Multifunctional colored polyester fabric treated with dopamine hydrochloride at room temperature: higher tensile,hydrophilicity and anti-bacterial properties along with aminolysis

In this work, dopamine hydrochloride, an environmental friendly compound, was applied on polyester fabric through conventional simple impregnation method in alkaline solution (pH=8.5) at room temperature. In situ spontaneous oxidative polymerization of dopamine form polydopamine (PDA) along with aminolysis of polyester fabric surface. Also, a range of colored polyester fabric were successfully achieved by formation of polydopamine adhesive coating layer at different concentration of dopamine hydrochloride (0.001-4 g/l). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy showed deposition of polydopmaine on the polyester fabric surface. The modified colored polyester fabric showed reasonable durability against washing, rubbing and light. The treated polyester fabric with 2 g/l dopamine hydrochloride as optimum concentration indicated not only lower spreading time for water droplet and electrical resistance with higher tensile strength but also very good bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.     

Bioactive and multifunctional textile using plant-based madder dye: Characterization of UV protection ability and antibacterial activity

In the present work the natural madder dye (Rubia tinctorum L.) was applied to the simultaneous dyeing and functionalization of polyester (PET) fabric. In the first part of the study the color performance and the durability were revealed for exhaustion dyed fabric. The dyed fabric was then characterized with respect to ultraviolet (UV) protection ability and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). CIELab color coordinates, namely the positive a* and b* values, confirmed a yellow/orange color of the dyed fabric. From durability tests, the color showed a moderate to good light fastness and good to excellent fastness to washing and rubbing. The madder dye improved both the UV protective performance and the antibacterial activity of the fabric. With 3 % on weight of fiber (owf) the UV protection factor increased up to 106, and the antibacterial activity up to 86 % against both types of bacteria tested.     

Natural dyeing of cotton with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xylocarpus granatum</Emphasis> bark extract: Dyeing,fastness, and ultraviolet protection properties

In this research we investigated the dyeing of cotton fabrics with extracts of Xylocarpus granatum, a mangrove plant with a long history of use in leather tanning and textile dyeing. X. granatum bark was extracted and spray-dried, yielding a tannin-rich, reddish-brown powder. This powder proved a suitable colorant for the natural dyeing of cotton with promising color fastness properties to wet treatments (washing, water, sea water, and perspiration), hot pressing, crocking, and light exposure. However, the dye alone produced only weak levels of coloration and therefore metallic salt mordants were employed to improve the color strength, through the formation of insoluble tannate complexes. The resulting fabric K/S values were dependent on the mordant used and exhibited the following trend: ferric sulfate > sodium dichromate > copper sulfate > potassium aluminum sulfate > no mordant, for fabrics exposed to mordants before and after dyeing. Mordanting resulted in slight variations in shade and color fastness. In most cases, the color fastness properties were preserved, except for color fastness to light and hot pressing, for which lowered ratings were found for some mordants. Stiffness and mechanical performance were not greatly affected by dyeing or mordanting, except for sodium dichromate mordanting which significantly stiffened and weakened the fabric. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of all the dyed samples achieved the maximum (50+) level, highlighting the excellent UV shielding properties of the fabric. Overall, X. granatum bark extract is a promising, effective colorant for the natural dyeing of cotton in terms of appearance, fastness, and physical characteristics.     

Synthesis and spectral characterization of novel azomethine disperse dyes derived from pyrazolone moiety and their dyeing performance on polyester fabrics

A series of new azomethine dyes based on pyrazolone system have been synthesized via different routes. The solvatochromism for the dyes was evaluated with respect to spectroscopic properties in various solvents. The dyes were applied as disperse dyes on polyester fabrics and gave shade poor to excellent light fastness, washing, perspiration, sublimation, and rubbing fastness properties. Also the position of color in CIELAB coordinates (L*, a*, b*) and K/S value were investigated.     

Durable antibacterial cotton modified by silver nanoparticles and chitosan derivative binder

This article focuses on the functional finishing of textiles using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and chitosan derivative binder, which was synthesized by a modification of chitosan using α-ketoglutaric acid. The binder covalently linked to cotton fabric via esterification of the hydroxyl groups on the cotton surface, and tightly adhered to surface of the AgNPs by coordination bonds. As a result, the coating of AgNPs on the cotton fabric showed excellent antibacterial property and laundering durability. After 30 consecutive laundering cycles, the Ag content on the fabrics decreased to 37.6 %, but the bacterial reduction rates against both S. aureus and E. coli were maintained over 95 %. It has potential applications in a wide variety of fields such as sportswear, socks, and medical textile.     

