯林的年凋落物量分别为6149·1、7533·2、6741·1、7151·5、8041·7和3442·8kg·hm-2。各混交群落总凋落物量的季节动态呈双峰型,第1次峰值出现在2—4月份,第2次峰值出现在8、9月份。在凋落物组成中,枯叶占绝对优势,占凋落物总量的50%~71%,其余依次为枯枝6%~26%、树皮9%~19%、果实和其他组分5%~17%。各混交群落中来自马尾松的凋落物占50%~58%,来自阔叶树的凋落物占42%~50%,且两者的组成有明显差异。凋落物各组分的养分含量存在较大差异,N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量范围分别为3·25~12·98、0·24~0·97、0·37~6·55、12·77~35·40、2·35~6·10g·kg-1。各林分类型凋落物中养分元素的年归还总量为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。5个混交林群落及马尾松纯林凋落物中的养分年归还总量分别为238·05、213·77、223·93、289·90、304·12和142·01kg·hm-2。6个群落的森林地被物现存量分别为8448·0、15565·8、11993·7、12718·6、6974·2和5020·0kg·hm-2,其中L层在各群落中所占比例分别为47·2%、59·6%、51·3%、61·0%、85·4%及86·3%,平均为61·7%。森林地被物中各养分元素的含量在群落和组分之间存在明显差异,但总的趋势表现为Ca>N>Mg>K>P。最后,通过对年凋落量和林地凋落物积累量的比较分析,上述6个群落的凋落物周转时间预测值依次为0·76、1·42、0·97、1·17、0·84及1·52年,其中枯枝的周转时间明显大于枯叶,且马尾松的枯叶和枯枝的周转时间普遍大于阔叶树。     

外加氮源及与林下植物叶混合对杉木林针叶分解和养分释放的影响

通过外加氮源或将杉木针叶与林下植物叶混合来改变杉木林凋落物中针叶的养分状况,与杉木林针叶凋落物分解进行比较,分析针叶养分状况及其对杉木林凋落物分解速率和养分释放的影响。结果表明:将杉木针叶与林下植物叶混合和外加氮源均对凋落物分解有不同程度的促进作用。经过153d的分解后,未经处理的杉木针叶干质量损失率为20·49%,与林下植物叶混合的凋落物干质量损失率为43·67%,其促进作用最大;外加4gNaNO3的促进作用次之,凋落物干质量损失率为42·07%;外加2g NaNO3的凋落物干质量损失率为29·13%。对分解过程中各试验方案的凋落物干质量保留率进行方差分析,在开始的62d内,与林下植被叶混合的杉木针叶凋落物分解速率和其他3种处理之间的差异显著,62d后未经处理的杉木针叶与加2g NaNO3的凋落物的分解速率没有显著差异,它们与加4g NaNO3或林下植物叶的凋落物的分解速率差异显著。凋落物分解速率与凋落物初始C∶N比值存在显著的线性关系。外加N源和与林下植物叶混合后,凋落物N的含量增加0·6~1·6倍,C∶N比值下降0·4~0·6倍,凋落物底物质量提高,分解速率增大。分解过程中,C质量不断下降,损失24·7%~47·4%,杉木针叶中N出现富集作用,外加N源和与林下植物叶混合的凋落物N释放一定数量后保持稳定的状态。可见,外加适量N源和与林下植物叶混合能提高凋落物底物质量,促进凋落物分解和养分的释放,对维持杉木林的土壤肥力有着重要作用。     

杉木、观光木混交林凋落物能量归还量初步研究(英文)

通过对杉木、观光木混交林及杉木纯林群落凋落物的能量年归还量及能流的季节变化进行研究 ,结果表明 ,混交林凋落物的能流量达 12 .6 4 8× 10 6J·m-2 ,比纯林的高 4 .2 % ;在各目的树种凋落物组成中 ,落叶能流量均占大部分 ;混交林和纯林群落太阳能进入凋落物的转化效率分别为 0 5 6 %和0 5 4 % .混交林和纯林中杉木凋落物能流一年中分别在 3,8和 12月出现 3个高峰 ,其中落叶、落枝、落花和落果能流的月变化与之相似 ,这与杉木的小枝整体凋落方式有关 ;混交林中观光木凋落物能流在1,5和 8月出现高峰 ,其中落叶和落枝能流月变化与之相似 ,但落花能流仅出现在 3～ 5月 ,而落果仅发生在 1月和 3月 .各群落凋落物能流月变化模式与其中杉木凋落物能流变化模式基本一致 .混交林和纯林凋落物能流的季节变化为春季 >冬季 >夏季 >秋季 ,但混交林凋落物能流量季节间变动小于纯林的 .     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.