新形势下湖北生产建设项目水土保持方案管理工作的思考

生产建设项目水土保持方案是水行政主管部门管理生产建设项目水土保持工作的重要抓手。根据全国水土保持信息管理系统和湖北省水土保持公报相关资料数据,对湖北省近年水土保持方案审批数量和范围变化情况、审批项目类型变化情况、编制单位编制项目数量等进行分析,探讨了"放管服"改革新形势下湖北生产建设项目水土保持方案管理在审批方式、审批质量和监管方式等工作中的一些想法和思考。     

开发建设项目水土保持工程建设存在的问题与建议

当前 ,开发建设项目水土保持工程建设存在方案编制工作滞后 ,越限编制方案 ,方案评审、审批工作混乱等问题。建议制定开发建设项目水土保持方案评审管理办法、开发建设项目水土保持工程技术规范与验收规程 ,采取招标方式选择施工单位等     

对水土保持方案实施与管理有关问题的思考

全国开发建设项目水土保持方案编报审批工作取得了一定成绩,但与“三同时”的要求还有很大差距。完善有关工作程序和工作机制,使水土保持方案设计与主体工程设计相协调,加强对各有关环节的监督管理,把好水土保持设施验收关,对切实防治开发建设项目水土流失意义重大。     

浅析水土保持方案落实难的原因与对策

编报水土保持方案是《水土保持法》之规定,最近5 a,全国审批的各类水土保持方案就达20多万个,但是已经审批的水土保持方案能够得到落实的却很少。即使是大型开发建设项目注重更多的是主体工程的保护,而忽视水土保持设施建设,使水土保持方案的有关设计和要求无法落实或滞后实施。水保方案落实难在何处?主要是存在水土保持意识淡薄,存在"两重、两轻"现象,管理不规范,审批、督查和验收相脱节,水保方案执行不到位,缺乏后期评价。为此建议:以科学发展观统领水保预防监督工作,落实水土保持工作报告制度,实行开发建设项目水土保持公告制度、水土保持方案保证金制度、完善水土保持方案后评价制度、规范水土保持方案。     

广安市制定2014年水保执法监督检查行动方案

<正>为加强全市水土保持预防监督工作,切实抓好全市生产建设项目水土保持方案编报、设施验收和补偿费收取工作,广安市制定了2014年水保执法监督检查行动方案,明确了2014年对各区市县和各生产建设项目单位进行监督检查的内容、方式和步骤。对各区市县主要从水土保持方案审批和设施验收纳入政务中心实行并联审批情况、水土保持方案审批和设施验收纳入政务中心实行并联审批但审批事项在体外循环情况、水土保持"三同时"制度     

深入贯彻新水土保持法 推动广西水土保持监督管理工作再上新台阶

自1991年水土保持法实施以来,广西水土保持配套法律法规体系不断完善,水土保持方案审批和水土保持设施竣工验收工作取得突破,水土保持"两费"征收工作不断加强,水土保持监督检查力度不断加大,监督管理队伍执法能力显著增强,但还存在不少问题,要深入学习贯彻新水土保持法,搞好全国水土保持监督管理能力建设,加大水土保持方案审批力度、开发建设项目监督检查力度、水土保持规费征收力度和水土保持设施竣工验收力度,全面提升广西水土保持监督执法工作水平。     

项目立项阶段的水土保持执法

开发建设项目立项阶段的水土保持执法是围绕水土保持方案编报审批展开的,即在开发建设项目立项关口,通过行政协调、行政许可、行政立规等手段,推进水土保持方案编报审批工作,为整个执法工作奠定基础。浅述了在这个阶段的行政协调、行政立规和行政许可等执法行为的要点、特征、要求、问题和建议。     

襄汾县水土保持监督执法的做法与成效

襄汾县在水土保持监督执法实践中,打破以往常规的做法,积极和相关部门沟通,建立了"会签"制度,把开发建设项目水土保持方案审批纳入到全县项目审批总体实施方案中,加大监督执法力度,强化监督执法意识,把好监督执法关口,开创了水土保持监督执法工作的新局面。文章介绍了主要做法和取得的成效。     

对四川水土保持监测工作的认识和探索

结合近年来随着开发建设项目的增多,四川省人为水土流失有日益增加趋势的实际,阐述了四川水土保持监测工作面临的严峻局面:一是方案审批的强化要求监测工作逐步落实,二是水土保持设施验收的稳步开展要求监测工作提出可靠结果,三是水土保持监测和监理工作的发展要求监测工作切实到位,四是水土流失综合治理的发展要求监测工作能够全面、准确反映水土保持综合效益。对四川省水土保持综合治理和开发建设项目监测作了有益探索。     

山区风电场建设项目水土保持管理创新探讨

山区的风电场项目在建设过程中极易发生水土流失,若得不到有效控制,会对当地生态环境景观造成不利影响。本文在分析山区风电场建设项目水土流失特点的基础上,结合水土保持工作存在的问题,从严格水土保持方案审批、"三同时"制度的落实、水土保持监测与监督管理等方面提出了几点创新意见,以期为今后山区风电场建设项目水土保持工作提供借鉴。     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in different Indian cereals, pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils.

A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Caimans,Capybaras, otters,manatees, and man in amazonia

Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Die Bindungsformen von Si,Mg, Fe,Al, Mn,Cr, Ni und Co in Saprolit und Laterit über Serpentinit,Insel Gebe,Indonesien

Fixation of Si, Mg, Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, Ni and Co in saprolite and laterite above serpentinite - Gebe Island, Indonesia The fixation of various major and trace elements has been studied in a saprolite/laterite profile above serpentinized peridotite. Sequential extraction of < 63 μm fraction shows different types of element fixation in soil: adsorption on mineral surfaces (1), fixation to Mn-oxides (2), bonding to poorly and better crystallized Fe-oxides (3). In the laterite, most of the extractable Si-, Al-, Cr- and Ni-contents are bound to goethitic Fe-hydroxide. The saprolite has considerable amounts of secondary quartz which has been formed during ageing of amorphous silica modifications. Their precipitation is favoured by high Si adsorption capacity of poorly crystallized Fe-hydroxide. In saprolite and laterite Co is bound to Mn-oxides. It can readily be extracted from pure Mn-oxides. In contrast, the intimate association of Mn-oxides to goethite reduces the rate of easily extractable Mn and Co in middle and upper zones of the laterite.     

Fluxes of Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Cr,and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems

The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.