Evaluation of aroma functionality imparted on natural indigo-dyed cotton fabrics

Long-term efficacy of aroma microcapsules on natural indigo-dyed cotton fabric was evaluated by objective and subjective tests. The fixation of aroma microcapsules was carried out by pad-dry-cure process on dyed cotton fabric. Mercerized cotton fabric was dyed with natural indigo obtained from Polygonum tintorium (via the modified Niram method) and subsequently padded with melamine-formaldehyde microcapsules containing aroma essential oil (natural source of a Chinese arborvitae 20-25 %). Softener was applied in the same (one-step) or sequential (two-step) padding bath. We confirmed that microcapsules were fixed on cotton fibers by SEM analysis. The addition of softener was not much effective for the fabric performances on softness or air permeability. All the colorfastness ratings were above 4/5 and the color difference was within the acceptable range of 1.62-2.08. The efficacy of fabric samples stored for 2 years was evaluated using the GC/MS-headspace technique and the samples stored for 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 years were also evaluated in terms of aroma release by the human perception test. Bornyl acetate was confirmed as the main component of essential oil, which was continuously released by the microcapsule-treated fabric (D/MC) during storage for more than 2 years. In durability and human perception tests, the microcapsules on the cotton fabric were stable to laundering, rubbing, ironing, and light.     

Comparative Performance of Copper and Silver Coated Stretchable Fabrics

The present work described the development of multifunctional, electrically conductive and durable fabrics by coating of silver and copper particles using a dipping-drying method. The particles were directly grown on fabric structure to form electrically conductive fibers. Particles were found to fill the spaces between the microfibers, and were stacked together to form networks with high electrical conductivity. The electrically conductive fabrics showed low resistance with high stretch ability. The utility of conductive fabrics was analyzed for electromagnetic shielding ability over frequency range of 30 MHz to 1.5 GHz. The EMI shielding was found to increase with increase in concentration of copper and silver particles. Furthermore, the heating performance of the copper and silver coated fabric was studied through measuring the change in temperature at the surface of the fabric while applying a voltage difference across the fabric. The maximum temperature (119°C for silver and 112°C for copper) were obtained when the applied voltage was 10 V. Moreover, the role of deposited particles on antibacterial properties was examined against pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. At the end, the durability of coated fabrics was examined against several washing cycles. The fabrics showed good retention of the particles, proved by small loss in the conductivity of the material after washing.     

Dyeability and Antibacterial Finishing of Hemp Fabric Using Natural Bioactive Neem Extract

Two functional compounds were successfully extracted from neem (Azadiracta indica): a tannin-rich natural dye and an antibacterial agent. The dye was extracted from the bark using water, and the antibacterial from the leaf using methanol. These were used to dye hemp fabrics. Higher color strength values (K/S) were found when dyeing was conducted at a higher dye concentration, elevated temperature, and longer dyeing time. Optimal results were achieved when using 5 %w/v of extracted powder at 100 °C for 60 min. The resulting fabrics appeared reddish-brown, and were rated as good to excellent for color fastness against washing, water, sea water, and perspiration. The antibacterial agent from the neem leaf was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus at 65 °C with methanol as solvent. The dyed and antibacterial-finished hemp fabrics were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, following the percentage reduction test of AATCC 100. The treated fabrics demonstrated a 99.99 % reduction in Staphylococcus aureus.     

Study on antibacterial and comfort performances of cotton fabric finished by chitosan-silver for intimate apparel

The fabric used for intimate apparel is widely required to have excellent antibacterial and comfort performances. In order to improve its antibacterial ability, this paper studied chitosan-silver finishing on the cotton knitted fabric. The study indicates that the chitosan-silver attached to the fabric exhibits excellent antibacterial action against the typical bacteria of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureu). The anti-bacterial mechanism of chitosan-silver against E. coli and S. aureu were investigated. To guarantee its prominent comfort performance, measurements were made on the finished fabric of its air permeability, water vapor transmission, hydrophily, surface friction and bending ability against the control fabric, which is currently used for intimate apparel. The antibacterial and comfort performances were compared between the tested fabrics. The results show that the air permeability and the hydrophily of the finished cotton fabric are significantly better than the control one, while the water vapor transmission, the surface friction and the adjustable rate remain similar to each other. The bending rigidity of the finished fabric is slightly better due to the attachment of chitosan within accepted threshold. The dual compounding theory of chitosan-silver proves to be useful for a higher synergistic effect of anti-bacteria, lower whiteness degradation and overall optimization of comfort performance. This dual compounding theory of chitosan-silver is valuable for improving antibacterial and comfort performances of intimate apparel.     

