猪繁殖与呼吸综合征活疫苗与LT蛋白配伍经黏膜途径接种小鼠免疫效果分析

旨在评价猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome,PRRS)活疫苗与大肠杆菌热敏性肠毒素(LT)蛋白配伍后经滴鼻途径接种小鼠后的免疫应答水平,分析猪繁殖与呼吸综合征活疫苗经黏膜途径免疫的可行性。试验共分为四组,分别为对照组、PRRSV滴鼻组、PRRSV+LT滴鼻组和PRRSV注射组。一免、二免后检测血清Ig G和鼻拭子Ig A抗体水平,同时检测IFN-γ和IL-10细胞因子的表达。结果表明:二免后,PRRSV+LT滴鼻组可产生较高水平的Ig G抗体,与PRRSV注射组无显著差异; PRRSV+LT滴鼻组产生的Ig A抗体水平明显高于PRRSV注射组; PRRSV+LT滴鼻组小鼠脾脏IFN-γ、IL-10水平与PRRSV注射组无显著差异。因此,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征活疫苗与LT蛋白经滴鼻途径免疫小鼠,可产生理想的黏膜免疫应答及系统的体液免疫和细胞免疫反应。黏膜分泌性抗体的产生,为阻断病毒局部感染提供了保护屏障,能更有效达到抵抗病毒入侵及感染的目的。     

猪波形蛋白对PRRSV感染Marc-145细胞的抑制作用

为了研究波形蛋白在介导猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)感染细胞过程中的作用,利用RT-PCR方法从PRRSV非易感细胞系猪肾细胞系PK-15细胞中扩增目的基因,克隆入pET-28a(+)载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中进行诱导表达。表达的重组猪波形蛋白经SDS-PAGE和Western blot鉴定和纯化后免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体。利用病毒抑制试验检测重组猪波形蛋白及多克隆抗体在PRRSV感染Marc-145细胞过程中的作用。结果表明,成功扩增猪波形蛋白基因并克隆入pET-28a载体,经诱导后得到高效表达,纯化后免疫兔子产生高价血清抗体(105)。病毒阻断结果表明,猪波形蛋白及多克隆抗体均能阻断PRRSV感染Marc-145细胞。这为以波形蛋白为基础的PRRSV受体阻断抑制剂的研究提供了实验依据。     

板蓝根多糖对PRRS弱毒苗免疫猪抗体和T细胞亚群的影响

研究板蓝根多糖对PRRSV弱毒苗免疫抗体和猪外周血T细胞亚群的影响。35日龄断奶仔猪16只随机分为4组,将多糖分别以高、低两个剂量和猪PRRSV弱毒苗同时注射,于免疫后不同的时间点采血,ELISA方法检测猪PRRSV抗体水平,流式细胞术检测猪外周血中T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。弱毒苗免疫后7d,板蓝根多糖高剂量组即可检测到PRRSV阳性抗体,而其它组在免疫后14d,均可检测到PRRS阳性抗体,板蓝根多糖对PRRS弱毒苗产生抗体的影响是和剂量密切相关的,高剂量能提高抗体水平,低剂量会阻碍PRRSV抗体的产生。板蓝根多糖和PRRS弱毒苗联合使用对猪外周血CD3^＋和CD4^＋细胞数量的影响不显著,在早期可促进猪外周血CD8^＋细胞的增殖。合适剂量的板蓝根多糖可以作为免疫增强剂与PRRSV弱毒苗联合使用。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5基因对猪的DNA免疫

【目的】检测PRRSV GP5 DNA重组质粒在猪体诱导的免疫反应以及细胞因子的佐剂效应。【方法】将表达PRRSV GP5的DNA重组质粒与表达3种细胞因子的重组质粒联合免疫SPF猪，经3次免疫后人工感染PRRSV，检测体液免疫、细胞免疫以及攻毒保护性反应。【结果】重组质粒pCI-GP5可诱导免疫猪产生中和抗体，效价达1:19.2，并可诱导机体产生较强的细胞免疫，攻毒后组织中PRRSV核酸的检出率下降39%，表明表达PRRSV GP5的DNA重组质粒pCI-GP5可诱导一定的免疫效力。pcDNA-IL-4与pCI-GP5共免可将中和抗体效价提高到1:35.5，且可增强细胞免疫反应，与对照组相比，病毒血症的出现频率减少17%，PRRSV阳性组织检出率下降64%；pcDNA-IL-2与pCI-GP5共免也可增强猪的细胞免疫，与对照组相比，病毒血症的出现频率下降50%，PRRSV阳性组织检出率减少59%； pcDNA-IFN- 与pCI-GP5共免对病毒血症的出现及病毒在组织中的分布均没有抑制作用。【结论】动物试验结果表明IL-4及IL-2可作为PRRSV GP5 DNA重组质粒的免疫佐剂。     

