One-Bath Union Dyeing of Wool/Acrylic Blend Fabric with Cationic Reactive Dyes Based on Azobenzene

Three unreported cationic reactive dyes based on azobenzene were synthesized using a novel synthetic route. Synthesized dyestuffs containing three primary color dyes were characterized by FTIR, H-NMR, LC-MS, Element Analysis and UV-vis spectroscopic techniques. The absorption spectra of dyes were measured in three solvents with different polarities. The dyeing and color fastness properties of three cationic reactive dyes on wool, acrylic and wool/acrylic blend fabrics were determined. The optimum pH for wool and acrylic fabrics were 6 and 5, respectively. Effect of temperature, time on dyeing properties and color fastness properties on wool fabric showed the same tendency with acrylic fabric. The K/S value of wool fabric dyed with three dyes was similar to that of acrylic fabric when both fabrics were dyed simultaneously in the same dyebath using low dye concentration. Wool/acrylic blend fabric dyed with three cationic reactive dyes using onebath one-step method achieved good union dyeing property and excellent color fastness.     

Extraction of natural dye from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coreopsis tinctoria</Emphasis> flower petals for leather dyeing − An eco-friendly approach

This study evaluated the extraction of two colors of dye (yellow and brown) from Coreopsis tinctoria flower petals using ultrasound and the dyeing of leather with the extracted dyes as a source of nontoxic and eco-friendly dye. The results showed an increase in the dye extraction values with increasing time at 100 W ultrasonic power at 80 °C for 1 h. Leather dyeing was optimized with the aid of ultrasound and magnetic stirring. The optimum leather dyeing conditions, with respect to the dye uptake, dye penetration and intensity of the color, were determined to be 12 % dye concentration, 100 W power, 1,000 rpm, and pH 7.0 for 60 min at 80 °C. It was shown that sonication improves dye exhaustion from a 90 % to 60 % rating for 1 h of dyeing time. The dyed leather was assessed by reflectance measurements and compared with visual assessment data. The fastness properties of dyed leather samples showed good fastness against washing, light, and dry and wet rubbing. The strength properties were not significantly altered and the bulk properties, such as softness, were found to be improved by the use of Coreopsis tinctoria yellow and brown dyes using an ultrasonic and magnetic stirring dyeing process.     

Selective control of polyamide dyeing with acid dyes using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

The effect of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) in the dyeing of polyamide fabric was investigated under conditions that mimic industrial dyebaths where dye mixtures are used. The dyes used were Telon Red BN, Telon Yellow A-2R, and Telon Blue RR. The blue dye complexed with HPβCD whereas the other dyes did not do so under the conditions used. The dyeing results were compared with those obtained using a traditional retarding agent, Albegal B. The exhaustion dyeing data showed that HPβCD mainly affected the dyeing behavior of the blue dye that became encapsulated. In the case of the yellow and red dyes, changes in the overall kinetics of dyeing were observed, resulting in modified exhaustion profiles. In comparison, Albegal B retarded the blue dyeing process and increased the rate of exhaustion of the yellow dye while the exhaustion curve of red dye remained unchanged. The color uniformity of the dyed polyamide was improved when HPβCD was used. This resulted from the more controlled exhaustion rate during the critical phase of the dyeing process.     

Dyeing behavior of chemically modified poly(1,4-phenylene sulfide) fiber towards disperse,anionic, and cationic dyes

Poly(1,4-phenylene sulfide) (PPS) exhibits good dimensional stability and flame retardant characteristics but its commercial development as fibers is highly limited due to lesser dyeing and finishing characteristics. Hence in the present study, we focused on the anionic and cationic modifications of PPS to enhance its dyeing ability towards disperse, cationic, and anionic dyes. Novel sulfonation and chloromethylation-quaternization of PPS fiber were carried out to achieve an industrially viable dyeing process methodology. The chemically modified PPS fiber is dyed with disperse, cationic, and anionic dyes, and the dyeing adsorption efficiency is quantitatively studied using a dye-o-meter equipped with UV-visible absorption spectroscope. The ideal parameters for dye adsorption were determined as a function of dyeing time, material-toliquor ratio, dyeing temperature, carrier concentration, sulfonation, and chloromethylation. The fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were also studied. Overall, with a maximum dye uptake of 99 % and 90 % achieved for sulfonated PPS and quaternized PPS respectively, the optimized conditions can be readily scaled-up to the commercial dyeing of PPS fiber with disperse, anionic, and cationic dyes.     

