同步硝化反硝化的影响因素研究

结合了近年来国内外同步硝化反硝化的最新研究成果,分析了DO、C/N、pH值、有机碳源、温度、污泥龄、水力停留时间等对几种常见工艺同步硝化反硝化效果的影响,并探讨了今后在同步硝化反硝化的微生物特性、脱氮除磷一体化等方面的研究发展方向。     

DO对同步硝化反硝化的影响

结合近年来国内外同步硝化反硝化的最新研究成果,阐明了溶解氧浓度对几种常见工艺同步硝化反硝化效果的影响,并提出了今后在同步硝化反硝化的微生物特性、脱氮除磷一体化等方面的研究发展方向。     

DO对同步硝化反硝化的影响

结合近年来国内外同步硝化反硝化的最新研究成果,阐明了溶解氧浓度对几种常见工艺同步硝化反硝化效果的影响,并提出了今后在同步硝化反硝化的微生物特性、脱氮除磷一体化等方面的研究发展方向。     

pH值对森林土壤化学反硝化强度和产物的影响

分别以河北秦皇岛祖山(ZS)和重庆铁山坪(TSP)森林土壤为研究对象,调节土壤p H值后经⁶⁰Co-γ射线灭菌,分别在不添加硝态氮(NO₃^-—N)和添加硝态氮条件下进行室内无菌厌氧培养。连续监测培养过程中一氧化氮(NO)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)的浓度变化,并对培养前后硝态氮和亚硝态氮(NO₂^-—N)含量进行测定。旨在探索土壤p H值对化学反硝化强度(硝态氮损失量)和产物(NO₂^-—N、NO、N₂O、NO/N₂O)的影响。结果表明,祖山加氮(N88)处理,当p H值为4.5和5.7时,硝态氮的损失率分别为38%和84%,气体产物总量(NO和N₂O之和)分别占硝态氮损失量的41.8%和65.0%。气体产物中N₂O占主要成分,其累积量随p H值的增大而增加。铁山坪加氮(N52)处理,当p H值为4.2和5.3时,硝态氮的损失率分别为7%...     

土壤水分胁迫对树木N2O排放速率的影响

采用封闭罩-气相色谱法观测研究了干旱胁迫对长白山阔叶红松林的几种优势树种-红松(Pinus koraiensis)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、椴树(Tilia amurensis)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)叶片N2O排放。并同步测定5种树木叶片净光合速率、呼吸速率和气孔导度。结果表明：土壤水分胁迫明显降低树木叶片气孔导度、净光合速率和N2O排放速率，叶片气孔是树木N2O排放的主要通道。树木N2O排放以白天为主，在相同的水分条件下，不同的苗木有不同的N2O排放速率，同种苗木的N2O排放随干旱胁迫的加重而减少，在受到不同干旱胁迫时，针叶树红松N2O的排放速率降至正常水分条件下的34.43％和100．6％、阔叶树种N2O排放平均降至31．93％和86.35％。不同干旱胁迫的红松、水曲柳、胡逃楸、椴树和蒙古栎幼树叶片N2O排放速率为34．43、14．44、33．02、16.48和32．33ngN2O．g^-1DW．h^-1。图1表1参12。     

温度和水分对长沙市丘陵马尾松林红壤N2O排放的影响——一个室内培养试验

气候变暖是当今人类面临最重要的环境问题之一,导致气候变暖的主要原因是大气中温室气体浓度不断增加.氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于CO2和CH4的第三大温室气体,以100年计,单位质量N2O增温效应是CO2的298倍.N2O在大气中停留时间长,不仅引发温室效应,而且能参与大气中许多光化学反应,破坏大气臭氧层,给人类健康和生态环境造成危害(IPCC,2007).     

培养基中不同碳源、激素对披针叶黄华种子无菌苗生长的影响

以披针叶黄华种子为试材,比较了培养基中不同浓度的碳源(葡萄糖,蔗糖,山梨醇,海藻糖,果糖),激素(6-BA、NAA、2,4-D)对披针叶黄华种子无菌苗生长的影响。结果表明,山梨醇、葡萄糖在160mg/L时是诱导披针叶黄华种子产生无菌苗生长的最佳碳源浓度;MS+山梨醇(160mg/L)和MS+葡萄糖(120mg/L)的培养基中诱导无菌苗效果最佳,确定披针叶黄华种子无菌苗生长的最佳激素配比是:2,4-D 0.2mg/L+NAA 0.8mg/L+6-BA 1.0mg/L。     

长期高浓度CO_2处理对长白赤松土壤硝化酶、反硝化酶和固氮酶活性的影响(英文)

在吉林省长白山地区模拟检测了大气CO2浓度升高对土壤氮循环关键过程的影响。试验采用完全随机区组设计的开顶箱系统模拟环境CO2和高浓度CO2,起始于1999年春。选取长白山特有树种长白松(Pinus sylvestris var.sylvestri-formu),种子播种于1999年5月份,萌芽后开始CO2熏蒸处理。CO2熏蒸处理始于每年4月末止于10月末。分别在2006年6月、8月和2007年6月采集土壤样品,并检测土壤硝化酶(NEA)、反硝化酶(DEA)和固氮酶活性。结果表明,高浓度C02使土壤硝化酶(NEA)活性显著提高,提高幅度2006年6月为30.3%,2006年8月为30.9%,2007年6月为11.3%;土壤反硝化酶活性(DEA)在2006年6月份(P<0.012)和2006年8月份(P<0.005)被C02浓度升高显著抑制;在整个研究过程中没有发现C02浓度升高对固氮酶活性产生显著影响。因此,本研究认为C02浓度升高显著影响了土壤硝化酶(NEA)和反硝化酶活性(DEA)。图3表1参44。     

