海水池塘养殖水体中三氮的存在特征及变化规律

氮、磷元素既是海洋生物最基础的营养物质,也是生物体的主要组成成份之一[1].在养殖生产上,系统中氮磷的利用率,存在特征,含量比例,积累情况及变化趋势等常作为评价养殖水平和养殖模式的重要指标[2].2007-2008年对不同养殖模式试验池水进行了三氮、磷酸盐测定,对其存在特征、变化规律及影响因子进行了分析,为健康养殖提供参考依据.     

养殖水体中孔雀石绿的快速检测技术

利用筛选柱快速检测养殖水体中孔雀石绿,发现当水样中孔雀石绿浓度为5.0 ng/mL和10.0 ng/mL时,检测过程中未发现颜色变化;当水样中孔雀石绿浓度为50.0 ng/mL或以上时,检测过程中颜色变化较明显,该结果能满足广大基层养殖户快速筛选的需求。     

鲍养殖水体中致病性弧菌的调查

在18份鲍鱼养殖厂的各种水样和不同生长期的鲍样品中,共分离出17株弧菌:溶藻性弧菌11株,副溶血弧菌3株,霍乱弧菌2株,拟态弧菌1株。其中,溶藻性弧菌分布比较广,存在于各种样品;副溶血弧菌主要分布于鲍的肠道内;而非O1 O139群霍乱弧菌和拟态弧菌则分布于源头水中。鲍养殖水体中细菌总数的计数可以作为监测细菌性病害的指标之一。副溶血弧菌在鲍肠道内的高检出率提示鲍与副溶血弧菌的关系值得深入研究。     

罗非鱼养殖过程中水体尿素含量的变化

为了解罗非鱼养殖过程中水体尿素含量的变化特征,分两期试验探讨了投喂和充气对罗非鱼养殖水体尿素、pH、氨氮、亚硝酸盐含量的影响。结果显示：前期试验中,充氧条件下喂食和不食组的尿素浓度一直处于较低水平,且保持相同的变化趋势,两组尿素浓度水平差异不明显。后期试验中,充气喂食条件下尿素浓度水平高于充气不喂食组,高于不充气不喂食组,充气喂食组的尿素含量呈波动上升趋势,充气不喂食和不充气不喂食组尿素浓度变化趋势一致;亚硝酸在三组中均处于较低的浓度水平,但不充气不喂食组高于其余两组;充气喂食组氨氮浓度水平最高,且是保持上升的趋势,其余两组氨氮浓度变化趋势保持一致。结果表明,本实验鱼类养殖水体尿素含量主要受到鱼类生理代谢活动影响,而饲料是水体氨氮的主要来源,充气对水体尿素浓度影响不明显。     

养殖水体中亚硝酸盐的处理

养殖水体亚硝酸盐含量过高一直是养殖过程中比较棘手的问题。亚硝酸盐含量过高,会导致水体理化因子和生物系统失去平衡,病害增加,给养殖户带来比较惨重的损失。当前虽然还没有能降解亚硝酸盐的特效药,但实践中,可以实施各种措施来缓解和降低亚硝酸盐带来的危害。本人对当前养殖生产中亚硝酸盐的控制方法及其效果进行了归纳与总结,供大家参考。     

生物修复技术在池塘养殖水体的应用

水产养殖业在我国农业产业结构中占据着十分重要的地位,对于促进我国农业经济发展发挥着重要作用.近些年我国的养殖方式由传统粗放式养殖向精细养殖、集约化养殖、规模化养殖和科技化养殖转变,混养、套养、立体养殖、生态养殖等模式也发展起来,各地建立了健康养殖示范基地,积极解决传统养殖带来的水域污染问题,大力推进绿色渔业工程建设,这...     

生物修复在水产养殖水体净化中的研究进展

目前的水产养殖已由一般品种的养殖过渡到名特优水产品的养殖。为了追求经济利益,往往采用高密度的养殖方式,这样将引发养殖水体的生态破坏,导致养殖动物疾病的频发。不同的水产养殖系统排放废物的种类和数量的差异主要与养殖系统的形式和养殖动物的种类有关。就集约化养殖水体而言,氨氮污染已成为制约水     

固定化微生物技术及其在养殖水体中的应用

介绍了固定化微生物技术的定义,固定化微生物的制备方法,并重点介绍了固定化微生物技术在养殖水体中的应用以及存在的问题和展望。     

养殖水体中pH值的作用及调节

综述了与渔业生产密切相关的水质指标pH值,通过对渔业生产中pH值作用的阐述,提出了判定水体pH值出现异常的方法。总结出改良和调节水体pH值的多种有效途径,用以指导渔业生产。     

