栉孔扇贝神经节一氧化氮合酶的组织化学和免疫组化定位

采用组织化学和免疫组化技术对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)神经节内的一氧化氮合酶(NOS)进行定位研究。组织化学显示,存在NOS的部位如下：脑神经节内纵行的神经纤维和表层的少量小细胞;足神经节表层的大量小细胞,中央大量水平分布的神经纤维;脏神经节中部大量水平分布的神经纤维,前叶内大量小细胞和神经纤维,后叶内少量小细胞和许多环行神经纤维,侧叶内大量似放射状分布的神经纤维;脑足和脑脏神经索内的神经纤维。免疫组化定位表明,神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)在整个神经系统内均呈阴性;足神经节和脏神经节内有少量神经细胞呈内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)强阳性;各神经节和神经索内的部分小细胞和神经纤维呈eNOS弱阳性。栉孔扇贝进化上为较低等的贝类,NOS阳性神经细胞应主要分布于外周器官组织内。神经系统内大量的NOS可在其神经传导和免疫调节等方面发挥重要的作用。     

Histopathological studies on viral nervous necrosis of sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus Thunberg, at the grow-out stage

Abstract Viral nervous necrosis caused by sevenband grouper nervous necrosis virus (SGNNV) has occurred in grow-out stages (0-3 years old) of sevenband grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus, since the 1980s. In the present study, based on histopathological features of the central nervous system (CNS) in naturally diseased fish, pernasal infection experiments using grow-out fish were performed and pernasal infection was established as a putative invasion route of SGNNV. The definite SGNNV-targeted cells were determined by histopathological studies including indirect fluorescent antibody test and electron microscopy. Nerve cells in the olfactory lobe were most extensively necrotized with vacuolation followed by infiltration of microglia and macrophages. Purkinje cells and Golgi cells were extensively infected in the cerebellum. Megalocells and small nerve cell nuclei were also infected in the preoptic area, thalamus, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Only a few small nerve cells were infected in the olfactory bulb and optic tectum. The retina of some diseased fish displayed vacuolated bipolar cells of the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer. These SGNNV-infected nerve cells displayed viroplasmic inclusions containing virions, vacuoles and myelin-like structures. Based on observed histopathological changes, the lesion of the CNS was characterized by encephalitis but not encephalopathy.     

产卵后罗氏沼虾脑神经节的显微镜和电子显微镜观察

光镜观察结果表明:第一种类型的神经组织细胞体积较大,核圆,核仁明显。在H·E染色中,产卵后的这些细胞呈紫兰色,着色浅。产卵前的这些细胞呈红紫色。第二种类型的神经组织细胞体积较小,形态不规则,核大而圆,第三种类型的神经组织细胞,呈椭圆形,核大。电镜观察结果表明:第一种类型的神经组织细胞,电子的区域位于核仁附近,胞质中存在高尔基体,线粒体等细胞器结构以及含有大小不一的空泡。第二种类型的神经组织细胞,电子密度大的区域位于核边缘,在胞质中很少细胞器结构。第三种类型的神经组织细胞,电子密度大的区域占了核的大部份位置,核膜外具有片层结构。     

Radiographic diagnosis of abdominal diseases in foals and ponys. II. Pathologic findings in 60 cases

A diagnostic approach based on clinical and radiographic examinations for evaluation of young foals and small ponies with acute abdominal discomfort is presented. Standing right to left lateral abdominal radiographs were taken of 54 foals and 6 ponies using a previously described technique. Interpretation of the radiographs was in conjunction with all clinical and laboratory findings and patient management. Using this approach, the site and cause of acute abdominal discomfort could be diagnosed accurately in 55 of 60 (91%) patients as confirmed by clinical, surgical or necropsy findings. Typical radiographs and photographs taken at surgery or at necropsy are presented. Typical radiographic findings, their interpretation and possible underlying gastrointestinal diseases are listed. The incorporation of standing lateral abdominal radiography in the clinical evaluation of foals and ponies with acute abdominal diseases gives findings of high diagnostic significance and should contribute to clinical decision-making. Abdominal radiography can replace data from rectal palpation in foals and ponies.     

