中国东部土壤水溶性有机物含量与地域分异

测定了代表中国东部主要地带性土壤类型的19个表土样品中水溶性有机物的含量，分析了水溶性有机物含量的地域分异规律、空间结构特征以及影响因素。研究结果表明，所研究土壤样品的水溶性有机物C含量在0.008至0.379mgg∧-1之间，中值为C0.159mgg∧-1。土壤水溶性有机物含量的空间分布具有各向异性的结构特征，南北方向的变化幅度较东西方向大，总体呈现出沿北偏东9.6度向南偏西递降的一般趋势。富里酸含量和pH是影响土壤A层水溶性有机物含量和地域分布的主导因素。     

土壤水溶性有机物的紫外光谱特征及地域分异

测定了中国中东部地区 1 7种土类 45个样点近表层 1 0cm土样中水溶性有机物的紫外光谱和分子量分布特征 ,同时测定部分样品富里酸的相应特征。在此基础上比较和分析水溶性有机物与富里酸紫外光谱特征的差异、紫外光谱特征与样品平均分子量分布的关系及其地域分异规律。结果表明土壤水溶性有机物和富啡酸具有相似的紫外光谱特征 ;WSOC样品紫外 /可见光比值与其平均分子量负相关 ,而WSOC单位浓度的紫外吸收值则与平均分子量正相关。研究区水溶性有机物的单位浓度紫外吸收值具有明显的自北向南和自东向西递降的趋势 ,从根本上受制于水热条件的WSOC分子量分布可能是影响样品紫外特征地域分异的主要因素。     

稀土元素在土壤中的环境化学行为及其生物效应

综述了目前关于土壤中稀土元素的形态分布、环境化学行为和植物富集等方面的研究，重点讨论了各种因素（pH、Eh、HU、FA、EDTA）对土壤中稀土的吸附解吸和迁移转化的影响。     

大豆与玉米根部土壤水溶性有机物的荧光特性比较研究

利用三维荧光光谱技术表征大豆和玉米根部土壤水溶性有机物(WEOM)的组成和结构特征.结果表明:大豆根部土壤水溶性有机碳的含量及其占土壤总有机碳的比例分别为25.72 mg/kg和0.2％,高于玉米根部土壤的16.96mg/kg和0.13％;但WEOM的比紫外吸收值为2.47 L/(mg·m),低于玉米根部土壤的4.72 L/(mg·m).大豆根部土壤WEOM中的类色氨酸蛋白质、类富里酸、类微生物代谢产物和类富里酸物质的区域积分值都高于玉米根部土壤,但类酪氨酸蛋白质稍低.大豆根部土壤WEOM中类酪氨酸蛋白质和类色氨酸蛋白质占的比例明显低于玉米田土壤,但类富里酸、类溶解性微生物代谢产物和类腐殖酸的比例却明显高于玉米田土壤.大豆根部土壤微生物源的WEOM量高于玉米根部土壤.玉米根部土壤WEOM的类酪氨酸蛋白质、类色氨酸蛋白质和类腐殖酸物质的芳香度及分子量均大于大豆根部土壤,但类富里酸物质的芳香度和分子量则较低.研究结果说明,三维荧光光谱分析技术可用于大豆和玉米根部土壤WEOM的组成和结构分析,对研究营养物质和有毒污染物在根部土壤的环境行为能够提供理论依据.     

重金属在土壤载体中的行为和环境响应

综述了21世纪初重金属在土壤环境中发生的吸附/解吸、溶解/沉淀、氧化/还原、络合(螯合)等行为的影响因素,如粘土矿物类型、微生物、腐殖质、pH、重金属性质、土壤酶和人为活动等方面的研究结果,得到了比较深入的进展。同时也显现了在复杂的野外条件下,重金属的行为特征研究明显不足;与植物的吸富关系研究尚处于起步阶段;不同区域和土壤类型中重金属及其化合物的行为差异缺乏科学的解释;重金属污染土壤的修复技术还存在风险;重金属复合污染研究也需进一步定量化。     