养殖水体中敌百虫的残留检测和降解分析

对养殖水体和不同pH值条件下,采用HLB小柱固相萃取处理水样,进行敌百虫残留的检测和降解分析。检测简化了前处理方法,最低检出限为0.1μg/L,回收率达到80%～110%。配制的250 mg/L、500 mg/L两种浓度的敌百虫水溶液,在中性的条件下24 h降解了15%,碱性条件下24 h降解了100%,pH值越高降解越快。在养殖河蟹的水体中,高浓度的敌百虫溶液比低浓度敌百虫溶液降解。     

小竹山岛海洋牧场区营养盐分布特征及增养殖适宜性探究

营养盐作为海水生物的基本生源要素,其含量与分布显著影响渔业资源分布与渔业活动。为了探究海洋牧场生态环境分布状况,并为海洋牧场的开发管理提供科学指导,于2017年12月—2018年9月对小竹山岛海洋牧场区进行4个航次的季度调查,分析并讨论了该海区营养盐分布特征,并针对虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)和深水网箱增养殖活动,选取海水营养水平指数、叶绿素a浓度、温度、盐度、水深和底质类型等指标,对增养殖适宜性进行了探究。结果显示,活性磷酸盐(DIP)浓度为冬季>夏季>秋季>春季,浓度值分别为0.032、0.021、0.017和0.015 mg/L。无机氮(DIN)浓度为秋季>冬季>夏季>春季,浓度值分别为0.26、0.21、0.20和0.18mg/L。DIP和DIN浓度在4个季节间差异明显,但季节内分布均匀。受到地形坡度和人工鱼礁投放的影响,在人工鱼礁投放区域的中下层水体有较高的营养盐浓度。增养殖适宜性结果显示,虾夷扇贝增养殖适宜性指数在冬季和夏季较高,适宜在海洋牧场西部区域进行增养殖活动。深水网箱增养殖适宜性指数在夏季和秋季较高,...     

Comparative analysis of flow patterns in aquaculture rectangular tanks with different water inlet characteristics

The objective of the work is to improve the design rules of rectangular aquaculture tanks in order to achieve better culture conditions and improve water use efficiency. Particle tracking velocimetry techniques (PTV) are used to evaluate the flow pattern in the tanks. PTV is a non-intrusive experimental method for investigating fluid flows using tracer particles and measuring a full velocity field in a slice of flow. It is useful for analysing the effect of tank geometries and water inlet and outlet emplacements. Different water entry configurations were compared, including single and multiple waterfalls and centred and tangential submerged entries.

The appearance of dead volumes is especially important in configurations with a single entry. Configuration with a single waterfall entry shows a zone of intense mixing around the inlet occupying a semicircular area with a radius around 2.5 times the water depth. A centred submerged entry generates a poor mixing of entering and remaining water, promoting the existence of short-circuiting streams. When multiple waterfalls are used, the distance between them is shown to have a strong influence on the uniformity of the velocity field, increasing noticeably when the distance between inlets is reduced from 3.8 to 2.5 times the water depth. The average velocities in configurations with multiple waterfalls are very low outside the entrance area, facilitating the sedimentation of biosolids (faeces and non-ingested feed) on the tank bottom. The horizontal tangential inlet allows the achievement of higher and more uniform velocities in the tank, making it easy to prevent the sedimentation of biosolids.     

Application of sediment microbial fuel cell for in situ reclamation of aquaculture pond water quality

Performance of sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) with external resistance (SMFC-1) as well as short-circuited mode (SMFC-2) was evaluated at different operating temperatures (28–30 °C and 21–25 °C) and in presence and absence of aeration at the cathode. The performance was evaluated in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal for offering in situ treatment of aquaculture pond water. SMFC-2 demonstrated maximum COD and TKN removal efficiencies both in the absence and presence of aeration near cathode as compared to SMFC-1. With aeration at cathode, the COD and TKN removal efficiencies were 79.4% and 92.6% in SMFC-1 and 84.4% and 95.3% in SMFC-2, respectively. Without aeration and at lower operating temperature, the COD and TKN removals were slightly lower, yet satisfying aquaculture quality norms. SMFCs demonstrated effective in situ remediation of aquaculture water and can drastically save the operating cost of aquaculture.     