Antibacterial,UV protective and ammonia sensing functionalized polyester fabric through <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> synthesis of cuprous oxide nanoparticles

In this research, a facile and cost effective method is presented for in-situ synthesis of cuprous oxide nanoparticles on polyester fabric along with surface modification by using one pot wet chemical method at boil. Copper sulfate (CuSO₄), sodium hypophosphite (SHP) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were used as precursor, reducing agent and stabilizer, respectively. Further, monoethanolamine (MEA) was used as pH adjustment and also modifier of polyester surface introduced amide and hydroxyl functional groups on the fabric. The images of FESEM, mapping, patterns of EDX, UV-visible absorbance spectrum, FTIR analysis and X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the successful processing. The treated samples showed excellent antibacterial properties (100 %) toward both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli pathogen bacteria. Also, the results of cytotoxicity test proved no harmful effects on the human dermal fibroblasts for the treated sample with the lower concentration of the materials having white color with good antibacterial activities. The treated samples also indicated very good UV protection properties as well as improved wettability and mechanical properties. They are also sensitive to ammonia through immediate color change when contacted with ammonia solution. The above mentioned processing method can be used for production of polyester fabric with multifunctional properties for using in the various textile industries.     

Application of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sterculia Foetida</Emphasis> Fruit Shell Waste Biomolecules on Silk for Aesthetic and Wellness Properties

There has been growing interest in the use of bioresource waste for natural dyeing and finishing. This paper discusses dye extraction from the novel source fruit shell waste of Sterculia foetida and its application on mulberry silk fabric to confer aesthetic coloration and wellness properties such as ultra-violet (UV) protection and antibacterial properties. Treated fabrics showed a substantial increase in color depth and adequate wash, light, and rubbing fastness properties for dyed silk fabrics with and without mordanting. Pre-and post-mordanting of silk fabrics were carried out using mordants such as alum, harda (myrobalan), and copper sulfate. UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis of fruit shell extract (FSE) at different pHs and FSE with three different mordants at neutral pH was used to understand the phenomena of dye-fiber interaction. The treated fabrics characterised by ATR-FTIR, SEM-EDS, and XRD analysis indicate the nature of dye fiber interaction justifying the multifunctional properties. The treated fabric also showed very good ultraviolet protection property and antibacterial properties both against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria even after ten washes. The results indicate that Sterculia foetida fruit shell extract offers an excellent potential as coloration, antibacterial, and ultraviolet protective agent for mulberry silk fabric.     

One Step Thermochromic Pigment Printing and Ag NPs Antibacterial Functional Finishing of Cotton and Cotton/PET Fabrics

One step thermochromic pigment printing and antibacterial functionality of cotton (100 %) and cotton/polyester blend (50/50 %) were demonstrated in this study. The improvement in antimicrobial activity against G+ve (Bacillus cereus) and G-ve (E. coli), and pigment printability were achieved by inclusion of Ag-NPs (30 g/kg) into pigment printing paste followed by printing and microwave curing at 700 W for 5 min. Modes of interactions were proposed, and surface modification was also confirmed by SEM and EDX analysis that proved the presence of Ag-NPs in cotton and cotton/ polyester blended samples. The results indicated that the colour fastness to wash and rubbing was excellent, the surface roughness reduced, and exhibited good antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and E. coli bacteria.     

