杉木人工林优势高生长模拟及多形地位指数方程

采用差分法构建以Korf等 6种理论生长方程为基础的多种多形地位指数方程 ,探讨它们的多形表达涵义 ,并对其模拟性能进行了较为全面的分析 ,得到结论 :(1)基于理论生长方程 ,通过差分法可以构建具有良好生物学基础的多形优势高方程 ;(2 )理论生长方程的拐点取值情形对其模拟优势高生长的精度具有至关重要的影响作用 ;(3)差分方程较方程原型更适合于大范围数据的拟合 ,如数据基础为地区或产区层次时 ,其拟合效果明显要好 ;(4 )多形优势高方程展现出了较高的模拟精度 ,其中以Korf、Richards、Weibull方程的 2参数多形表达式及Sloboda方程的 3参数多形表达式为佳 ,采用优良的多形优势高生长模型可以构建说理性完备的多形地位指数方程。     

Richards多形地位指数模型研建新方法——参数置换法

以杉木为例,探讨了基于导向曲线的Richards多形地位指数模型的研建新方法——参数置换法。研究发现:利用差分方程途径可以直接推导出全新的Richards多形地位指数模型。该模型在标准年龄较低(T=4 a)时能对优势高生长进行正确预估,并且其参数值与导向曲线的模型参数拟合结果非常接近。研究还进一步从绝对平均误差(MAE)、相对平均误差(MRE)、均方根误差(RMSE)、决定系数(R2)和修正决定系数(R2adj)等5个方面对导向曲线参数值替代非同形曲线的模型参数值的有效性进行了分析。结果表明:替代与否各指标间几乎无差异,亦即用导向曲线参数值直接替代非同形曲线的模型参数值是可行的。这一研究结果为在事先无地位指数表的情况下利用临时样地的年龄-树高调查数据或间隔数据进行立地质量评价提供了可能,还为直接通过导向曲线实现多形地位指数建模提供了方法。     

福建柏人工林地位指数曲线模型的研究

利用福建柏人工林优势木树干解析材料,选择McDill——Amateis生长方程建立多形地位指数曲线模型。结果表明：McDill——Amateis方程能够很好地描述福建柏人工林优势高生长规律,是研制多形地位指数曲线的一个理想的生长方程,在森林立地质量评价中有实际应用的价值。     

日本落叶松家系对树高生长模型参数的影响

以湖北省建始县长岭岗林场 15年生日本落叶松子代测定林为研究对象 ,研究了家系间优势高的生长变异 ,家系对树高生长模型参数影响的显著性检验 ,并构建了日本落叶松家系树高生长模型。研究表明 ,同一立地不同家系的树高—年龄关系为多形曲线 ,不仅渐近线存在显著差异 ,而且曲线的形状也发生改变 ,应采用不同的生长模式来描述其树高生长过程 ,优势高生长是环境差异和遗传变异的树木表现型的综合反映 ,树高生长潜力 (立地指数 )随着遗传改良材料的应用而增大 :Schumacher和Richards方程对模拟日本落叶松幼龄阶段不同家系的优势高生长过程均能达到令人满意的效果 :家系间优势高的差距随年龄而增大 ,且家系间连年生长速率也各不相同。     

木麻黄生长与收获模型系统的研究

利用海南文昌2005年森林资源二类调查的木麻黄工业原料林样地资料,通过参数置换法,构建了以优势高模型为基础,以断面积预估为中心,将蓄积量作为目标变量的生长与收获模型系统。结果表明：组成模型系统的各模型的拟合精度较高,各模型的预估值与观测值差异不显著,适应性较好,能对木麻黄的优势高、断面积和蓄积量生长进行正确预估,可用于研究区木麻黄工业原料林的生长与收获预估。研究方法为一次性调查数据生长模型及类似模型的研建提供了经验和借鉴,并为当前缺少长期定位观测数据和大量解析木数据的森林经营单位编制森林经营方案提供了理论基础。     