石斑鱼循环水养殖系统及水源热泵应用研究

通过构建石斑鱼的循环水养殖系统及水源热泵加温系统,达到在北方大规模养殖石斑鱼的目的。养殖系统由养殖池、弧型筛、循环泵、蛋白分离器、浸没式生物滤池、脱气池、溶氧池、紫外线灭菌器、液氧站组成。采用养殖废水收集及过滤装置处理后的养殖废水作为水源热泵的水源,通过2个冬季的运行,其冬季制热的平均制热能效比(COP)为2.66。在系统中养殖的第1批青斑鱼11个月内由24.41 g生长到480.66 g,存活率超过97%。养殖的第2批青斑12个月内由23.36 g生长到400.46 g,存活率达到84.5%。养殖的珍珠龙胆石斑7个月内由48.46 g生长到511.36 g,存活率达到71.24%。养殖的东星斑12个月内由41.13 g生长到223.56 g,存活率达到65.52%。本系统可实现青斑、珍珠龙胆石斑、东星斑等品种的常年均衡生长,并可降低石斑鱼的养殖成本。     

不同养殖水色对红螯螯虾稚虾存活、生长和体色的影响

以经过曝气的透明自来水为养殖水体作为实验对照组,通过添加人工色素调控养殖水色(黄色、蓝色、绿色),探究了养殖水色对红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)稚虾存活、生长和体色的影响.结果显示,对照组、黄色和蓝色实验组的成活率均约50％,绿色实验组的较低(33.33％,P<0.05).绿色实验组的增重率、...     

Design of water quality monitoring system for aquaculture ponds based on NB-IoT

In order to promote the development of aquaculture informatization and monitor aquaculture ponds more accurately and conveniently, this article has developed a water quality monitoring system for aquaculture ponds based on the narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) technology. This system realizes remote collection and data storage of multi-sensor processor information (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and other environmental parameters), as well as intelligent control and centralized management of breeding ponds. The system uses STM32L151C8 microcontroller and sensor terminal real-time acquisition, such as temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen. It realizes data aggregation and transmission over a long distance to the Internet of things (IoT) telecom cloud platform through the technology of NB-IoT. The software called Keil implement the data format design of wireless communication module and data transmission. Java is used to develop background monitoring applications for accessing cloud platform, controlling underlying devices and local data processing. It can not only send hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) requests to monitor cloud platform data, but also issue commands to the underlying control module to control the startup and shutdown of equipment such as aerator. The system was implemented and tested in ChangZhou, JiangSu Province, China. The experimental results showed that the system can obtain water quality parameters in time. The temperature control accuracy is maintained at ±0.12℃, the average relative error is 0.15 %, the dissolved oxygen control accuracy is maintained within ±0.55mg/L, the average relative error is 2.48 %, the pH control accuracy is maintained at ±0.09, and the average relative error is 0.21 %. The system has stable overall operation, real-time and accurate data transmission, which can meet the actual production needs and provide strong data and technical support for further water quality regulation and aquaculture production management.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a full-scale kelp model for aquaculture applications

Hydrodynamic characteristics are needed to optimize the design of kelp aquaculture systems. To support this need, the objective of this study was to resolve both the normal and tangential drag forces acting on a dense aggregate of kelp blades using full-scale physical model tests. The physical model was designed to match the exposed length, individual blade flexural rigidity, the number of blades per unit width, the mass/length of biomass, and the aggregate mass density of kelp cultured at the University of New England experimental aquaculture lease site in Saco Bay, Maine USA. Tow tests were conducted at the United States Naval Academy in a tank with the dimensions of 116m × 7.9m × 4.9 m. The large tank size enabled the use of the full-scale physical model, minimizing dynamic similarity issues. In a series of tests, the model was towed in orientations both aligned and perpendicular to the tow direction. Horizontal and vertical reaction forces were measured for five tow speeds, along with the deflection of the dense kelp aggregate. With these datasets and the wet weight biomass per length of the model, normal and tangential drag forces were calculated. Drag components were processed into corresponding normal and tangential drag-area values. The drag-area representation was chosen since reference areas were ambiguous for both the actual kelp and model. At the higher speeds, the total horizontal drag in the aligned configuration were slightly lower than for the perpendicular orientation. Normal drag-areas as a function of tow speed ranged from 2.36 m²/m to 1.39 m²/m for the aligned case and from 2.49 to 1.88 m²/m for the perpendicular case. Tangential drag-areas as a function of tow speed ranged from 0.264 m²/m to 0.0325 m²/m for the aligned case and from 0.213 to 0.0415 m²/m for the perpendicular case. A transition from a bluff body to a streamlined body occurred as the tow speeds increased. To investigate this transition, horizontal components of the normal and tangential drag forces were reconstructed with the results of the tow tests. The reconstructed forces were obtained using a force balance system of equations with drag-area values for tow speeds less than 0.25 m/s extrapolated from the experimental datasets. For both aligned and perpendicular orientations, the model-aggregate reconfigured at a threshold of 0.25 m/s. We defined the threshold for reconfiguration as the tow speed at which the horizontal component of tangential drag equaled or exceeded the horizontal component of the normal drag. The drag-area results from this study can be incorporated into a dynamic fluid-structure interaction model representing kelp aggregates as a finite element beam prescribed with in-situ values of length, volume, mass density and flexural-rigidity of kelp material.     

