永川区食用菌种植基地试种羊肚菌喜获成功

正近日,永川区食用菌种植基地传来喜讯,该基地试种的羊肚菌喜获成功。永川区食用菌种植基地位于五间镇新建村,生产基地面积8 hm~2,常年以生产秀珍菇品种为主。为进一步扩大生产规模,改变基地单一格局,不断开拓市场新品种,丰富食用菌产品市场,去年与四川省农科院冯博士科研团队合作,经过反复试验、筛选,攻克了种植羊肚菌"不出菇""死菇"等技术难关,试种羊肚菌获得成功。本次试种面积0.3 hm~2,生产周期     

四川羊肚菌产业发展现状分析

<正>羊肚菌(Morche lla)是一种名贵、珍稀的世界性美味食用菌和药用菌,也是四川最具代表性的食用菌类群,具有营养丰富、味道鲜美和独特的保健作用。在成都平原、三州地区(甘孜州、阿坝州、凉山州)、秦巴山区等广泛区域的海拔500~3 400 m的地区均有羊肚菌资源的分布。近年来,四川省农业科学院率先在世界上开展羊肚菌人工大田商业化栽培并取得了突破性的进展,在国内外引起广泛的关注和强烈反响,成为国内外近年来食用菌领域的标志性成果,引领四川建成了全世界最大的羊肚菌产业基地,并带动全国形成了羊肚菌栽培的热潮。     

京郊食用菌主要有害生物调查简报

随着京郊农业种植结构调整，食用菌生产发展迅速，食用菌品种日益丰富，有害生物为害渐趋突出。为指导食用菌生产，近几年，北京市植保站在京郊开展了食用菌有害生物基本情况初步调查，有关结果简报如下： 1食用菌生产情况 　　经调查，京郊食用菌生产菇种已由原来单─的平菇、香菇为主，逐渐发展到双孢菇、香菇、金针菇、草菇、木耳、鸡腿菇、灵芝、猴头菇、灰树花、白灵菇、姬菇、茶薪菇、杏鲍菇、巴西蘑菇（姬松茸）、真姬菇等近20个品种，其中平菇、双孢菇、香菇、金针菇种植面积较大，约占食用菌总种植面积的90％。食用菌主要以代料栽…     

新疆北部一次持续暴雪天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日6 h再分析资料,对2010年1月4～7日新疆北部持续暴雪过程的环流特征及物理量场进行诊断分析.结果表明:北半球中高纬阻塞高压维持时间长、切断低压稳定提供了降雪"持续性"的环流背景.切断低压不断分裂短波并西退再东移是造成降雪的影响系统;降雪区大到暴量的强降雪时段,850 hP...     

食用菌生产中化学制品应用研究进展

随着贵州武陵山区食用菌产业的迅猛发展,运用化学制品调控食用菌菌丝的生长、子实体分化发育、产量形成以及减小外界不利条件对食用菌生长的影响已经逐渐成为食用菌生产中不可缺少的重要措施。从香菇、木耳生产中使用化肥、生长调节剂、消毒剂、杀虫剂、杀菌剂等化学制品的种类、作用、研究进展、使用概况及对人体健康和环境造成的危害等方面进行综述,以期规范使用食用菌生产中的化学制品,促进贵州山区食用菌的安全生产和产业的可持续发展。     

香菇病虫害发生特点及综合防治技术

近些年来,随州市在保持传统农业稳步发展的基础上,充分发挥自身优势,加快农业结构调整,狠抓食用菌等特色产业的开发建设,食用菌产业得到迅速发展,已成为全市农业中仅次于粮食、牲猪的第三大支柱产业。随州食用菌以代料香菇为主,到2010年,代料香菇栽培已达到1．2亿袋。     

栽培食用茵常见病虫害及防治措施

纳雍县栽培的食用菌有平菇、香菇、木耳、金针菇、竹荪等,栽培的食用菌病虫害种类多,致使食用菌不能正常生长,严重影响产量和质量,失去食用菌的商品价值,造成经济损失.     

绿色木霉的防治要点

在食用菌的大规模生产中，控制杂菌的技术，是生产成败的关键之一。根据我们在已污染的金针菇。香茹、平菇的培养袋料提取分离的杂菌中，污染最多的杂菌是绿色木霉，其次是青霉、曲霉。绿色木霉病在食用菌的菌丝体和子实体期最易感染发生，是危害性最严重的一种真菌类病害。在研究过程中，发现平茹、香菇等食用菌在营养、温度、湿度、pH值等方而与木霉极为相似。从试验中还观察到，木霉的适应能力强，生存环境范冈比食用菌类的范围广，往往表现出比食用菌更强的生长优势。木霉生长速度快，换代周期短；传播迅速，造成食用菌在竞争中死亡或…     

