乌兹别克斯坦赤眼蜂、茧蜂人工繁殖及应用技术现状

棉花是乌兹别克斯坦的主要农作物和出口量最大的农产品,在该国经济发展中占有举足轻重地位。长期以来,乌兹别克斯坦十分重视保护和研究利用棉田自然天敌。通过多年的研究与应用,乌兹别克斯坦已开发出一整套先进、成熟的赤眼蜂、茧蜂等主要棉田天敌人工繁殖和田间应用技术,并达到世界先进水平。在棉田棉铃虫防治上,形成了以释放赤眼蜂和茧蜂等人工繁殖优势种天敌为核心的棉田害虫综合防治技术,以及较为科学、完善的人工繁殖天敌研究开发、推广应用网络,为人工繁殖天敌技术和产品在乌兹别克斯坦各棉区大规模应用创造了有利条件。     

Site-specific Approaches to Cotton Insect Control. Sampling and Remote Sensing Analysis Techniques

When insect population density varies within the same cotton field, estimation of abundance is difficult. Multiple population densities of the same species occur because cotton fields (due to edaphic and environmental effects) are apportioned into various habitats that are colonized at different rates. These various habitats differ temporally in their spatial distributions, exhibiting varying patterns of interspersion, shape and size. Therefore, when sampling multiple population densities without considering the influence of habitat structure, the estimated population mean represents a summary of diverse population distributions having different means and variances. This single estimate of mean abundance can lead to pest management decisions that are incorrect because it may over- or under-estimate pest density in different areas of the field. Delineation of habitat classes is essential in order to make local control decisions. Within large commercial cotton fields, it is too laborious for observers on the ground to map habitat boundaries, but remote sensing can efficiently create geo-referenced, stratified maps of cotton field habitats. By employing these maps, a simple random sampling design and larger sample unit sizes, it is possible to estimate pest abundance in each habitat without large numbers of samples. Estimates of pest abundance by habitat, when supplemented with ecological precepts and consultant/producer experience, provide the basis for spatial approaches to pest control. Using small sample sizes, the integrated sampling methodology maps the spatial abundance of a cotton insect pest across several large cotton fields.     

一熟转Bt基因棉田昆虫群落研究

以转Ｂｔ基因棉品系Ｒ９３－４ 为试材,常规棉中棉所１２ 为对照,研究了转Ｂｔ基因棉田昆虫群落的变化。结果表明,转基因棉田昆虫群落、害虫和天敌亚群落的种类丰富度、均匀度和优势集中性均高于常规棉,总个体数、害虫的相对丰盛度和多样性指数均低于常规棉;优势害虫种类的变化较大,棉铃虫已不是转基因棉田的优势害虫,棉蚜、红蜘蛛、叶甲类、棉蓟马等已上升为优势害虫;优势捕食性天敌种类无明显变化,仍为龟纹瓢虫和小花蝽。转基因棉田采取综合防治后昆虫群落和害虫亚群落与常规棉相比有较好的稳定性。     

害虫对苏云金芽孢杆菌的抗性及其延缓措施

苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillusthuringiensis,简称Bt)在害虫防治中发挥着重要作用。现已表明,有近20种昆虫可对Bt生物制剂产生抗性,转Bt基因作物的释放更加剧了害虫的抗性进化。开展害虫的抗性研究,加强对Bt基因的保护,对持续利用Bt生物制剂和转Bt基因作物具有非常重要的意义。     