木麻黄生长与收获模型系统的研究

利用海南文昌2005年森林资源二类调查的木麻黄工业原料林样地资料,通过参数置换法,构建了以优势高模型为基础,以断面积预估为中心,将蓄积量作为目标变量的生长与收获模型系统。结果表明:组成模型系统的各模型的拟合精度较高,各模型的预估值与观测值差异不显著,适应性较好,能对木麻黄的优势高、断面积和蓄积量生长进行正确预估,可用于研究区木麻黄工业原料林的生长与收获预估。研究方法为一次性调查数据生长模型及类似模型的研建提供了经验和借鉴,并为当前缺少长期定位观测数据和大量解析木数据的森林经营单位编制森林经营方案提供了理论基础。     

长白落叶松林分断面积生长模型的研究

分析了理查德、逻辑斯蒂、单分子及冈珀斯生长方程之间的关系，以理查德方程为基础，研究了其它各方程的特点及性质。运用辽宁省长白落叶松林分观测数据，模拟了Richards等生长方程的林分断面积生长过程，以林分立地指数，疏密度为因变量，建立了多形长白落叶松林分断面积生长曲线模型。通过预测分析表明，Richards生长方程具有适应性强、精度高等特点。     

湿地松多形与单形地位指数曲线模型的对比研究

选用吉安地区湿地松栽培区10个县(市)的385株具有代表性的平均优势木.以理查德(Richards)函数为基本模型.采用标准差法、变动系数法、相对树高法、比例法,差分方程法和多形曲线等展开成地位指数曲线。通过拟合精度检验.结果表明:由于不同地位指数优势木树高的生长过程曲线簇存在着多形特性.多形模型的预估精度明显高于单形模型。因此.以建立多形模型为宜。     

柳杉多形地位指数表编制

根据福建省柳杉人工栽培区20年生以上林分优势木的解析木数据，以修正的Richards函数为数学模型，用Marquardt迭代法求出优势高生长曲线的拟合方程，从而编制出柳杉多形地位指数表。拟合方程中引入一系列形状系数（b1、b2……），因此对全省不同地区、不同生长条件下具有不同线形的柳杉优势高生长曲线，均有较高的拟合精度，克服了以往单形地位指数曲线无法反映同一树种在不同立地条件下，其林分优势高生长过程并不完全相同的客观规律以及多形地位指数曲线指数级年龄时的优势高与指数级不符的矛盾。     

基于理论模型及其差分方程的湖北省杉木立地指数表研制

以湖北省杉木主要栽培区的92块标准地优势木解析资料为基础数据,利用7种理论生长方程以及其中5种模型的差分方程进行优势高生长模型的拟合,选择较优树高生长模型分别采用导向曲线法和差分方程法编制立地指数表,并通过检验和对比分析选择较适于本地区杉木人工林立地指数表的编制方法和类型。结果表明:理论生长方程及其差分方程构建的树高生长模型均具有良好的拟合优度,两者的决定系数分别超过了0.85和0.98,经模拟检验和残差分析,后者拟合精度明显优于前者,而理查德理论模型及其差分方程均优于其他生长方程构建的模型。选择理查德模型和考尔夫模型差分方程为基础方程,以20a为标准年龄和2m为指数级,分别采用相应的导向曲线法和差分方程法编制单形和多形立地指数表,两者均达到了显著性检验,但多形立地指数表预测精度更高,更适于湖北省杉木人工林的立地评价。     

Modelling dominant height growth in plantations of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco in Spain

A model for predicting dominant height growth and site index of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco in Spain was constructed. Data from stem analysis of 117 site trees were used. Four dynamic equations using the algebraic difference approach (ADA) and its generalisation (GADA), which have provided good results in previous studies, were evaluated. The model parameters were estimated with the base?age?invariant method of dummy variables, which considers both global (common to all sites) and local parameters (specific to each site). A GADA equation based on the Bertalanffy–Richards base model yielded the best results. The model provides polymorphic curves with multiple asymptotes. A base age of 20 years is proposed to reference site index.     