Antibacterial Bombyx Mori silk fabric modified with reactive chitosan quaternary ammonium salt and its laundering durability

A new fiber-reactive chitosan derivative was synthesized in two steps from a chitosan of low molecular weight. First, a water-soluble chitosan derivative, N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propyl] chitosan chloride (short for HTCC), was prepared by reacting chitosan with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride. Second, HTCC was further modified by reacting with N-(hydroxymethyl)-acrylamide to prepare a fiber-reactive chitosan derivative, O-methyl acrylamide quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan (short for NMA-HTCC), which can form covalent bonds with silk fiber under alkaline conditions. The chemical structure of NMA-HTCC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The substitution degree of HTCC and the double-bond content of NMA-HTCC were tested. Then NMA-HTCC was used for antibacterial finishing of Bombyx Mori silk fabric. The results showed that silk fabric treated with NMA-HTCC had a significantly improved antibacterial activity to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and the antibacterial activity of silk fabric finished by NMA-HTCC was much better than that finished by chitosan and HTCC. Bombyx Mori silk fabric modified with NMA-HTCC demonstrated excellent durable antibacterial activity, even after 50 repeated launderings, the bacterial reduction rate of silk fabric maintained over 95 %.     

Double Protect Copper Nanoparticles Loaded on L-cysteine Modified Cotton Fabric with Durable Antibacterial Properties

In this work, we developed a new method that can achieve immobilization and protection of the Cu NPs coating on the cotton fabrics by a simple two-step impregnation method. Firstly, L-cysteine (Cys) was grafted onto cotton fabric via esterification with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, then Cu NPs were introduced on the fabric surface in the presence of a protective reagent, citric acid. Due to the doubled stabilization acts of Cys and citric acid, the Cu NPs immobilized on the fabric surface showed an excellent antibacterial effect and outstanding laundering durability. As a result, the mean size of the Cu NPs coating on the cotton fabric is about 62.4 nm, and the modified cotton fabrics showed satisfactory antibacterial ability against both S. aureus and E. coli, which the bacterial reduction rates are all higher than 98 % even withstand 50 washing cycles. Therefore, this method to prepare antibacterial cotton fabrics showed great potential applications in socks, cosmetic, and medical textiles.     

Application of MCT-βCD to Modify Cellulose/Wool Blended Fabrics for Upgrading Their Reactive Printability and Antibacterial Functionality

Pre-loading of monochlorotriazinyl β-Cyclodextrin (MCT-βCD) onto/within viscose/wool (V/W) and cotton/wool (C/W) blended fabrics provide hosting cavities that can form host-guest inclusion complexes with reactive dyes in postprinting as well as with triclosan derivative or silver nanoparticles/hyperbranched polyamide-amine (AgNPs/HBPAA) composite in subsequent final antibacterial finishing step. Coloration properties, antibacterial activity against (S. aureus) and (E. coli) pathogenic bacteria, durability of the obtained products, according to the above mentioned route, to wash, surface morphology and composition of selected samples were investigated. Results obtained signify that premodification of the nominated substrates with MCT-βCD (10 g/l), followed by reactive printing with mono-or bifunctional reactive dye (20 g/l), and subsequent post-finishing with triclosan derivative or AgNPs/HBPAA composite (15 g/l each) is an efficient treatments sequence for attaining reactive prints with significant antibacterial efficacy and noticeable durability to wash. Surface depositions of selected active ingredients were also confirmed using SEM and EDX analysis.     

Preparation and Properties of Antistatic Polyethylene Film Coated Polypropylene Non-woven Fabrics

In this paper, antistatic PE/PP coated non-woven fabrics were prepared by the coating process of the antistatic finished PE films and PP non-woven fabrics using the heat pressing process of the hot melt adhesives. The antistatic finishing of polyethylene (PE) films and polypropylene (PP) non-woven fabrics were processed by one face foam finishing and dip-pad finishing process, respectively. The antistatic properties of PE/PP coated non-woven fabrics which were influenced by the antistatic finishing processes and the thickness of PE films were investigated. The static charges transmission mechanism of these coated non-woven fabrics was illustrated. The results revealed that the static charges were transferred and dissipated by forming the continuous conductive path and network between the film-adhesive and adhesive-fabric due to the hot melt adhesion and squeezing of the antistatic agents existing inside of of the non-woven fabrics matrix and on the film surface. The antistatic properties of coated non-woven fabrics were improved with the increasing of the antistatic agent concentration on the finishing solution. And the antistatic properties of PE films were greatly influenced by the film thickness, the thinner of PE films the much more obvious improvement of the film surface antistatic properties. The finishing process wouldn’t reduce the peeling strength of the coated non-woven fabrics. The antistatic properties of the PE/PP coated non-woven fabrics possessed high washing durability due to the crosslinking fixation effect of the hot melt adhesives which wouldn’t be weakened after several times washing.     