面向移动终端的农业害虫图像智能识别系统的研究与开发

【目的】农作物田间害虫种类繁多,存在种间相似和种内差异的现象,容易混淆。本研究开发一个面向移动终端的农业害虫图像智能识别系统,为广大农户和基层测报人员提供一个便捷准确的农业害虫智能识别工具。【方法】农业害虫图像智能识别系统包括装有系统APP的移动客户端、服务器和基于深度学习的农业害虫识别模型。APP是在Android环境下开发的,可安装于Android系统的移动设备中。APP包括登录模块、害虫信息查询模块、害虫智能识别模块、害虫地图标记模块和害虫专家远程鉴定模块,UI界面采用底部导航栏形式。移动终端与服务器间的信息交互采用HTTP协议,害虫采集地信息显示使用百度的Android地图SDK来实现,用户和害虫信息使用MySQL数据库进行保存。在相同训练集和测试集条件下,比较了不同深度卷积神经网络模型,筛选出基于DenseNet121的农业害虫识别模型具有最高的精准度和最低的虚警率。农业害虫识别模型的程序部署在阿里云远程服务器上,当服务器端接收到移动客户端上传的害虫图像时,运行害虫识别模型,识别结果通过服务器反馈给客户端,同时将上传的图像和识别结果保存在数据库中,便于害虫图像的追溯。【结果】当用户在农田遇到不认识的害虫时,可通过装有该系统APP的移动设备（如手机或平板）拍摄害虫图像,并上传到服务器,识别结果和害虫防治信息在1—2 s内反馈至用户移动终端的屏幕上,对识别结果不满意还可远程请求专家鉴定。该系统对66种常见农业害虫图像平均识别率为93.9%,平均虚警率为8.2%。【结论】面向移动终端的农业害虫图像智能识别系统实现了66种常见农业害虫信息查询、自动识别,害虫采集地的地图显示和专家远程鉴定等功能。为农民和基层测报人员提供了一个农业害虫便捷准确的自动识别工具,无需专家到田间即可实现了用户“一对一”的防治指导,大大节省了经济和时间成本。     

单季稻田捕食性天敌的群落组成及两种杀虫剂对其多样性的影响

通过稻田定期定点调查表明，湘阴县单季稻田捕食性天敌群落主要有蜘蛛13科42种，昆虫天敌26种。施用不同杀虫剂对单季稻田捕食性天敌群落多样性和物种丰富度有不同程度的降低作用，锐劲持防治区的多样性指数和丰富度明显高于甲胺磷防治区，就药后个体数量而言，前者是后者的3．32倍。因此认为，单季稻田施用锐劲持对捕食性天敌比甲胺磷更为安全。合理使用杀虫剂对保护和充分利用天敌资源有着重要的意义。     

中国设施蔬菜害虫天敌昆虫应用研究进展

设施蔬菜是现代农业生产中极为重要的组成部分,而且设施蔬菜的发展不仅使蔬菜生产的品种和产量得到快速增长,也为有机蔬菜的发展创造了有利条件。但是,设施蔬菜种植条件也给害虫提供了适宜生长、繁殖和危害的生态环境,严重影响了蔬菜的质量和产量,成为制约设施蔬菜产业进一步发展的关键因素。化学农药的长期使用带来了一系列的生态环境和食品安全问题,而治理化学农药污染不仅要求逐步减少其使用量,更需要寻求优化升级与替代传统防治方法的技术。天敌昆虫作为传统的生物防治产品,在控制设施蔬菜虫（螨）害,保证其产量和品质中起着不可替代的作用。随着人们环境保护意识的加强和绿色农业的发展,以天敌昆虫释放为主的生物防治技术在害虫综合治理（IPM）中发挥着越来越重要的作用。中国的天敌资源非常丰富,但目前在设施蔬菜生产中应用的种类相当有限。经过几十年的努力,中国在设施蔬菜害虫生物防治及应用领域开展了大量的研究工作,在天敌昆虫资源和应用基础、技术研发和配套技术及应用等方面取得了较大进展。本文概述了设施蔬菜害虫的主要发生种类及其危害特点、主要害虫天敌资源及其生物防治的技术途径等,重点介绍了蚜虫、粉虱、叶螨、蓟马等几种重大害虫的生物防治实例,并分析了中国天敌昆虫人工繁殖（人工饲料、规模化生产）的研究进展。此外,还综述了中国温室蔬菜害虫的天敌应用技术研究成果,从天敌昆虫保护利用、释放技术、控害效果评价、规模化生产等方面对设施蔬菜应用天敌昆虫进行生物防治中存在的问题进行了讨论,并展望了该领域的未来发展方向。     