Modeling top height growth of red alder plantations

Height growth equations for dominant trees are needed for growth and yield projections, to determine appropriate silvicultural regimes, and to estimate site index. Red alder [Alnus rubra Bong.] is a fast-growing hardwood species that is widely planted in the Pacific Northwest, USA. However, red alder dominant height growth equations used currently have been determined using stem analysis trees from natural stands rather than repeated measurements of stand-level top height from plantations, which may cause them to be biased. A regional dataset of red alder plantations was complied and used to construct a dynamic base-age invariant top height growth equation. Ten anamorphic and polymorphic Generalized Algebraic Difference Approach (GADA) forms were fit using the forward difference approach. The Chapman–Richards anamorphic and Schumacher anamorphic model forms were the only ones with statistically significant parameters that yielded biologically reasonable predictions across a full range of the available data. The Schumacher model form performed better on three independent datasets and, therefore, was selected as the final model. The resulting top height growth equations differed appreciably from tree-level dominant height growth equations developed using data from natural stands, particularly at the younger ages and on lower site indices. Both the rate and shape parameters of the Schumacher function were not influenced by initial planting density. However, this analysis indicates that the asymptote, which is related to site index, may be reduced for plantations with initial planting density below 500 trees ha⁻¹. The final equation can be used for predictions of top height (and thus) site index for red alder plantations across a range of different growing conditions.     

Richards函数拟合多形地位指数曲线模型的研究

本文以Richards函数为基本模型,讨论了不相交多形地位指数曲线的拟合。解决了标准年龄时树高与指数值不一致的问题;给出了根据树高和年龄求指数的实用迭代公式;探讨了标准年龄不同,指数曲线形状是否会变化的问题;最后讨论了本文所用的杉木多形地位指数曲线模型的一些特性。     

基准年龄立地质量评价的影响分析

Taking Chinese fir as researched object and Richards function as basic model,the models of single site index and polymorphic site index were established to analyze the affect of stand standard age on the result of site quality evaluation with the ways of ANOVA, multicompare,curve tourning point and change of dominant tree height between site classes. The result showed that with the site class getting higher,curve tourning point volue getting lower,it was impossible to define the standard age before stand growth reached steady. If stand standard age is too small, it would lead to a higher site calss in polymorphic site index evaluation; The difference was notable among stand dominant height from difference standard age,if standard age is too small, it would lead to a lower site class in single site index evalution. Taking the age steady-grown stand as standard age would not make notable affect on the result of site quality evaluation.     

Development of height curves for Japanese larch in relation to GIS-derived site index

The objectives of this study were: (1) to relate the height growth pattern to the GIS-derived site index, (2) to construct various types of polymorphic height curves, and (3) to select the most accurate height curve for Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi). A total of 14 dominant trees were felled for stem analysis. Richards' function was first fitted to the height/age dataset recorded from stem analyses of 14 trees, and its parameters (i.e., A, k, and m) were then estimated for each sample tree. The relationship between parameter A and the GIS-derived site index was significant, while that of parameters k and m were not significant. The 12 height curve equation forms developed from the Richards' function were then fitted to the dataset consisting of 563 observations of height, age, and GIS-derived site index derived from 14 trees. All height curves were unbiased and provided an equally good fit. The shape of the height curves differed among sites of different site indices. These results indicated that Richards' function was sufficiently flexible to represent the polymorphic height growth pattern of Japanese larch. Finally, the best-fit height curve was selected so that accurate height growth predictions would be possible at any given age and site.     

Application of theoretical growth functions for Mongolian oak (Qurcus mongolica)

Four alternative functions are used for fitting tree height and diameter growth models for mongolian oak. (Quercus mongolica Fisch. et Turcz.). The data set includes 1250 random trees and 755 dominant trees coming from 510 temporary plots. The resultsshow that the Richards function is the best model for predicting height. diameter at breast height (DBH) and dominant height from age. The average growth curve of dominant height is used as a guide curve for the construction of a site index table which is partially validated using an independent data set. The Mitscherlich function is the best model for estimating height and dominant height from DBH. (Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai)     

GROWTH AND YIELD MODELS FOR DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS

Growth and yield models were developed for individual tress and stands based on336 temporary plots with 405 stem analysis trees of dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Rupr.)plantations throughout Daxing’anling mountains.Several equations were selected using nonlinearregression analysis.Results showed that the Richards equation was the best model for estimatingtree height,stand mean helght and stand dominant height from age; The Power equation was thebest model for prediction tree volume from DBH and tree height; The logarithmic stand volumeequation was good for predicting stand volume from age,mean height,basal area and other standvariables.These models can be used to construct the volume table, the site index table and other for-estry tables for dahurian larch plantations.