海州湾秋季坛子网网目选择性研究

2018年秋季,利用囊网内径网目为25、35、45、55 mm的坛子网在黄海海州湾渔场N 35°02.335′,E 119°24.842′附近海域进行了11网次试验。从Logistic选择性模型、坛子网不同网目对主要渔获物小黄鱼的选择性曲线、渔获物组成、幼鱼比例及选择性分析等方面,研究坛子网网囊的选择性。试验结果显示,坛子网九月主要渔获物为小黄鱼、带鱼和三疣梭子蟹;随网囊网目尺寸的增加,渔获物质量逃逸率及尾数逃逸率均迅速增加,网目尺寸为55 mm时其值均超过80%,且质量逃逸率及尾数逃逸率的值比较接近;渔获物组成中,小黄鱼、银鲳和三疣梭子蟹幼体比例非常高,基本全为幼体,带鱼幼鱼比例也超过70%;根据小黄鱼的可捕体长,获得坛子网针对小黄鱼的最适网囊网目尺寸,为(40.59±3.19)mm。研究结果可为我国海州湾渔具管理以及渔业资源的可持续发展与管理提供科技支撑。     

Histopathology of oxygen intoxication in the juvenile red abalone, Haliotis rufescens Swainson

Abstract. Juvenile abalone were exposed to supersaturated oxygen conditions (about 150–200% of saturation) in order to reproduce similar conditions encountered in intensive husbandry systems and to then study the resultant lesions. Depigmentation, lethargy and swelling of tissues were observed clinically. Histopathology showed that the cytoplasmic vacuoles of large haemocytes were enlarged. Oxygen emboli were observed throughout the muscular tissue and connective tissue but separation of fibrous neural sheath from nerve cell bodies and surrounding tissue was the predominant lesion. Chromatin of the nuclei of nerve cells became marginated. Gaseous emboli were observed at various other locations in the vascular system. At termination of the experiment all animals sampled bacteriologically showed systemic infection with Vibrio alginolyticus . The clinical signs appeared to result from mechanical interference caused by the accumulation of oxygen and from dysfunction of neural structures. The predominant histopathological changes occurred after only 3 h or less exposure time. Normal histology of the haemocytes and nerve structures is described.     

Biogeography of small odontocetes in relation to wide‐scale oceanographic structure in the North Pacific Ocean

Information regarding the distributional patterns of top predators is undoubtedly important for the monitoring and management of marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, previous knowledge on the distributional patterns of cetacean species in relation to physical oceanography is usually limited to a small fraction of each species' range because of their vast distribution and infrequency of encountering many species. We carried out comprehensive analyzes on the distributions of small odontocetes covering almost the entire North Pacific Ocean. Using data from over 300 000 nautical miles (≈ 555 600 km) of dedicated sighting surveys and 7000 school sightings of 14 small odontocete species, which have accumulated for approximately a quarter of a century, we describe interspecific habitat differences in small odontocetes with respect to physical oceanography. Multivariate analyzes were used to discriminate the 14 species into four ecological groups: (i) Subtropical Domain species; (ii) Subarctic Boundary species; (iii) Transitional Domain species; and (iv) Subarctic Domain species. By comparing environmental variables in their habitats with variables indicative of water mass and frontal structures, the four species groups were further divided into several subgroups. Groups at higher latitudes comprised fewer species than those at lower latitudes, while species diversity was maximal at lower and intermediate latitudes. Our findings indicate that large‐scale oceanographic structures are important determinants for the present patterns in biogeography and species diversity of small odontocetes.     