波浪作用下半潜式养殖网箱水动力特性

半潜式深远海养殖网箱在波浪作用下会发生变形与运动。为保证网箱结构的稳定性,需对其水动力特性进行分析。本研究基于有限元法建立了波浪作用下一种半潜式网箱的数值模型,通过仿真计算求解网箱的锚绳受力与运动情况。首先,将计算机模拟值与物理水槽试验值进行比较,验证数值模型的准确性。然后,分别研究了半潜式网箱在3种压载状态下的动力响应情况,分析比较了不同波浪条件下网箱锚绳张力、垂荡、纵荡和纵摇的计算结果。结果显示,计算值与试验值基本吻合,二者的相对误差在5%左右。当波高一定时,网箱迎浪侧和背浪侧锚绳受力与波浪周期改变无明显关联;当周期一定时,两侧锚绳受力均随波高的增加而增大。网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值均与波高呈正相关,随着半潜式网箱吃水的增加,网箱的垂荡、纵荡及纵摇值基本呈减小趋势。网箱在3种压载状态下最大垂荡值和纵荡值分别为12.67 m和10.59 m,网箱在空载状态下的最大纵摇值≤15°,表明半潜式网箱结构具有较好的稳定性。研究结果可为我国深远海养殖网箱设计提供理论参考。     

Validation of two dilution models to predict chloramine-T concentrations in aquaculture facility effluent

Accurate estimates of drug concentrations in hatchery effluent are critical to assess the environmental risk of hatchery drug discharge resulting from disease treatment. This study validated two simple dilution models to estimate chloramine-T environmental introduction concentrations by comparing measured and predicted chloramine-T concentrations using the US Geological Survey’s Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center aquaculture facility effluent as an example. The hydraulic characteristics of our treated raceway and effluent and the accuracy of our water flow rate measurements were confirmed with the marker dye rhodamine WT. We also used the rhodamine WT data to develop dilution models that would (1) estimate the chloramine-T concentration at a given time and location in the effluent system and (2) estimate the average chloramine-T concentration at a given location over the entire discharge period. To test our models, we predicted the chloramine-T concentration at two sample points based on effluent flow and the maintenance of chloramine-T at 20 mg/l for 60 min in the same raceway used with rhodamine WT. The effluent sample points selected (sample points A and B) represented 47 and 100% of the total effluent flow, respectively. Sample point B is analogous to the discharge of a hatchery that does not have a detention lagoon, i.e. the sample site was downstream of the last dilution water addition following treatment. We then applied four chloramine-T flow-through treatments at 20 mg/l for 60 min and measured the chloramine-T concentration in water samples collected every 15 min for about 180 min from the treated raceway and sample points A and B during and after application. The predicted chloramine-T concentration at each sampling interval was similar to the measured chloramine-T concentration at sample points A and B and was generally bounded by the measured 90% confidence intervals. The predicted average chloramine-T concentrations at sample points A or B (2.8 and 1.3 mg/l, respectively) were not significantly different (P>0.05) from the average measured chloramine-T concentrations (2.7 and 1.3 mg/l, respectively). The close agreement between our predicted and measured chloramine-T concentrations indicate either of the dilution models could be used to adequately predict the chloramine-T environmental introduction concentration in Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center effluent.     

池塘养殖水体不同水层水质变化研究

为探讨池塘养殖水体时间和空间上的变化特征,在上海市标准化养殖池塘里进行了水质参数监测和分析,研究了池塘上层、中层、下层不同水层的水质变化情况。结果表明:一年中池塘水质呈季节性变化,氨氮均值在9—11月最高,在5月份最低;溶氧均值在9—11月最低,在12月至次年3月最高;pH无明显季节性变化。不同水质参数日变化研究发现,一天中氨氮值在6:00左右最高,在17:00左右最低;溶氧最高值出现在15:00—17:00,最低值在5:00左右;pH在1:00最低,14:00左右最高。养鱼池塘水体有较明显的分层现象,上层、中层、下层不同水层的氨氮、溶氧、pH均有差异。一天中氨氮与溶氧总体呈负相关性(t<0.05),溶氧值升高时氨氮值下降。