Multifunctionalised silk using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Delonix regia</Emphasis> stem shell waste

The use of natural dyes and natural finishes on textiles has become a matter of significant importance because of the increased environmental awareness to avoid some hazardous synthetic dyes and synthetic chemicals. The Delonix regia stem shells were extracted in distilled water methanol and ethanol solvents. Phytochemical analysis was carried out for the presence of bioactive chemical constituents such as saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid, glycoside, phenol and tannin using the standard procedure. All the tests showed positive for the presence of components except saponin in methanol and ethanol extract. The qualitative antibacterial analysis was done by AATCC 147 method with excerpts from three different solvents both against S. aureus (gram-positive) and E. coli (gram-negative) bacteria. Delonix regia stem shell extract (DSE) in distil water was used for natural dyeing of mulberry silk fabric. Pre-mordanting and post-mordanting of silk fabric were carried out using alum and myrobalan mordants. Treated fabrics showed a substantial increase in colour depth (K/S) and adequate wash, light and rubbing fastness properties without and with mordanted and dyed silk fabrics. Quantitative antibacterial analysis by AATCC 100 method was done on dyed silk fabric which showed very good resistance both against bacteria S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. Dyed silk fabric also showed good to very good ultraviolet (UV) protection property. The physicochemical composition of the untreated and without mordant treated silk fabrics were analysed by attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). In addition to that wash, durability was also measured of dyed silk fabric for antibacterial and ultraviolet protection (UPF) properties according to AATCC 61 2A washing method.     

Effect of acid modification on dyeing properties of Rajshahi silk fabric with different dye classes

In this paper, Rajshahi silk fabric was modified by acetic acid, tannic acid and their mixture. After acid modification, the silk fabric was dyed with three dyes classes namely: Reactive Orange 14, Direct Yellow 29 and Mordant Blue 9. Results revealed that the fabric modified with acid mixture of 30 % acetic acid and 20 % tannic acid improved the colorfastness of the dyed fabric after 7 days exposure on simulated sunlight and washing with hot soap solution. Also, the acid modification could improve the dyed fabrics’ colorfastness properties to acids and alkalis. Optimum dyeing condition was observed at 1.5, 2.0, and 2.0 % dyes for Reactive Orange 14, Direct Yellow 29 and Mordant Blue 9 respectively. The optimum dyeing time was observed 50, 60, and 50 min; and temperature was 90, 100 and 80 °C respectively. Modification of silk fabrics with acids improves the dyeability and colorfastness of Rajshahi silk fabrics. However, the acid modification could reduce the loss in tenacity of silk fabric upon exposure to sunlight.     

Antibacterial cotton fabric with enhanced durability prepared using L-cysteine and silver nanoparticles

L-cysteine (Cys) and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were successfully linked onto the cotton fabric surfaces. The Cys molecules were covalently linked to the cotton fibers via esterification with the cellulose hydroxyl groups, and the Ag NPs tightly adhered to the fiber surface via coordination bonds with the Cys thiol groups. As a result, the Ag NPs coating on the cotton fabric showed an excellent antibacterial function with an outstanding laundering durability. The bacterial reduction rates (BR) efficiency reached 100 % for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). After 50 consecutive laundering cycles, the bacterial reduction rates (BR) against E. coli and S. aureus were maintained over 97 %. It has potential applications in a wide variety of fields such as sportswear, socks, and medical textile.     

Preparation and characterization of thermotropic liquid crystal microcapsules and application in textile

In this paper, thermotropic liquid-crystal microcapsules of cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) as core material and melamine-formaldehyde (M-F) as shell material were prepared via in-situ polymerization. The core material of CLC herein was mixture of cholesteryl oleyl carbonate (COC) and cholesterol pelargonate (CPE). The optimal preparation conditions were assured based on the serial trial experiments. It was found that the prepared CLC microcapsules had spherical shape and smooth surface, and the mean particle size was about 8-10 μm. The FT-IR spectra and SEM images confirmed that the M-F shell was successfully fabricated on the surface of CLC core material. Finally, the CLC microcapsules were treated on the fabric, and the treated fabric showed color change between 33.4 °C and 38.0 °C, which is appropriate for human comfortable feeling. CIE L*a*b* values were obtained, and it confirmed the treated fabric had good color change performance. In this paper, the cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) showed its excellent ability to change color, and the experiment result also proved that CLC microcapsules for preparing thermotropic fabric is reasonable and practicable.