太阳能杀虫灯在绿色蔬菜生产中的应用

昱隆牌太阳能杀虫灯安装简便,杀虫谱广,杀虫量大。对蔬菜田主要害虫均具诱杀效果,对天敌伤害极小,可有效保护天敌,无污染。如与黄(蓝)色粘虫板、性诱剂和无剧毒无害生物农药配合使用,可有效控制蔬菜害虫的危害,且无环境污染。具有不会引起人畜中毒等优点,可在绿色蔬菜生产中推广应用。     

苦豆子条带对棉田捕食性天敌发生的影响

【目的】 研究田埂边苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides L.)条带对棉田内捕食性天敌发生及其控蚜作用的影响,为棉花生产中田埂合理保留保育天敌的功能性杂草、促进棉田天敌保育与害虫自然控制提供科学依据。【方法】 系统调查田边苦豆子条带及棉田天敌与害虫种群,罩笼评价天敌控害功能。【结果】 苦豆子与棉花上捕食性天敌种类基本相同、群落结构相似,苦豆子条带上各类主要捕食性天敌的数量均显著高于棉田。处理棉田(棉田边有苦豆子条带)中瓢虫、草蛉、蜘蛛密度分别为对照棉田(棉田边无杂草)的1.3、3.4和4.5倍,发生高峰期较对照棉田提前一周左右。6月上旬和8月,处理棉田的捕食性天敌和蚜虫之间的益害比显著高于对照棉田。处理棉田捕食性天敌对棉蚜控害指数显著高于对照棉田。【结论】 苦豆子杂草带对有益天敌具有明显保育作用,能促进棉田捕食性天敌的发生与生物控害。     

Comparison of Estimated Costs and Benefits of Site-Specific Versus Uniform Management for the Bean Leaf Beetle in Soybean

Six soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, fields were examined to compare estimated costs and benefits for uniform and site-specific management (SSM) programs for the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster). Beetle counts and soybean yield were field-collected, insecticide and sampling costs were estimated. In five fields, site-specific management produced only slightly greater return. The inclusion of sampling costs in each scenario resulted in higher return for the uniform scenario. The uniform management scenario estimated pest pressure as well as the site-specific scenario when beetle populations were high or low. In one field with moderate pest pressure, the SSM scenario would have increased insecticide use. The estimations in this study are based on hypothetical scenarios and the application equipment to target insecticides based on map coordinates is not readily available. The economic estimations provide examples of current limitations of site-specific management that need to be addressed before this technology becomes valuable for soybean insect management.     

湿地保护与管理研究综述

湿地具有巨大的生态价值和环境效益。世界各国普遍重视加强对湿地的保护与管理,这方面的重要国际会议已举办7届。为保护湿地,美国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国均制定了相应的湿地保护政策,并在水资源综合管理、湿地监测技术、退化湿地的恢复与重建、湿地环境影响评价和重要湿地保护计划等方面开展了大量研究。中国湿地保护与管理大致可以分为3个阶段。宏观方面的研究主要集中在湿地保护与合理开发利用等7个方面;微观层面,主要开展了沼泽湿地、湖泊湿地、河流湿地和滨海湿地等方面的研究。在全面综述国内外研究进展的基础上,还对湿地自然保护区建设、湿地保护与开发利用、湿地监测体系建设和湿地立法等重点热点问题进行了探析,指出今后应从以下几方面加强湿地的保护与管理:①搞好水资源综合管理;②实施《中国湿地保护行动计划》;③对重要湿地实施抢救性保护;④将湿地保护管理与退化湿地生态系统的恢复与重建结合起来;⑤推进湿地保护与管理专门立法。参39     

棉田烟粉虱发生规律及防治措施

由于温室大棚数量增多,使烟粉虱得以周年繁殖,繁殖世代由露地年发生7～8代,增加到12代,加上温室拆棚前未进行彻底防治,大量虫源转移露地,尤其是棉田内虫口百叶高达万头以上,严重影响棉花生长。根据近年对该虫防治实践,提出晚上采用高效低毒无残留农药喷洒叶背,防效比白天喷施约可提高60%。     