PAMs免疫粘附受体CR1-like对PRRSV感染的影响

[目的]本试验旨在探讨猪肺泡巨噬细胞（Porcine alveolar macrophages, PAMs）表面天然免疫粘附受体—猪I型补体受体（Porcine complement receptor 1-like, CR1-like）对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV）感染PAMs的影响,为阐述CR1-like在PRRSV免疫应答中的生物学功能提供理论数据。[方法]采取PRRSV减毒活疫苗免疫接种PRRSV抗体为阴性的长白仔猪20～28 d后,提取分离抗病毒血清并检测抗PRRSV血清中和效价;将抗PRRSV血清进行不同倍比稀释,制备各类PRRSV抗原抗体复合物并接种于PAMs上,建立抗体依赖性增强（Antibody-dependent enhancement, ADE）模型,qRT-PCR技术检测各时间点PRRSV N基因拷贝数变化;PRRSV感染PAMs 9 h后,将抗血清和猪新鲜血清共处理细胞,运用ELISA测定不同时间点细胞上清液中猪新鲜血清C3b、C4b、CH50总活性...     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒NJ-a株ORF6基因的表达及特异性抗体的制备

根据GenBank公布的猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)VR2332 株的核酸序列设计并合成1对特异性引物,用RT-PCR方法扩增PRRSV NJ-a株ORF6基因,将其连接入pMD18-T载体,经测序后克隆入原核表达载体pET-32a( )上,构建原核表达载体pET-ORF6.阳性质粒转化感受态大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经异醛-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导,PRRSV ORF6基因获得表达.以纯化的重组蛋白为抗原免疫家兔3次,获得抗PRRSV NJ-a株M蛋白的特异抗体.经Western-blotting证明,该多克隆抗体既能与原核表达的重组M蛋白发生反应,又能与PRRSV发生特异性反应;间接免疫荧光结果表明,获得的多克隆抗体与表达PRRSV M蛋白的293T细胞及感染PRRSV的Marc-145细胞发生反应.兔抗PRRSV NJ-a株M蛋白特异性抗体的获得,为进一步研究PRRSV M蛋白的表达和功能奠定了基础.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征油乳剂灭活疫苗的研制

利用PRRSV河南分离株研制了细胞毒油乳剂灭活疫苗(简称灭活疫苗),健康猪首免后,第5 d可检到抗体,第35 d抗体达到高峰,第63 d抗体仍维持较高的水平.试验结果表明,灭活疫苗对健康猪均能产生较强的保护力,猪免疫后20~35 d出现抗体高峰,并可持续3个月以上.应用试验结果显示,灭活疫苗免疫保护率均达92%以上.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征弱毒疫苗的免疫与抗体监测分析

为探讨湖北某试验猪场猪群PRRS减毒活疫苗的免疫效果,选择HP-PRRS弱毒疫苗(JXA1-R株)对20头35日龄仔猪进行初步免疫试验,4周后采血进行PRRS抗体检测;另采集未免疫疫苗的20、30、60、70、120日龄阶段猪只血样194份,免疫疫苗的基础母猪群血样265份和配种前后备猪血样65份,分析其血清PRRS抗体阳性率、S/P均值和CV值。结果显示,20头35日龄仔猪免疫疫苗后4周抗体阳性率达85%,S/P均值和CV值分别为1.55和30%,初步表明疫苗免疫效力良好;未免疫疫苗的猪只在20~60日龄时抗体值随母源抗体逐步下降,在60日龄时达到最低为33%,70~120日龄时抗体值由85%上升到96%,说明此生长阶段已感染PRRSV;全部母猪群和后备猪抗体阳性率分别为87%和92%,S/P值2.5的比例为9.1%,表明疫苗总体免疫稳定,并判断该场为PRRSV感染阳性稳定场。通过试验研究,旨在为该场科学防控PRRS提供临床依据。     

地塞米松促进猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒致病性

为检测地塞米松对猪感染PRRSV后免疫力及致病性的影响,将6头健康猪平分为2组,分别注射地塞米松和生理盐水,连续注射3 d。检测注射前、注射后1周的PRRSV抗体阳性率及病毒量,观察并记录体温、呼吸、饮食、眼结膜、粪便等临床情况。结果显示,猪的PRRSV抗体阳性率为100%,但注射后的抗体值高于注射前;病毒蛋白半定量结果显示病毒感染量显著增加;注射地塞米松组的猪表现出一定临床症状,而对照组未发生变化。结果表明,地塞米松会增加PRRSV的发病风险,为建立防治PRRSV感染的动物模型奠定了基础,为兽医临床中合理使用糖皮质激素类药物提出新的要求。     