哲罗鱼消化道中黏液细胞的发生和分布

本实验采用光镜技术观察了哲罗鱼（Hucho taimen）仔、稚、幼鱼期消化道中黏液细胞的形态和密度。结果表明：哲罗鱼黏液细胞共有三种形态,不同发育阶段黏液细胞的分布明显不同。哲罗鱼黏液细胞最早出现在仔鱼期口咽腔部,为囊状;稚鱼期口咽腔部的黏液细胞多为囊状,少量为梨状细胞,消化道前部有少量的囊状细胞;幼鱼期黏液细胞数量和种类剧增,口咽腔部囊状和梨状较少,杯状细胞数量增多;胃与肠以梨状和杯状细胞较多。从仔至幼鱼期消化道黏液细胞的数量、种类和发育特点为：早期的黏液细胞为囊状细胞,随着发育呈梨状细胞,数量逐渐增多,最终发育到杯状细胞。     

虾夷扇贝雄性生殖系统的组织学研究

１９９７年取材研究了大连长海县的虾夷扇贝的雄性生殖系统的组织结构。虾夷扇贝的精巢构造与栉孔扇贝,贻贝的相似,也是由外膜及其内的无数生殖小管构成。外膜含单层柱状上皮及较厚的肌层。生殖小管间充填着结缔组织及来自外膜的薄层肌肉,结缔组织中含有血管,神经及输精细管。生殖小管由位于基膜上的生殖上皮构成,生殖上皮不断向腔内增殖出精原细胞,初级精母细胞,精细胞及业郛。     

Fine tissue studies of the nerve supply to the dental pulp in domestic sheep (O. ammon aries Linné, 1758)]

The nerve supply of the pulp was investigated in 17 sheep of various breeds and age groups belonging to both sexes, using light and electron microscopy. The following results were obtained: The dental pulp of sheep is supplied with myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres. The subodontoblastic plexus of Raschkow, as found in man, is absent in sheep. Single axons may be found in the predentine between the odontoblasts and near Tomes' processes. The rare occurrence of both subodontoblastic nerve fibres and cells of the immune system in the ovine pulp is discussed in relation to evolutionary processes, in light of the fact that sheep are relatively resistant to caries.     

中华绒螯蟹神经系统及其胚后发育的组织学观察

为完善中华绒螯蟹神经系统组织学相关资料,文章采用石蜡切片和苏木精—伊红染色技术对中华绒螯蟹神经系统及其胚后发育组织学特点进行了研究。结果表明,中华绒鳌蟹中枢神经系统在Ⅰ期溞状幼虫已见雏形,但前、中、后脑未愈合,前脑较小;Ⅱ期溞状幼虫前脑体积增大;Ⅲ期溞状幼虫中、后脑向上迁移与前脑愈合,到Ⅴ期溞状幼虫,前脑、中脑、后脑完全愈合并迁移到两眼之间;大眼幼虫和稚蟹脑具备了六边形形态。食道下神经节与胸神经节的两条神经索在Ⅰ期溞状幼虫呈分离状态,Ⅱ期溞状幼虫时开始愈合,至Ⅳ期溞状幼虫完全结合。腹神经链在Ⅰ期溞状幼虫发育不完全,Ⅲ期溞状幼虫形成两条神经索,Ⅳ期溞状幼虫两条神经索联系紧密。Ⅴ期溞状幼虫食道下神经节与胸神经节高度愈合,腹神经链发育完全,并在大眼幼虫期开始与胸神经节愈合。胸腹神经团的3个组成部分在稚蟹期达到完全愈合。     

鳜下丘脑神经元细胞培养

为了建立可行、高效的下丘脑神经元细胞技术,本研究通过分离鳜下丘脑组织,用Ⅰ型胶原酶将组织消化成单细胞悬液,并用完全培养液进行培养,在培养的第3、4、5和6天观察细胞的形态。结果显示,培养第3天时细胞贴壁量少,胞体小并且呈单个分布;在培养第4天,细胞的数量显著增多,且具有典型的神经元的形态,胞体饱满;第5天神经元胞体的融合度进一步增大,突起增长增粗,许多分支互相交错连接而形成密集的神经纤维网络;第6天细胞活性减弱,开始凋亡。使用CCK-8法检测细胞活性,结果显示,在培养第5天,细胞活性最高;采用荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)法和免疫荧光鉴定法对神经元细胞进行鉴定,经RT-PCR检测发现,培养的下丘脑细胞可以表达神经元特异基因noggin,经免疫荧光鉴定,下丘脑神经元细胞纯度为95.9%。研究表明,通过此培养方法能够获得纯度较高的鳜下丘脑神经元细胞,为进一步在细胞水平研究鳜的摄食与能量代谢相关机理奠定基础。     