水溶性有机质对镉在土壤中吸附行为的影响

水溶性有机质（DOM）是环境中最为活跃的化学组成之一，无疑会对土壤中重金属的迁移转化具有很大的影响。通过等温吸附试验和动力学试验，研究了由猪粪和稻草提取的DOM对重庆市菜地典型土壤中Cd吸附行为的影响。结果表明：Cd在土壤中的吸附行为由于土壤类型和添加的DOM种类的不同而有所差异，在紫色土中，稻草DOM对Cd的吸附表现出明显的抑制作用，而猪粪DOM在低浓度时对Cd的吸附有抑制作用，但在较高浓度时，猪粪DOM反而表现出对Cd的促进吸附；在黄壤中，稻草DOM也有使Cd的吸附减少的趋势，而猪粪DOM对Cd的吸附有强烈的促进作用。     

煤矸石酸性水释放对土壤重金属化学行为的影响

利用微波消解法和Tessier的5步连续提取法分析测定了韩城燎原矿区高硫煤矸石堆放场不同深度土壤的9种重金属含量和不同赋存形态,并结合重金属分配系数分析了它们的释放迁移能力。结果表明,堆放场土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Sn、V、Zn的均值皆超过远离堆放场土壤背景值和中国土壤背景值,其中以As、Cd、Zn为最显著。在不断接受煤矸石堆放场雨水淋溶释放的酸性水入渗条件下,污染土壤中重金属的生物有效性和迁移性为:CdZnNiSnPbCuAsCrV。由于受到土壤含水率和有机质的影响,在土壤40—60cm范围内,重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn释放迁移能力为最弱。酸性水入渗对As、Cd释放迁移能力影响较小,而对Cd释放迁移能力影响较大。     

水分与有机物料对土壤呼吸的影响

叙述了土壤呼吸测定方法，研究了含水量对娄土及黄绵土呼吸强度的影响，最适的含水量范围娄土为１２％－２０％，黄绵土为１４％－１８％，不同有机添加物对土壤呼吸的影响有很大差异，特别是葡萄糖的加入给微生物活动提供了能量。Ｃ／Ｎ是影响土壤呼吸强弱的一个重要因素，不同肥力土壤的呼吸强度有明显差异。长期施入氮、磷、有机肥均可提高土壤呼吸。     

Properties of dissolved organic matter related to soil organic matter quality and nitrogen additions in Norway spruce forest floors

The quality of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is highly variable and little information is available on the relation of DOM quality to the structure and composition of its parent soil organic matter (SOM). The effect of increasing N inputs to forest soils on the structure and composition of both SOM and DOM also remains largely unclear. Here we studied the release of DOM, its specific UV absorption and two humification indices (HIX) derived from fluorescence spectra from Oa material of 15 North- and Central-European Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands. The Oa material was incubated aerobically at 15 °C and water holding capacity over a period of 10 months and extracted monthly with an artificial throughfall solution. Soil respiration was determined weekly. The influence of mineral N inputs on composition of DOM and on respiration rates was investigated on periodically NH₄NO₃-treated Oa samples of eight selected sites. Release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from untreated Oa material samples ranged from 0.0 to 58.6 μg C day⁻¹ g C⁻¹ and increased with increasing C-to-N ratio. One HIX and UV absorption of DOM were negatively correlated to the degree of oxidation of lignin-derived compounds and positively to the C-to-N ratio and – HIX only – to the aromatic C content of SOM. Mineral N addition had no distinct effect on respiration rates. In six of eight samples the N-treatment caused an increase in specific UV absorption or one HIX of DOM. However, these effects were not statistically significant. Addition of mineral N did not affect the rates of DOM release. Our results show that properties of SOM largely determine the amount and quality of DOM in forest floors. Changes of DOM quality due to mineral N additions are likely, but we cannot confirm significant changes of DOM release.     