Dyeing properties of mixture of ultrafine nylon and polyurethane with different types of dye

The dyeing and color fastness properties of levelling type acid dye, milling type acid dye, metal complex dye and reactive dye on ultrafine nylon, polyurethane fiber/film and their mixtures were investigated. Ultrafine nylon was dyed well with four types of dye at pH 3-6, but levelling type acid dye showed low washing fastness. Amine-rich polyurethane fiber exhibited enhanced dyeability due to amino groups which acted as dyeing sites, compared to regular polyurethane fiber. In simultaneous dyeing with milling type acid dye and metal complex dye, amine-rich polyurethane fiber absorbed more dye molecules than ultrafine nylon, the color difference between two fibers were apparent. Polyurethane-impregnated ultrafine nylon was also prepared and its build-up properties were determined. It was found that polyurethane whose soft segment was composed of polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG) and polypropylene glycol (PPG) showed improved dyeing property and subsequently high color strength.     

Preparation of nano disperse dyes from nanoemulsions and their dyeing properties on ultramicrofiber polyester

Six nano disperse dyes were prepared using corresponding O/W nanoemulsions which were obtained with sodium laurylsulphate and caprylic triglyceride. The average particle size of the dyes prepared were in the range of 110–130 nm. Exhaust dyeing using nano dyes resulted in low exhaustion yields of 17–26 % on regular polyester fiber and 28–38 % on ultramicrofiber polyester. The observed low exhaustion yields of nano disperse dye can be explained by the solubilization of dye particles into surfactant micelles as well as the high stability of the nanoemulsions, these might reduce the capacity of dye uptake onto the fibers. However, higher K/S values of dyeings with nano dyes on ultramicrofiber sites compared to those on regular polyester sites suggested their potential to be more efficient dyes for finer denier microfiber polyesters.     

Efficient separation and reuse of CI Reactive Blue 19 from dyeing effluent by solvent extraction

In order to reduce environmental pollution from dyeing effluent, the cationic reverse micelles were prepared and used for removal of anionic Color Index (CI) Reactive Blue 19. The effect of surfactants, dyes, temperature and ultrasonic treatment on dye removal was investigated, respectively. The conductivity of CI Reactive Blue 19 aqueous solution was measured during removal process. In addition, the photograph of CI Reactive Blue 19 was also obtained. Finally, the removed dyes were backward extracted and reused for dyeing cotton fabrics. The results indicated that the removal of dyes was increased with increasing surfactants concentration and temperature, while the dye concentration exhibited the reverse trend. The higher removal of dyes could be caused by using ultrasonic treatment. The conductivity of dye aqueous solution was decreased with increasing surfactant concentration for the removal of dyes. The CI Reactive Blue 19 from backward extraction was reused for dyeing cotton fabrics, which exhibited the good property.     

Study on the dyeing properties of hemicyanine dyes. I. Acrylic fabrics

Three hemicyanine dyes were employed in dyeing acrylic fabrics following traditional cationic dyeing procedures. The influence of the substituting groups of the dye molecule on the sorption rate and sorption isotherms was analyzed. The results showed that those dyed acrylic fabrics using hemicyanine dyes had obvious fluorescent effect in the spectra range 550–750 nm. In addition, according to the EN-471 standard (2003), the chromaticity of dyed acrylic fabric was calculated to evaluate whether hemicyanine dye could meet the requirements of the fluorescent dye for high visibility warning clothing.     

Synthesis of cationized anthraquinone dyes and their dyeing properties for meta-aramid fiber

Due to compact structure of meta-aramid fiber caused by the intermolecular hydrogen bondings of amide groups, the degree of crystallinity increased, thus its poor dyeing properties arises. Among commercial dyes used in many previous researches, the basic dyes showed comparatively higher exhaustion yields as comparing to those of disperse dyes and acid dyes. The anthraquinone moiety was adopted for good performances of light fastness on meta-aramid fiber. In this study, eight of anthraquinone dye was synthesized. The three of them were obtained from chloro-anthraquinone, by Ullmann reactions with the corresponding heterocylic residues such as morpholine and one of them was obtained from lueco quinizarine by condensation with the corresponding heterocylic residues. The others were prepared by quaternization from dyes above. The synthesized disperse and cationic dyes were dyed on meta-aramid fibers and investigated for their build-up dyeing properties and wash fastness.     