斑马鱼端脑的微细形态与结构

为了深入了解斑马鱼端脑的微细形态和超微结构,采用光镜和电镜技术对斑马鱼端脑进行观察研究。斑马鱼端脑由左、右嗅球和左、右大脑半球构成。嗅球前方有一对嗅神经,后端伸出嗅茎与大脑半球联系。光镜下,嗅球组织结构从外向内依次为上皮层、神经纤维层、小细胞层和内部细胞层。大脑半球外部覆盖很薄的大脑皮,基部为纹状体,两者之间的腔隙为公共脑室。纹状体由神经核团和神经纤维构成。神经核团分布于纹状体周缘,主要有连前核、背嗅核、侧嗅核、视前核和脚内核等。神经纤维包括横行的前连合,纵行和斜行的中央嗅束和侧嗅束。电镜下,嗅球分层明显,可观察到僧帽细胞、神经胶质细胞和众多突触。大脑半球中可见神经胶质细胞、突触以及血脑屏障系统等。斑马鱼端脑形态结构与大多数硬骨鱼相似,但有个别核团存在差异。实验结果可为斑马鱼神经生物学模型的建立与应用提供有效的理论基础。     

An idiopathic proliferative disease syndrome of the midgut and ventral nerve in the Kuruma prawn, Penaeus japonicus Bate, cultured in Hawaii

Abstract. Populations of postlarval, juvenile and adult Kuruma prawns, Penaeus japonicus Bate, have been affected by an unusual proliferative condition of the midgut and ventral nerve cord. Animals affected with this gut and nerve syndrome have been observed from various shrimp systems in Hawaii, including high density tanks and raceways, low density ponds, and adult broodstock held in a maturation system. Affected shrimp ranged in age from ∼20-day-old postlarvae of ∼0.02g average weight to adult shrimp of ∼ 60 g average weight. The principal lesions observed in affected animals were a hypertrophy of the anterior midgut mucosal epithelium basement membrane (BM) and a hyperplasia of the epineurium that covers the ventral nerve cord and segmental ganglia in the gnathothorax. There seemed to be a positive correlation between increased thickness of the BM and disease, and possibly a relationship between ataxia and lethargy and the degree of hyperplasia of the epineurium.     

Clarification of teat stenoses in cattle by ultrasound

Ultrasonography and radiography were used as an adjunct to clinical examination in the evaluation of 73 obstructed teats in 63 dairy cows. The images obtained with a 3.5 MHz and a 5 MHz linear array transducer were compared with radiographs and correlated with findings obtained at surgery. Ultrasonography and radiography allowed a correct assessment of the lesions in 68 respectively 58 teats. In five cases the obstructive lesions in the teat canal were not clearly discernible when ultrasonography was used. Radiography was the method of choice for the evaluation of the teat canal and small mucosal folds in the milk cistern. Ultrasonography was the method of choice for the detection of obstructive lesions at the base of the teat; all 14 of these cases were assessed correctly using ultrasonography versus three of 14 when radiography was used. Ultrasonography is a useful tool for the practitioner to evaluate obstructive teat lesions.     

不同规格半滑舌鳎的生长比较

将330日龄的大规格[平均体长(24.4±2.1) cm、平均体质量(93±5.3) g]、小规格[平均体长(18.2±1.1) cm、平均体质量(34±2.5) g]半滑舌鳎分别饲养在2个4 m^3水槽中;550日龄后,置于4个4 m^3水槽内培育,密度为15～30尾/m^2;900日龄后置于4个30 m^3水泥池内培育,密度为3～8尾/m^2。每2～3个月测量1次体长和体质量,研究不同规格半滑舌鳎在工厂化养殖条件下的生长。3年的养殖试验表明,随着养殖时间的延长,两个群体的生长差异变大,大、小规格群体的平均体长比值由1.3增至1.6,平均体质量比值由2.7增至5.3,大规格群体(全长51.3～66.4 cm)中95%以上为雌性;半滑舌鳎的快速生长期为698～1081日龄阶段,适宜生长水温为14.6～26.9℃。本试验结果将为半滑舌鳎的工厂化养殖提供参考。     