Biochemical properties and biodegradation of dissolved organic matter from soils

Various biologically mediated processes are involved in the turnover of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil; however, relatively little is known about the dynamics of either the microbial community or the individual classes of organic molecules during the decomposition of DOM. We examined the net loss of DOC, the mineralisation of C to CO₂ and the degradation of DOC from six different soils by soil microorganisms. We also quantified the changes in the concentrations of protein, carbohydrate and amino acid C during microbial biodegradation. Over a 70-day incubation period at 20°C, the mineralisation of DOC to CO₂ was described by a double exponential model with a labile pool (half-life, 3–8 days) and a stable pool (half-life, 0.4–6 years). However, in nearly all cases, the mass loss of DOC exceeded the C released as CO₂ with significant deviations from the double exponential model. Comparison of mass DOC loss, CO₂ production and microbial cell counts, determined by epifluorescence microscopy, showed that a proportion of the lost DOC mass could be accounted for by microbial assimilation. Carbohydrate and protein C concentrations fluctuated throughout the incubation with a net change of between 3 to 13 and −30 to 22.4% initial DOC, respectively. No amino acid C was detected during the incubation period (level of detection, 0.01 mg C l⁻¹).     

Dissolved organic matter enhances the sorption of atrazine by soil

The influence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the sorption of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopylamino-1,3,5-triazine) by ten soils was investigated. Batch sorption isotherm techniques were used to evaluate the important physiochemical properties of soil determining the sorption of atrazine in the presence of DOM. The sorption of atrazine as a representative of nonionic organic contaminants (NOCs) by soil with and without DOM could be well described by the Linear and Freundlich models. The n values of the Freundlich model were generally near to 1, indicating that linear partitioning was the major mechanism of atrazine sorption by soil samples. The apparent distribution coefficient, value, for atrazine sorption in the presence of DOM initially increased and decreased thereafter as the DOM concentration increased in the equilibrium solution. DOM at relatively lower concentrations significantly enhanced the sorption of atrazine by soil, while it inhibited the atrazine sorption at higher concentrations. For all the soil samples, the maximum of was 1.1~3.1 times higher than its corresponding K _d value for the control (without DOM). The maximum enhancement of the distribution coefficient () in the presence of DOM was negatively correlated with the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and positively correlated with the clay content. The critical concentration of DOM, below which DOM would enhance atrazine sorption, was negatively correlated with SOC. The influence of DOM on atrazine sorption could be approximately considered as the net effect of the cumulative sorption and association of atrazine with DOM in solution. Results of this study provide an insight into the retention and mobility of a NOC in the soil environment.     

Response of an agricultural soil to pentachlorophenol (PCP) contamination and the addition of compost or dissolved organic matter

The response of a fresh, agricultural soil when contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and supplemented with compost (C) or dissolved organic matter (DOM) was studied in the laboratory. The concentration of PCP and the changes in various functionally related properties (i.e. microbial biomass, basal respiration, soil hydrolase and oxidoreductase activity) were measured over 150 d. Variations in the main physical and chemical properties of the soils were also monitored. Two different doses of compost (C1 = 0.27% and C2 = 0.83%, corresponding to 10 and 30 t ha⁻¹, respectively) or DOM (D1 = 0.07% and D2 = 0.2%) equivalent to the carbon content of the two compost doses C1 and C2 were used and the following five systems were investigated: soil (S), soil–compost (S-C1 and S-C2) and soil–DOM (S-D1 and S-D2). PCP concentrations declined progressively and significantly with time. This effect was most pronounced for the soils amended with the lower compost dose C1 (S-C1) and with the two DOM (S-D1 and S-D2) amounts. Significantly reduced amounts of PCP were extracted after its 500-d residence in the various systems. Higher amounts of the residual PCP were extracted from the humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and humin–mineral (HU) fractions of the 500 d aged samples than from the same unfractionated samples, indicating that the residual PCP preferentially accumulated in the organic fractions of soil. The soil showed an endogenous microbial activity as indicated by basal respiration, microbial biomass and all the enzymatic activities tested (dehydrogenase, glucosidase, phosphatase, arylsulphatase and urease). Addition of the PCP severely depressed some of the tested biochemical properties suggesting an inhibitory effect on microbial activity. Conversely, higher basal respiration, and similar β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities were measured in comparison with the controls. No significant effects were observed following the addition of two doses of the compost or the DOM. Fungal colonies belonging to the taxonomic group of Ascomycetes and identified as Byssochlamys fulva developed with time in all the PCP-contaminated samples. Growth of B. fulva in vitro in the presence of PCP showed that the isolate was tolerant to 12.5 and 25 mg l⁻¹ PCP and degraded 20% of its initial concentration in 8 d. Overall, the results indicate that many complex processes occurred in the contaminated soil and combinations of these determined the response to PCP contamination. The sorption of PCP to the soil matrix (which increased with time) and its degradation/transformation by indigenous soil microbial activity were likely involved. Both the processes appeared to be favoured by the presence of dissolved organic matter.     