栽培食用菌常见病虫害及防治措施

纳雍县栽培的食用菌有平菇、香菇、木耳、金针菇、竹荪等,栽培的食用菌病虫害种类多。致使食用菌不能正常生长,严重影响产量和质量,失去食用菌的商品价值,造成经济损失。1 病虫害的种类及为害症状1.1 平菇病虫1.1.1 平菇生理性病害 高脚型畸形:平菇菇盖很     

黔江区羊肚菌协会开展扶贫公益采摘活动

正近日,黔江区羊肚菌产业技术协会在金溪镇虎山村隆重举行乡村振兴行动·2018年黔江羊肚菌采摘节暨扶贫公益活动启动仪式,重庆市农委副巡视员刘方贵、黔江区统战部部长姚登惠、区政协副主席刘元寿、市第六人民医院党委书记邬亮等领导出席,区委农工委书记谢华主持启动仪式。启动仪式上,金溪镇党委书记李波致欢迎辞,区政协副主席、区食用菌领导小组组长刘元寿介绍黔     

Isomerization and Beckmann rearrangement reactions in the metabolism of methomyl in rats

Methomyl {S-methyl-N-[(methylcarbamoyl)oxy]thioacetimidate}, also known as Lannate, may exist in two geometric configurations but the more stable syn isomer is the form applied as an insecticide. In the rat, syn[¹⁴CN]methomyl [CH₃S(CH₃)CNOC(O)NHCH₃] was metabolized to respiratory ¹⁴CO₂ and $\text{CH}{}_3{}^{14}\text{CN}$ in a ratio of about 2 to 1. Studies with the anti isomer showed that it was metabolized predominately to $\text{CH}{}_3{}^{14}\text{CN}$. These and other data are presented supporting the contention that syn methomyl is partially isomerized to the anti isomer in the animal prior to the hydrolysis of the ester linkage. After hydrolysis, the syn oxime [CH₃S(CH₃)¹⁴CNOH] is further metabolized to ¹⁴CO₂ while the anti oxime is metabolized to $\text{CH}{}_3{}^{14}\text{CN}$. Proposed immediate precursors to the carbon dioxide and acetonitrile, formed by Beckmann rearrangement of the syn and anti oximes, are CH₃S¹⁴C(O)NHCH₃ and $\text{[}\text{CH}{}_3{}^{\mathrm{14\oplus }}\text{CNSCH}{}_3\text{]x}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$, respectively.     

Early survival of Quercus ilex subspecies from different populations after infections and co‐infections by multiple Phytophthora species

Forests in Europe are threatened by increased diversity of Phytophthora species, but effects on trees of simultaneous infections by Phytophthora and ecological consequences of their coexistence are unknown. This study explored variation in early survival of Quercus ilex to Phytophthora infections and assessed interactions between Phytophthora species when trees were co‐infected. Three Phytophthora species (P. cinnamomi, P. gonapodyides and P. quercina), seeds from 16 populations of Q. ilex (ballota and ilex subspecies) and two infection times were used as sources of variation in two experiments. The influence of Phytophthora species, Q. ilex subspecies and populations on plant germination and survival were analysed using generalized linear mixed models and survival analysis techniques. Germination rates were not influenced by Phytophthora spp. (P = 0.194) but by the subspecies and populations of Q. ilex (P < 0.001). In Phytophthora‐infested soils, Q. ilex subsp. ilex germinated at higher rates than Q. ilex subsp. ballota. Plant survival was strongly influenced by Phytophthora species (P < 0.001), not by the subspecies and populations of Q. ilex. Seedling mortality was reduced and delayed if a less virulent Phytophthora species infected plants prior to infection by a more virulent Phytophthora species. The results help to explain oak decline syndrome and the lack of natural and artificial regeneration of Q. ilex forests. Lack of interspecific variability of early survival to Phytophthora spp. discourages direct sowing for artificial reforestation programmes. Large, thick seeds, giving plants rapid growth, are advantageous traits when soils are infested with Phytophthora spp.     

Trichoderma species associated with green mould disease of Pleurotus ostreatus and their sensitivity to prochloraz