Dyeing properties of nylon,PET, and N/P mixture fabric with reactive-disperse dyes having a sulfatoethylsulfone group

The dyeing and color fastness properties of two reactive-disperse dyes containing a sulfatoethylsulfone group on nylon, PET and N/P mixture fabrics were examined. The rate of dyeing on nylon fabric was greatly dependent upon dye bath pH. The final dye uptakes at all pH, however, were as high as 97 %. Color strength of the dyed nylon fabric linearly increased up to 0.5 %owf and then slowed down over 1 %owf dyeing. Washing and rubbing fastness of the dyed nylon fabric were excellent, but grade of light fastness was moderate. Dyeability of the reactive-disperse dyes on PET fabric was not much affected by pH, and K/S values of PET fabric dyed at pH 5–8 were lower than those of nylon fabric at all pH examined. Buildup and color fastnesses properties on PET fabric showed the same tendency with nylon fabric. The rate of dyeing of the reactive-disperse dyes on nylon fabric was faster than on PET fabric when both fabrics were dyed simultaneously in the same dye pot, resulting in higher color strength of nylon than PET. The reactive-disperse dyes were found to be adequate to the one-bath, one-step dyeing of N/P mixture fabric when applied at pH 5 and 120 °C.     

Modification of polypropylene fibers by electron beam irradiation. I. Evaluation of dyeing properties using cationic dyes

The dyeing properties of hydrophobic polypropylene fibers using cationic dyes were investigated to improve dyeability by electron beam irradiation and sulfonic acid incorporation. The color strength of polypropylene fibers after irradiation was examined according to the dyeing conditions including the pH of the dyebath, absorbed doses, and the introduction of a functional group to the fiber substrate. The best dyeing result was obtained when polypropylene fibers incorporated by sulfonic acid group after electron beam irradiation were dyed with cationic dyes at alkaline conditions and 30∼75 kGy irradiation ranges.     

Surface modification of poly(lactic acid) by UV/Ozone irradiation

Hydrophobic poly(lactic acid), PLA, was modified to give hydrophilicity and dyeability to cationic dyes via UV/O₃ irradiation. The UV irradiation treatment caused ester linkage of PLA surface to break down resulting in reduced molecular weight and generation of new photooxidized products as indicated in subtracted ATR spectra and ESCA analysis. It was found that water contact angle decreased from 61 ° to 39 ° and surface energy slightly increased with increasing UV energy, which was attributed to significant contribution of polar component rather than nonpolar component resulting from the surface photooxidation of PLA. Also the surface treatment increased dyeability of PLA to C.I. Basic Blue 41 in terms of both K/S and %E. The increased dyeability may be due to photochemically introduced anionic and dipolar dyeing sites which electrostatically interact with the cationic dye as ascertained by the decreased zeta potential and its pH dependence of the modified PLA.     

Dyeing of synthetic fabrics in water using azoic dyes based on boronic acid derivatives

Development of water-soluble dyes for the dyeing of different textile fabrics is essential for the textile industry due to ecological and economical reasons. In this study, a series of new azoic dyes were prepared by diazotization reaction between the phenyl boronic acid and different aniline derivatives, and their dyeing capacity in aqueous solution was evaluated. The synthesized boronic azo dyes present good water solubility and can dye polyamide (nylon), wool, silk, and cellulose acetate fabrics. The effect of factors such as concentration of dye, dyeing temperature, and pH on the level of color strength (K/S) was studied. The dyeing results showed that higher color strength K/S (about 16) and fastness properties (about 4/5) with boronic acid dyes were achieved at higher temperatures avoiding the use of surface agents, mordants, and other polluting chemical additives.     

Synthesis,characterization, and properties of ethoxylated azo dyes

The nonionic surfactant properties of ethoxylated azo dyes, such as cloud point and surface tension have been investigated. The synthesized ethoxylated azo dyes could dye polyester fabric without any special pre-treatment. When the average number of ethylene oxide (EO) in the ethoxylated azo dye reached 6, its fixation could exceed 90% from the thermosol dyeing process. The average degree of condensation of ethylene glycol in the chain was interrelated with the dyeing results and did not affect on the maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) of the polyoxyethylene dye. When the average length of polyoxyethylene chain decreased, the molecular weight of dyes became smaller and the fixation of dyes was improved.     

Dyeing properties of Bombyx mori silks grafted by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)

Graft copolymerization technique was selected to improve properties of Bombyx mori silks. The silks were degummed and grafted by 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), resulting in different graft yields of the degummed silks. It was found that thermal decomposition temperature and wear strength of the silks grafted by HEMA were clearly improved. In addition, dyeing properties of the degummed and HEMA-grafted silks were investigated by using different natural dyes, i.e. coconut shell (Cocos nucifera), pandanus (Pandanus odorus) and Siamese cassia (Cassia siamea) and also synthetic dyestuff, i.e. acid dye. When dyeability and colorfastness properties were investigated, it was observed that higher graft yield of the HEMA-grafted silks exhibited greater dye uptake for all of the applied dyes. Besides, fastness properties to washing, perspiration, light and rubbing of the degummed and HEMA-grafted silks were examined.     