Evaluating biodegradability of soil organic matter by its thermal stability and chemical composition

The stability of soil organic matter (SOM) as it relates to resistance to microbial degradation has important implications for nutrient cycling, emission of greenhouse gases, and C sequestration. Hence, there is interest in developing new ways to quantify and characterise the labile and stable forms of SOM. Our objective in this study was to evaluate SOM under widely contrasting management regimes to determine whether the variation in chemical composition and resistance to pyrolysis observed for various constituent C fractions could be related to their resistance to decomposition. Samples from the same soil under permanent pasture, an arable cropping rotation, and chemical fallow were physically fractionated (sand: 2000-50 μm; silt: 50-5 μm, and clay: <5 μm). Biodegradability of the SOM in size fractions and whole soils was assessed in a laboratory mineralization study. Thermal stability was determined by analytical pyrolysis using a Rock-Eval pyrolyser, and chemical composition was characterized by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the C and N K-edges. Relative to the pasture soil, SOM in the arable and fallow soils declined by 30% and 40%, respectively. The mineralization bioassay showed that SOM in whole soil and soil fractions under fallow was less susceptible to biodegradation than that in other management practices. The SOM in the sand fraction was significantly more biodegradable than that in the silt or clay fractions. Analysis by XANES showed a proportional increase in carboxylates and a reduction in amides (protein) and aromatics in the fallow whole soil compared to the pasture and arable soils. Moreover, protein depletion was greatest in the sand fraction of the fallow soil. Sand fractions in fallow and arable soils were, however, relatively enriched in plant-derived phenols, aromatics, and carboxylates compared to the sand fraction of pasture soils. Analytical pyrolysis showed distinct differences in the thermal stability of SOM among the whole soil and their size fractions; it also showed that the loss of SOM generally involved preferential degradation of H-rich compounds. The temperature at which half of the C was pyrolyzed was strongly correlated with mineralizable C, providing good evidence for a link between the biological and thermal stability of SOM.     

Experimental evaluation of methods to quantify dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil

A significant proportion of the total nutrient in soil solution can be bound to organic molecules and these often constitute a major loss from soil to freshwater. Our purpose was to determine whether chemical extractants used for measuring inorganic N could also be used to quantify dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and carbon (DOC) in soil. In a range of soils, DOC and DON were extracted with either distilled water or 2 M KCl and the amount recovered compared with that present in soil solution recovered by centrifugal-drainage. The recovery of DON and DOC from soil was highly dependent upon the method of extraction. Factors such as soil sampling strategy (number of samples over space and time), sample preparation (sieving and drying), soil storage, extraction temperature, shaking time, and soil-to-extractant volume ratio all significantly affected the amount of DOC and DON extracted from soil. To allow direct comparison between independent studies we therefore propose the introduction of a standardized extraction procedure: Replicate samples of unsieved, field-moist soil extracted as soon as possible after collection with distilled water, 0.5 M K₂SO₄ or 2 M KCl at a 1:5 w/v ratio for 1 h at 20 °C.     

Managing soil organic matter – implications for soil structure on organic farms

Abstract. This paper reviews current understanding of soil structure, the role of soil organic matter (SOM) in soil structure and evidence for or against better soil physical condition under organic farming. It also includes new data from farm case studies in the UK. Young SOM is especially important for soil structural development, improving ephemeral stability through fungal hyphae, extracellular polysaccharides, etc. Thus, to achieve aggregate stability and the advantages that this conveys, frequent input of fresh organic matter is required. Practices that add organic material are routinely a feature of organically farmed soils and the literature generally shows that, comparing like with like, organic farms had at least as good and sometimes better soil structure than conventionally managed farms. Our case studies confirmed this. In the reviewed papers, SOM was generally larger on the biodynamic/organic farms because of the organic additions and/or leys in the rotation. We can therefore hypothesize that, because it is especially the light fraction of SOM that is involved in soil structural development, soil structure will improve in a soil to which fresh organic residues are added regularly. Thus, we argue it is not the farming system per se that is important in promoting better physical condition, but the amount and quality of organic matter returned to a soil.     