新形势下植保工作的发展思路与对策

针对新形势下植保工作的新机遇、新任务和新要求,指出当前植保工作的发展思路,提出更新观念,树立新型推广理念;创新体制机制,充分发挥机制的激励、约束和保障作用;创新方式方法,提高病虫信息发布和先进植保技术的传播速度;强化科技支撑,提高植保减灾水平;壮大植保人员队伍,强化队伍素质;强化保障措施,为植保工作可持续发展保驾护航等对策。     

秸秆还田与药剂处理对夏玉米田二点委夜蛾发生数量的影响

二点委夜蛾(Athetis lepigone Moschler)是夏玉米产区一种新发生的害虫。调查发现,秸秆还田地块尤为严重。本试验对秸秆还田与药剂处理地块的二点委夜蛾的危害情况进行了调查。结果表明,秸秆还田未进行药剂处理的地块被害株率达到82%,百株虫量最大为88头,喷除草剂和杀虫剂后二点委夜蛾发生量及危害率与未喷的差异不显著,百株虫量略有降低,但无秸秆还田地块喷施除草剂与杀虫剂后,其危害率显著低于上述处理,被害株率为20%,百株虫量为6头。     

Local agro-ecological knowledge and its relationship to farmers’ pest management decision making in rural Honduras

Integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely promoted in the developing world, but in many regions its adoption rates have been variable. Experience has shown that to ensure IPM adoption, the complexities of local agro-production systems and context-specific folk knowledge need to be appreciated. Our research explored the linkages between farmer knowledge, pest management decision making, and ecological attributes of subsistence maize agriculture. We report a case study from four rural communities in the highlands of southeast Honduras. Communities were typified by their agro-environments, IPM training history, and levels of infestation by a key maize pest, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith). Although variable, infestation levels generally did not justify pest management intervention. Consequently, crop losses from this pest were considered of low importance and most farmers proceeded in a rational fashion by refraining from action in their fields. Farmers attributed the low degree of pest infestation predominantly to abiotic causal factors (rainfall, temperature). The role of natural enemies in controlling this pest (i.e., biological control) was deemed of low importance by farmers; nevertheless, a broad array of such organisms was mentioned by farmers as operating in their maize crop. Farmers’ knowledge of natural enemies only partially matched scientific knowledge and was associated with the ecological features of their respective field settings. Local knowledge about natural enemies was mainly restricted to abundant and easily observable predatory species. Farmers who were knowledgeable about biological control were also familiar with a larger variety of pest management alternatives than uninformed farmers. Management options covered a wide range of curative techniques, including conservation biological control. Farmers who relied on insecticides to manage pest outbreaks knew less about biological control and pesticide alternatives. In contrast, farmers who received IPM training mentioned more types of natural enemies and were familiar with a broader range of alternative pest management tactics. Our research suggests that IPM training modifies local knowledge to better fit its environmental context. This paper provides insights in the environmental context of local agro-ecological knowledge and its linkage with pest management decision making. It also constitutes a basis for modifying IPM extension programs to deliver locality-specific technologies while strengthening the local knowledge base. Kris A. G. Wyckhuys is a Belgian bio-science engineer and entomologist currently employed as postdoctoral researcher at the University of Minnesota. For his PhD research at Purdue University he quantified social and ecological contributions to farmers’ adoption of insect pest management technologies in Honduran subsistence maize. He has a keen interest in the ecological facets of IPM and biological control, as well as in technological innovation in smallholder production systems, ethno-entomology and traditional pest management. Robert J. O’Neil is a Professor of Entomology specializing in biological control, predator–prey dynamics, and implementing biological control in IPM systems. His current work focuses on the ecology and management of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an invasive pest of soybeans in North America.     