Green mould disease causes serious economic losses in Pleurotus ostreatus crops worldwide, including in Italy, where prochloraz is the only chemical fungicide allowed to control the disease. The effectiveness of the doses 0.01, 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L⁻¹ (field dose) of prochloraz (Sponix Flow, 450 g L⁻¹), against colony growth rate and spore germination of Trichoderma pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense strains on wheat straw extract agar plates were evaluated. Complete inhibition of Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola growth was shown by the field dose of prochloraz, and also by the 0.25 μL L⁻¹ dose for T. pleuroti. Complete inhibition of spore germination occurred for all Trichoderma strains at field dose, and at 0.25 μL L⁻¹ for T. pleuroti strains. In in vivo assays, the effect of prochloraz doses 0.05, 0.25 and 1.25 μL L⁻¹ on colonization of straw substrate by T. pleuroti, T. pleuroticola and T. guizhouense inoculated at two spore densities (10² and 10⁵ spores mL⁻¹) immediately after P. ostreatus spawn was studied. Trichoderma pleuroti and T. pleuroticola were both responsible for green mould disease, whereas T. guizhouense was not pathogenic. Trichoderma pleuroti was more aggressive than T. pleuroticola. Prochloraz was effective against T. pleuroti at the field dose, and against T. pleuroticola at 0.25 and 1.25 μL L⁻¹. The study on Trichoderma × Pleurotus interaction type showed that Trichoderma species were active against the mycelial growth of P. ostreatus by competition for space and nutrients, and neither hyphal interaction nor effect by volatile or nonvolatile metabolites occurred.     

Binding of phenthoate to bovine serum albumin and reduced inhibition on acetylcholinesterase

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are of environmental significance due to their high toxicity to animals. Binding to plasma proteins may effective influence the toxicological properties of xenobiotics. In an attempt to evaluate the affinity of phenthoate (PTA) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and inhibitory ability of bound PTA to acetylcholinesterase (AChE), we investigated the interactions between phenthoate (PTA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) using tryptophan fluorescence quenching and subsequent inhibition on AChE activity by PTA. The results showed that PTA caused the fluorescence quenching of BSA because of the formation of a PTA-BSA complex. Quenching constants (K_sv), determined using the Sterns-Volmer equation to provide a measure of the binding affinity between PTA and BSA at 303, 306, 310 and 313 K were (3.4295 ± 0.0763) × 10⁻⁴, (3.2446 ± 0.0635) × 10⁻⁴, (3.0434 ± 0.0856) × 10⁻⁴ and (2.8262 ± 0.0569) × 10⁻⁴ M⁻¹, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH and ΔS were −25.04 kJ mol⁻¹ and 168.94 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively, which indicated that the electrostatic interactions played a major role in PTA-BSA association. The presence of BSA consistently reduced the inhibitory ability of PTA on AChE, with the relative activity being increased from 46.98 to 61.71% for the concentration range of BSA between 0 and 4.0 g L⁻¹.     

Effectiveness of Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma atroviride in suppression of sclerotinia blossom blight of alfalfa

The effects of the mycoparasites Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma atroviride on the suppression of alfalfa blossom blight caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were evaluated under indoor and field conditions. When T. atroviride (9·0 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (9·0 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) were applied to detached young alfalfa florets, T. atroviride effectively inhibited saprophytic growth of S. sclerotiorum, whereas C. minitans showed no inhibition under the same conditions. When T. atroviride (6·9 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (6·9 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) was applied to young alfalfa petals in vivo just after pollination, the percentage of pod formation was higher for T. atroviride+S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans+S. sclerotiorum, and the percentage of pod rot was lower for T. atroviride+S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans+S. sclerotiorum. However, when they were applied to senescent petals attached to developing pods of alfalfa at 9·2 × 10⁴ conidia/floret together with S. sclerotiorum at 4·5 × 10³ ascospores/floret at 14 days after pollination, C. minitans was more effective than T. atroviride in suppressing sclerotinia pod rot and seed rot of alfalfa. Field experiments showed that three applications of C. minitans (5·4 × 10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹) or T. atroviride (5·4 × 10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹) at a 7-day interval to blossoms of alfalfa effectively suppressed sclerotinia pod rot in two out of three annual trials. Coniothyrium minitans effectively suppressed sclerotinia seed rot in all three years, whereas T. atroviride was not effective against seed rot in any of the trial years. The efficacy of C. minitans was not significantly different (P > 0·05) from benomyl (250 µg ai mL⁻¹). This study suggests that C. minitans has potential as a biocontrol agent to control blossom blight of alfalfa caused by S. sclerotiorum.     

Concentrations of constitutive alk(en)ylresorcinols in peel of commercial mango varieties and resistance to postharvest anthracnose