基于环境因子和联合概率方法的土壤有机质空间预测

<正>土壤连续属性(如土壤中养分含量、重金属含量等)的空间分布特征和定量分布信息是进行土壤质量评价和区域环境综合评估的基础。精准农业战略的实施和各种区域生态评价均需要更详细更精确的土壤属性信息作为依据[1-2]。因此,土壤属性空间预测一直是土壤学研究的热点问题。经典地统计学以各种克里格插值法为代表,是土壤属性空间预测中的常用方法。但该方法缺乏对辅助信息(如环境信息)的有效利用[3-4],导致预测精度降低[5]。而土壤景观定量模型的理论依据就是土壤与环境的关系,但该法忽略了采样点之间的空间相     

Effective retention of litter-derived dissolved organic carbon in organic layers

This study aimed to gain insight into the generation and fate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in organic layers. In a Free Air CO₂ Enrichment Experiment at the alpine treeline, we estimated the contribution of ¹³C-depleted recent plant C to DOC of mor-type organic layers. In an additional laboratory soil column study with 40 leaching cycles, we traced the fate of ¹³C-labelled litter-DOC (22 and 45 mg l⁻¹) in intact Oa horizons at 2 and 15 °C. Results of the field study showed that DOC in the Oa horizon at 5 cm depth contained only 20 ± 3% of less than six-year-old C, indicating minor contributions of throughfall, root exudates, and fresh litter to leached DOC. In the soil column experiment, there was a sustained DOC leaching from native soil organic matter. Less than 10% of totally added litter-DOC was leached despite a rapid breakthrough of a bromide tracer (50 ± 7% within two days). Biodegradation contributed only partly to the DOC removal with 18-30% of added litter-DOC being mineralized in the Oa horizons at 2 and 15 °C, respectively. This was substantially less than the potential 70%-biodegradability of the litter-DOC itself, which indicates a stabilization of litter-DOC in the Oa horizon. In summary, our results give evidence on an apparent ‘exchange’ of DOC in thick organic layers with litter-DOC being retained and ‘replaced’ by ‘older’ DOC leached from the large pool of indigenous soil organic matter.     

Nitrogen deposition and dissolved organic carbon production in northern temperate forests

Deposition of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) alters the decomposition of organic matter in forest ecosystems by changing the expression of key microbial enzymes. We investigated the effects of experimental N deposition on dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils of three forest ecosystems representative of the upper Great Lakes region: the sugar maple/basswood (SMBW), sugar maple/red oak (SMRO) and white oak/black oak (WOBO) ecosystems. Mineral soil samples were collected on five dates from ambient and N-amended plots (80 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in three replicate stands of each forest type. DOM was extracted (2:1, water:soil) from each soil sample and analyzed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC). DOC concentration was significantly greater in the N-amended soils (on average: 24% higher for SMBW, 9% for SMRO, and 40% for BOWO). In June and October 2002, bioassays were performed to assess N treatment effects on the composition of DOM and its interacting bacterial community. Within each site, DOM extracts from the ambient and N-amended plots were reciprocally inoculated with bacteria from each plot. After a 48 h incubation at 20 °C, community activity in each microcosm was profiled by measuring 10 extracellular enzyme activities (EEA). MANOVA showed that ecosystem type, sampling date, DOM source (ambient or N-amended plot) and inoculum source (ambient or N-amended plot) all had significant effects on bioassay EEA. Post hoc tests (Tukey's HSD) found significant reductions in oxidative enzyme activity as a result of the N treatment. In general, the bioassay results corroborated a previous report describing losses in soil oxidative enzyme activity in response to N saturation. However, it is not clear whether increased DOC concentration is the direct result of reduced oxidative activity.