Encephalomyelitis associated with microsporidian infection in farmed greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso)

An outbreak of a disease characterized by a peculiar spiral movement in farmed greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso), occurred in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, in May 2008, immediately after importing the fish from China. Although neither bacteria nor viruses were detected in routine diagnostic tests, histopathological observations of the affected fish revealed severe inflammation in the tegmentum of the brain including the medulla oblongata and the anterior part of the spinal cord. In addition, a microsporidian parasite was observed in the nerve cell bodies or axons in the inflamed tissues. We identified a microsporidian small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA) from the lesion, and the sequence showed 96.1% identity with that of Spraguea lophii. Subsequent in situ hybridization using probes presumably specific to the SSU rRNA confirmed that the parasite observed in histopathology harboured the identified SSU rRNA. Apparently degenerated microsporidian cells or spores were also frequently observed in tissue sections. Thus, the disease was most probably caused by the infection of a hitherto unknown microsporidian parasite that has a genetic affinity to the genus Spraguea, in the central nervous system of the amberjack.     

An unidentified gland-like tissue near the androgenic gland of red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

ABSTRACT:   Among all of the decapods that have been studied, only one kind of gland, the androgenic gland, has been found attached to the subterminal ejaculatory region of the vas deferens. In the present study of the red swamp crayfish, it was found that two kinds of gland-like tissues were attached to the subterminal ejaculatory region of the vas deferens. One of the tissues, which is referred to as TIB, is located inside the body cavity, whereas the other tissue, which is referred to as TIC, is inside the coxa. The characteristics of TIB resemble those of the androgenic gland of other malacostracans. The TIC cells, however, are smaller and more basophilic due to the small size and high density of their cytoplasm and nuclei. Moreover, black fibers, similar to the nerve fibers of the ganglion, were detected among the TIC cells after Bodian's stain. The conclusion is that TIC may be a newly found male sexual characteristic and further research is needed to confirm its functions.     

Production and economic return of shrimp aquaculture in coastal ponds of different sizes and with different management regimes

Coastal shrimp (Penaeus monodon) aquaculture in Bangladesh is mostly practiced in a special type of field/pond situated by the side of a river -- called a Gher -- that is used to cultivate rice in winter and shrimp in summer. Ghers of different sizes are managed in different ways. In order to understand the effects of Gher size and their corresponding management practices on the production and economic returns of shrimp farming, we conducted an on-farm study in three small (1–5 ha), three medium (6–10 ha) and three large (>10 ha) Ghers located in the coastal Southwest region of Bangladesh. The mean harvest weight of shrimp was similar in all Ghers, but survival rates were higher in the small (50%) and medium (37%) ones than in the large (18%) ones. The high mortality in the large units led to a production that was lower than one-half of that in the small Ghers (about 80 and 200 kg/ha, respectively). The total variable costs per unit area were similar in all Ghers, but the importance of different items varied with Gher size. In the small Ghers, there are relatively high investments on inputs and labor. This expenditure results in lower shrimp mortality and higher production, which in turn results in gross returns that are larger than the total costs -- hence, a positive and high net return. In large Ghers, the fixed costs are larger than in the small ones simply because of the size of the pond. Variable costs include higher investments in post-larvae and labor than in small Ghers, and lower inputs applied only at pond preparation. This results in higher shrimp mortality and lower production, which in turn results in gross returns that are smaller than the total costs -- hence, a negative or low net return. These findings have positive implications for the future policy formulation of coastal shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh.     

Regulation of forebrain and midbrain GnRH neurons in juvenile teleosts

Three molecular species of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA-containing neuronal populations (terminal nerve: salmon-GnRH; preoptic area: seabream-GnRH; midbrain: chic- ken-GnRH-II) have been localized in teleosts. While the termi- nal nerve GnRH neurons originate from the olfactory placode, a separate intracerebral source of origin for preoptic and midbrain neurons is possible. The preoptic GnRH neurons are regulated by gonadal steroids and gonadal maturation, however, the regulation and role of terminal nerve and midbrain GnRH neurons in teleosts reproduction is speculative and debatable.