Mature green mango fruits of commercially important varieties were screened to investigate the levels of constitutive antifungal compounds in peel and to assess anthracnose disease after inoculation with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to quantify the levels of 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol and 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol in the peel extracts. The fruit peel of the varieties ‘Kensington Pride’ and ‘Keitt’ were observed to have the highest levels of both 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol (107.3–123.7 and 49.9–61.4 μg/g FW, respectively) and 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol (6.32–7.99 and 3.30–6.05 μg/g FW, respectively), and the fruits of the two varieties were found to have some resistance to postharvest anthracnose. The varieties ‘Kent’, ‘R2E2’, ‘Nam Doc Mai’, ‘Calypso’ and ‘Honey Gold’ contained much lower concentrations of resorcinols in their peel and three of these varieties were found to be more susceptible to anthracnose. Concentrations of 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol were significantly lower at the ‘sprung’ and ‘eating ripe’ stages of ripening compared to levels at harvest. Concentrations of 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol did not differ significantly across the three stages of ripening. The levels of these two resorcinols were found to be strongly inter-correlated (P<0.01, r²=0.71), with concentrations of 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol being an average 18 times higher than those of 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol. At the ‘eating ripe’ stage, significant relationships were observed between the concentrations of each type of alk(en)ylresorcinol and anthracnose lesion areas following postharvest inoculation, P<0.001, r²= 0.69 for 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol, and P<0.001, r²= 0.44 for 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol.     

Selection,characterization and genetic analysis of laboratory mutants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Botryotinia fuckeliana</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis cinerea</Emphasis>) resistant to the fungicide boscalid

Resistance to the fungicide boscalid in laboratory mutants of Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea) was investigated. The baseline sensitivity to boscalid was evaluated in terms of colony growth (EC₅₀ = 0.3–3 μg ml⁻¹; MIC = 10–30 μg ml⁻¹) and conidial germination (EC₅₀ = 0.03–0.1 μg ml⁻¹; MIC = 1–3 μg ml⁻¹) tests. Mutants were selected in vitro from wild-type strains of the fungus on a fungicide-amended medium containing acetate as a carbon source. Mutants showed two different levels of resistance to boscalid, distinguishable through the conidial germination tests: low (EC₅₀ ∼ 0.3 μg ml⁻¹, ranging from 0.03 to 1 μg ml⁻¹; MIC > 100 μg ml⁻¹) and high (EC₅₀ > 100 μg ml⁻¹) resistance. Analysis of meiotic progeny from crosses between resistant mutants and sensitive reference strains showed that resistant phenotypes were due to mutations in single major gene(s) inherited in a Mendelian fashion, and linked with both the Daf1 and Mbc1 genes, responsible for resistance to dicarboximide and benzimidazole fungicides, respectively. Gene sequence analysis of the four sub-units of the boscalid-target protein, the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme, revealed that single or double point mutations in the highly conserved regions of the iron-sulphur protein (Ip) gene were associated with resistance. Mutations resulted in proline to leucine or phenylalanine replacements at position 225 (P225L or P225F) in high resistant mutants, and in a histidine to tyrosine replacement at position 272 (H272Y) in low resistant mutants. Sequences of the flavoprotein and the two transmembrane sub-units of succinate dehydrogenase were never affected.     

Effect of cropping systems and crop successions on fumonisin levels in corn from Northern Paraná State,Brazil

In this study the effect of different cropping systems and crop successions was evaluated on natural Fusarium sp. contamination and fumonisin levels in corn. The cropping systems consisted of a conventional and no-tillage area cultivated with corn in the summer following either oats or fallow in the winter (2006 and 2007 growing seasons). In addition, the effect of applying nitrogen fertilizer (0, 22.5, 45.0, 90.0 and 90.0 kg ha⁻¹ nitrogen supplemented with potassium oxide) on fumonisin contamination was evaluated in the 2006 growing season. Fusarium sp. was detected in 90% samples in 2006 and in 100% samples in 2007. In both growing seasons, no-till corn following oats showed the highest mean fumonisin levels and differed significantly (P < 0.05) from all the others (2006) and from conventional till corn following either oats or fallow in the winter (2007). Fumonisin levels ranged from 0.13 to 19.52 μg g⁻¹ (mean 6.97 μg g⁻¹) and from 3.70 to 7.75 μg g⁻¹ (mean 6.29 μg g⁻¹) in no-till corn following oats from the 2006 and 2007 growing seasons, respectively. Plots treated with 0 kg ha⁻¹ and 22.5 kg ha⁻¹ nitrogen showed the highest mean fumonisin levels and differed significantly from those with 45.0 and 90 kg ha⁻¹ nitrogen. Fumonisin levels correlated negatively (P < 0.05) with the nitrogen fertilization rates. Although no-till is advantageous from a soil conservation standpoint, it may enhance the potential for fumonisin contamination in corn.     

Structure—activity relationships of organotin biocides and Ceratocystis ulmi

The effect of organotin compounds on the growth of Ceratocystis ulmi, the causative agent of Dutch elm disease, was studied in shake culture. Triphenyltin, (C₆H₅)₃SnX, tricyclohexyltin, (C₆H₁₁)₃SnX, and tributyltin, (C₄H₉)₃SnX, compounds were all effective in the inhibition of C. ulmi in vitro. The anionic group, X, did not play a major role in the inhibitory activities of these compounds, suggesting that the species involved in the inhibition is R₃Sn⁺ or the hydrated cation.