Enhancing the dyeability of poly(lactic acid) fiber with natural dyes of alizarin,lawsone, and indigo

To dye poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fiber with natural dyes has gained importance in recent years due to the production of the fully eco-friendly textile products. In this study, pure and modified PLA fibers with two different POSS nanoparticles, namely N-phenyl aminopropyl POSS (AP-POSS) and octa (aminophenyl) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OAPPOSS), are dyed with three different natural dyes including alizarin, lawsone and indigo. The effects of the dyeing conditions including dyeing temperature and time, POSS nanoparticle concentration, natural dye types and concentrations are investigated on the dyeability properties of the PLA fiber samples. The wash and light fastness of the fiber samples are also investigated. According to the dyeability results, it is concluded that POSS nanoparticles are effective for increasing the dyeability of the PLA fiber with all natural dyes used in this study. As the added amount of the POSS nanoparticle increases, the dyeability of the PLA fiber increases. When the performances of the POSS nanoparticles are compared, it is seen that OAP-POSS is more effective than the AP-POSS nanoparticle.     

Dyeing properties of nylon 66 nano fiber with high molecular mass acid dyes

Research and development of nano fiber products is very active over the world. Physical characteristics and dyeing properties of nylon 66 nano fiber were investigated in this study. X-ray diffraction, DSC, analysis of amino end group, and water absorption were performed to get information concerning physical properties of nano fiber. Nylon 66 nano fiber was dyed with high molecular mass acid dyes. Effects of dyeing temperature, pH of dyeing solution, and concentration of acid dyes on dyeing properties such as rate of dyeing and the extent of exhaustion, were examined and compared to those of regular fiber. It was found that nano fiber adsorbed acid dyes at lower temperature, got rapidly dyed, and its extents of exhaustion at specific dyeing temperature were higher than regular fiber. It was also observed that nano fiber could adsorb a large amount of acid dye without a significant loss in the extent of exhaustion. Washing fastness of the dyed nano fiber was lower by 1/2∼1 grade, light fastness by 1 grade than the dyed regular fiber.     

Improving the dyeability of poly(lactic acid) fiber using N-Phenylaminopropyl POSS nanoparticle during melt spinning

The dyeability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fiber strongly depends on disperse dye structure due to the low dyeing temperature and the short dyeing time. Thus, the dye uptake value of PLA fiber is low for some disperse dyes and is needed to be improved. In the current study, the dyeability of PLA fiber is improved with the addition of N-Phenylaminopropyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (AP-POSS) during melt spinning process. The effects of dyeing conditions including dyeing temperature and time, disperse dye type and AP-POSS concentrations are investigated on the dyeability properties of PLA fiber samples. The tensile, thermal and morphological properties of fiber samples are also characterized by tensile testing, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As the added amount of AP-POSS increases, the percent crystallinity increases and the tensile strength reduces. According to the dyeing results, AP-POSS is very effective for increasing the dyeability of PLA fiber especially for disperse dyes with low dye uptake values.     

Dyeing characteristics of Nylon,cotton and N/C mixture fabrics with reactive-disperse dyes containing a sulphatoethylsulphone group

The dyeing and color fastness properties of three reactive-disperse dyes containing a sulphatoethylsulphone group on Nylon, cotton and N/C mixture fabrics were examined. Reduction-clearing was more effective in removing the unfixed dyes than soaping since the reactive-disperse dye became hydrophobic during dyeing process. Nylon was dyed well with three reactive-disperse dyes at pH 5∼8 and difference in chemical structure between dyes did not affect the final color strength of the dyed Nylon fiber, but their build-up properties on Nylon were not so good. The color strength of the dyed cotton was not as high as that of Nylon. The color strength of cotton increased by lowering dyeing temperature when the reactive-disperse dyes having hydroxy group were used. Nylon absorbed more dye molecules than cotton in simultaneous dyeing, the color difference between Nylon and cotton could be reduced as the dyeing temperature decreased. N/C mixture fabric was dyed well at 60 °C with the reactive-disperse dyes having hydroxyl group when applied at pH 7 and 60 °C, and their build-up properties were good. It was also found that washing fastness and rubbing fastness of dyed Nylon, cotton and N/C fabrics with the reactive-disperse dyes were excellent, while light fastness was moderate.     

Alkaline weight reduction monitoring of sea-island type polyamide microfiber fabrics

The alkaline dissolution behavior of sea-island type polyamide microfibers were successfully monitored using a cationic dye staining method. Weight reduction behavior of the alkali-treated microfiber fabrics and the treated fabrics stained with cationic dye were investigated in a comparative manner. The termination of dissolution monitored by both methods was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.