PRRSV对仔猪免疫力的影响试验

对当前国内的生产实际调查发现,猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒和猪瘟病毒双感染的情况越来越多,PRRS病毒感染对于猪瘟疫苗免疫应答的影响将直接关系到临床生产中免疫程序的实施和疾病的控制策略。本文通过MTT、ELISA方法 ,检测人工攻毒后,试验仔猪猪瘟抗体滴度和淋巴细胞转化率的动态变化,从细胞免疫和体液免疫角度探讨PRRSV感染后对仔猪免疫力的影响。     

Thymus-derived lymphocytes: humoral and cellular reactions distinguished by hydrocortisone

Lymphocytes derived from the thymus (T cells) take part in the induction of humoral antibody and also effect cell-mediated graft-versus-host reactions. Preliminary treatment of mice with hydrocortisone caused an inhibition of T-cell function in humoral immunity, while enhancing the graft-versus-host reactivity of the same population of spleen cells. This suggests that different types of T cells participate in cellular and humoral immune reactions.     

Oral Salmonella typhimurium vaccine expressing circumsporozoite protein protects against malaria

Immunization with radiation-attenuated malaria sporozoites induces potent cellular immune responses, but the target antigens are unknown and have not previously been elicited by subunit vaccines prepared from the circumsporozoite (CS) protein. A method is described here for inducing protective cell-mediated immunity to sporozoites by immunization with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium transformed with the Plasmodium berghei CS gene. These transformants constitutively express CS antigens and, when used to immunize mice orally, colonize the liver, induce antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity, and protect mice against sporozoite challenge in the absence of antisporozoite antibodies. These data indicate that the CS protein contains T cell epitopes capable of inducing protective cell-mediated immunity, and emphasize the importance of proper antigen presentation in generating this response. Analogous, orally administered vaccines against human malaria might be feasible.     

Immunity to schistosomes: progress toward vaccine

Among the major parasitic infections, schistosomiasis may be the most promising candidate for human vaccination. Information about mechanisms of immunity, gained mainly from experimental models but likely to be relevant to human infection, indicates a dynamic balance between protective and regulatory (blocking) mechanisms. Besides cell-mediated responses leading to macrophage activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity systems involving precise antibody isotypes and nonlymphoid cells (mononuclear phagocytes, eosinophils, and platelets) appear to be essential effectors of immune attack. The slow development of immunity in humans seems related to the production of antibodies that cross-react with schistosomulum surface antigen and block the binding of antibodies of the effector isotype. Schistosomes that survive in the bloodstream and produce chronic infections may evade the immune system as a result of intrinsic changes in membrane susceptibility and of transient expression of target antigens; at other stages of the parasite life cycle, cross-reactive molecules may be secreted that play an essential role in the induction of immunity. Several schistosome proteins have been characterized as candidates for vaccination. Among these, an antigen of 28 kilodaltons has been cloned and shown to be immunogenic in humans and protective in mice, rats, and baboons.     

弓形虫分子免疫学研究进展

弓形虫病是由刚第弓形虫引起的一种危害严重的全球性人兽共患寄生虫病,全世界各国学者对此原虫的研究十分重视,尤其是近年来对其免疫学的研究成果对深入了解该原虫的致病机理和进行有效的免疫预防非常重要。从宿主感染弓形虫后的免疫效应、免疫诊断及其疫苗等方面阐述了弓形虫分子免疫学研究进展。     

The Lapinized Chinese Strain Vaccine Against Classical Swine Fever Virus： A Retrospective Review Spanning Half A Century

Classical swine fever （CSF）, a list A disease of Office International des Epizooties, is caused by classical swine fever virus （CSFV） belonging to the Flaviviridae family. The well-known lapinized Chinese strain of CSFV, also known as C-strain, was developed in China in the mid-1950s. In the past half a century, the vaccine has been proved to be safe and immunogenic in pigs of essentially any age. It is of high efficacy, providing immunized animals with broad-spectrum, sometimes lifelong, protection, which is contributed by both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, against essentially all genotypes or subgenotypes of the virus. The maternal antibodies derived from immunized sows can confer solid protection of their offspring from disease; however, they have been proved to inhibit the successful active immunization of C-strain vaccine. The complete genomes of C-strain and dozens of established or field strains have been sequenced and annotated. Recently, the reverse genetics system of C-strain has been developed, resulting in several C- strain-derived candidate marker vaccines. Many countries manage to control or even eradicate CSF with the aid of mass vaccination with C-strain. in spite of these efforts, the eradication of the disease worldwide remains a big challenge and needs to go a long way, and provably still resorts to genetically modified C-strain vaccine. The authors present an overview of the characteristics of the vaccine, which has stood the test of half a century.     

猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗——半个世纪的回顾

 猪瘟是一种严重危害养猪业的毁灭性传染病。20世纪50年代中国首创了举世闻名的猪瘟兔化弱毒疫苗（即C株），随后创制了不同的疫苗制造工艺，如细胞培养苗、乳兔组织苗和牛体反应组织苗等。C株是一株非常安全的弱毒疫苗，对各种年龄和品种的猪都没有副作用，并且有良好的免疫效力，它能同时诱导体液免疫和细胞免疫应答，对不同基因型的猪瘟病毒株均能提供有效的免疫保护。免疫母猪通过母乳可对仔猪提供被动免疫保护，但过高水平的母源抗体会影响仔猪对C株疫苗的主动免疫应答。目前已经完成了包括C株及其亲本株在内的几十株猪瘟病毒的全基因组序列测定和注释，建立了猪瘟病毒的反向遗传操作系统，初步解析了猪瘟病毒主要基因的结构与功能，并构建了不同的反向遗传操作标记疫苗，赋予了C株疫苗新的生命和内涵。C株疫苗可以用于猪瘟的控制和根除，借助于C株疫苗密集接种和综合控制措施，有关国家有效地控制了猪瘟，甚至消灭了猪瘟。尽管如此，要在全球范围内根除猪瘟，今后依然有漫长的路要走，这可能有赖于对C株进行进一步改造和利用。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫λMzp5-7重组抗原的免疫原性研究

用柔嫩艾美耳球虫子孢子表面蛋白在大肠杆菌中表达的重组抗原,分别于7、14、28日龄三次经肌肉注射菌体蛋白和口服工程活菌免疫海兰小公雏,采用间接ELISA法、流式细胞仪技术检测鸡体产生的免疫应答反应.结果口服工程活菌组的抗体产生水平以及细胞免疫水平均优于其它免疫组.表明λMzp5-7基因的表达产物可诱导鸡体产生一定的免疫反应.     

Efficacy of murine malaria sporozoite vaccines: implications for human vaccine development

As part of a study of potential vaccines against malaria, the protective efficacy of sporozoite subunit vaccines was determined by using the Plasmodium berghei murine malaria model. Mice were immunized with recombinant DNA-produced or synthetic peptide-carrier subunit vaccines derived from the repetitive epitopes of the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite gene, or with radiation-attenuated sporozoites. Immunization with subunit vaccines elicited humoral responses that were equivalent to or greater than those elicited by irradiated sporozoites, yet the protection against sporozoite challenge induced by either of the subunit vaccines was far less than that achieved by immunization with attenuated sporozoites. Passive and adoptive transfer studies demonstrated that subunit vaccines elicited predominantly antibody-mediated protection that was easily overcome whereas irradiated sporozoites induced potent cell-mediated immunity that protected against high challenge doses of sporozoites. These studies indicate that new strategies designed to induce cellular immunity will be required for efficacious sporozoite vaccines.     

PRRSV GP5与GP4蛋白重组腺病毒的构建及其免疫特性研究

[目的]实现PRRSV GP5与GP4蛋白在同一载体中表达各自编码的蛋白,发挥GP5蛋白在体液免疫中的优势和GP4蛋白在信号转导中的作用。[方法]利用RT-PCR扩增出GP5与GP4基因,克隆到pIRESneo载体的多克隆酶切位点及新霉素磷酸转移酶位点中,用XhoⅠ和NruⅠ双酶切含GP5和GP4基因的表达盒,将此表达盒克隆到犬2型腺病毒E3区缺失性载体pPolyⅡ-CAV-2-△E3中,以AsⅠc和PmeⅠ双酶切进行鉴定。[结果]将构建好的重组腺病毒免疫小鼠,可以诱导产生较强的体液免疫应答（ELISA抗体和中和抗体）。[结论]该重组腺病毒具有较好的免疫原性,可为研制有效的亚单位疫苗奠定基础。     

甲壳动物细胞及体液免疫机理的研究进展

根据国内外的有关资料,对甲壳动物细胞及全液免疫进行了简要的评述，其机体的免疫防御功能主要依赖于血细胞的吞噬，包掩等细胞免疫反应，但目前对于血细胞的分类及各自的功能尚无定论，甲壳动物体液吵具有免疫球蛋白，缺乏抗体介导的免疫反应，其体液免疫主要是指血淋巴中的一些酶和调节因子，如酚氧化酶原激活系统，落血素，凝集素，溶菌酶，蛋白酶抑制剂等。