柑桔黄龙病研究的回顾与展望

柑桔黄龙病是由一种叫做韧皮部杆菌(Candidatus Liberibacter)的病原引起的,已经确定的病原有亚洲、非洲和美洲3个种。病害通过种苗、嫁接和木虱介体等途径传播。病害可根据田间症状诊断,也可以通过血清学、电镜技术和PCR等分子生物学等技术进行鉴定。目前,柑桔黄龙病主要依靠综合防治的方法。开展病原的人工培养、抗病育种、致病机理和病害防治方法等方面的研究对揭示病原特性和病害防治等都具有十分重要的意义。     

植物挥发物介导的种内与种间关系研究进展

植物通过释放的挥发性有机化合物(Volatile organic compounds,VOCs)介导其与周围环境中同种和不同种生物的相互作用,从吸引传粉、种子传播媒介,到保护自己免受植食性动物、病原菌和寄生生物的侵害等。植物挥发物尤其是虫害诱导挥发物是近30年来化学生态学和植物保护领域的研究热点。本文综述了近年来植物挥发物介导的种内与种间关系的研究进展,主要概括了植物挥发物的基本特征,植物挥发物在调控植物种内及种间、植物与昆虫、植物–害虫–天敌三营养级关系、以及植物与微生物互作中的生态学功能,并对其在农业生产中的应用和前景进行分析,总结这一领域尚未解决和亟需深入研究的问题,为植物挥发物应用于有害生物的控制提供理论依据。     

Bt转基因抗虫棉田昆虫群落结构研究

选用3个转Bt基因抗虫棉品种DP99B、20B、1560BG和2个非抗虫棉对照品种鄂杂棉1号、湘杂棉2号,比较研究了不同棉花群体中昆虫群落结构特征。结果表明,在未采取任何防治措施的情况下,3个转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫种群,尤其是在棉花生育前期有很好的抑制作用;同时对其他鳞翅目害虫种群也有一定控制效果,这使得棉蚜、棉叶蝉、烟粉虱等刺吸式害虫上升为主要害虫。但抗虫棉棉田昆虫群落、害虫亚群落以及天敌亚群落的多样性、均匀性均较对照棉田小,而优势集中性比对照棉田高,反映出抗虫棉棉田昆虫群落结构稳定性较差。相对来说,DP99B和20B抗虫性能较好,其棉田昆虫群落结构也比较稳定。因此,转Bt基因抗虫棉的大面积应用中,除了要关注抗毒性棉铃虫的产生和危害以外,还应特别注意其他可能上升为主要害虫(如棉蚜、棉叶蝉、烟粉虱等)的防治工作。     

赤斑黑沫蝉的生物学及防治研究初报

八十年代初在洛阳市嵩县首次发现赤斑黑沫蝉,近年来危害面积已达1O万余亩,对玉米产量影响很大,目前已成为丘岭山区玉米上的重要害虫。通过观察研究,该虫一年发生一代,以卵越冬,若虫5龄,成虫盛期在7月中旬至8月中旬,主要危害玉米叶片。澄清了在洛阳市的分布范围、寄主植物、生活习性和发生条件。成虫羽化盛期是防治的有利时机。早期采用药剂喷粉封闭地边荒坡,玉米大喇叭口期喷雾防治,效果均好。     

控释肥对农田氮磷流失的影响研究(英文)

[目的]研究控释肥对农田氮磷流失的影响。[方法]通过选取巢湖流域水田作物水稻和旱地作物玉米进行大田试验,分别研究了施用普通复合肥、控释复合肥和减量20%控释复合肥对农田氮磷径流流失与淋溶流失的影响。[结果]水稻和玉米氮磷的径流与淋溶流失主要发生在施肥初期,其中径流流失量均占总流失量的98%以上,而淋溶流失部分所占比例均不到2%,说明水稻和玉米营养盐的流失主要通过径流流失。相对于普通复合肥处理组,减量20%控释复合肥处理组水稻田氮磷的总流失量分别降低了60%和63%,玉米地分别降低了27.8%和34%,表明施用控释复合肥能维持作物生长后期较高的土壤养分,提高氮磷的利用效率,有效地减少雨季水稻和玉米的氮磷流失,降低农业面源污染。[结论]该研究结果表明控释肥对农田作物养分流失具有减缓作用,为控释肥的大面积推广及减轻农业面源污染等提供了科学依据和技术支撑。