CO2浓度升高对植物生长和N吸收及代谢的影响

指出了随着大气中的CO2浓度不断升高,对陆地生态系统造成一定的影响,从植物的生长、植物N素吸收、植物及代谢酶等方面详细地探讨了CO2浓度对植物的影响。     

影响土壤N_2O排放和CH_4吸收的主控因素的研究(英文)

本文于2000年7月,在实验室模拟条件下,以长白山阔叶红松林鲜土壤为对象,采用正交试验设计法对土壤进行培养实验,研究了影响土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的主要因素。考察了温度、水分、pH值、NH4+及NO3-五因素对森林土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响。实验结果显示:在本试验设计的因素、水平条件下,N2O排放速率、CH4吸收速率二者均与土壤pH值和温度这两个因素呈显著正相关。并且N2O排放速率与CH4吸收速率间呈显著线性正相关关。     

磷酸法竹质颗粒活性炭的制备研究

以竹屑为原料,采用磷酸法活化,制得了中微孔发达的颗粒活性炭:A法焦糖脱色率70%,亚甲基蓝吸附值210mg/g,碘吸附值1100mg/g以上,丁烷工作容量132g/L,强度95%以上。其孔分布以中微孔为主(Rn<2.6nm),达到了86.3%。适合于液体脱色精制和汽油蒸气的回收之用。对制备过程中捏合温度和时间、捏合过程中有无空气参与反应以及活化温度等工艺对颗粒活性炭性能的影响进行了研究考察,发现捏合过程中空气参与反应有利于造就发达的中微孔结构,活化温度的提高(>500℃)使得孔分布向着微孔方向发展。并通过改进捏合工艺和添加催化剂,使得颗粒活性炭的性能和表观光洁度得到提高。     

HNO_3-H_2O_2两步法制备Pd/C催化剂及其对木质素改性的催化作用

以HNO3-H2O2处理活性炭载体,以甲醛为还原剂,采用浸渍法制备了Pd/C催化剂,对催化体系进行表征,考察其对碱木质素改性的催化作用,并对木质素抗氧化性能进行研究。研究结果表明,用硝酸预处理,H2O2进行活化后,活性炭羧基含量1.31 mmol/g,较原料提高了5倍;通过原子吸收光谱(AAS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂进行表征,AAS表明Pd负载量为2.9%,SEM照片显示Pd呈圆球状均匀分布在载体表面;XRD和XPS数据分析表明催化体系中Pd以面心立方结构形式存在,主要为还原态Pd说明还原态Pd是催化的主要物种。反应后碱木质素总羟基、酚羟基和醇羟基分别提高了158.74%,4.21%和255.96%;凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)分析结果显示,反应后碱木质素重均相对分子质量(Mw)增大,数均相对分子质量(Mn)降低,分散度降低;抗氧化能力研究结果显示,反应后木质素的抗氧化性能有所提高,随着浓度增大,抗氧化能力提高,但均低于相同浓度条件下2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)的抗氧化能力。     

双氧水处理对白蜡种子发芽的影响

在实验室进行了双氧水不同浓度和处理时间对白蜡种子发芽的影响研究,结果表明不同处理浓度（0％～4.0％）白蜡种子发芽率为64％～79％,有随浓度升高而增加的趋势,其中双氧水浓度为3.5％的效果最好,极显著高于其他处理（p＜0.01）,其他处理之间差异不显著（p＞0.05）;在双氧水处理浓度3.0％时,浸种12 h的发芽率为71％,极显著高于浸种24h时的42％发芽率（p＜0.01）.     

森林土壤N_2O产生与排放影响因子研究进展

影响森林土壤N2O产生和排放的主要因子为土壤理化性质(如土壤温度、土壤含水量、pH值以及土壤C/N等),同时,森林类型以及环境干扰(如氮沉降、土地利用/土地覆被变化等)也会影响土壤N2O产生和排放。文中首先论述了土壤N2O产生机制,然后综述了目前国内外关于上述影响因子对土壤N2O产生和排放影响的研究结果,最后提出未来应重点研究的方向。     

Effect of water stress on N2O emission rate of 5 tree species

The N₂O emission rates, photosynthesis, respiration and stomatal conductance of the dominant tree species from broadleaf/Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain were measured by simulated water stress with the closed bag-gas chromatography. A total of five species seedlings were involved in this study, i.e.,Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc,Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr,Juglans mandshurica Maxim,Tilia amurensis Rupr, andQuercus mongolica Fisch. ex Turcz.. The results showed that the stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate and N₂O emission of leaves were significantly reduced under the water stress. The stoma in the leaves of trees is the main pathway of N₂O emission. N₂O emission in the trees mainly occurred during daytime. N₂O emission rates were different in various tree specie seedlings at the same water status. In the same tree species, N₂O emission rates decreased as the reduction of soil water contents. At different soil water contents (MW, LW) the N₂O emission rates ofPinus koraiensis decreased by 34.43% and 100.6% of those in normal water condition, respectively. In broadleaf arbor decreased by 31.93% and 86.35%, respectively. Under different water stresses N₂O emission rates in five tree species such asPinus koraiensis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Tilia amurensis, andQuercus mongolica were 38.22, 14.44, 33.02, 16.48 and 32.33 ngN₂O·g⁻¹DW·h⁻¹, respectively. Foundation item: This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30271068), the grant of the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZ-CX-SW-01-01B-10), and the Special Funds for Major State Basic Research Program of China (No. G1999043407) Biography: Wang Miao (1964-), male, associate professor in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

/BAC的制备及其性能研究

采用竹活性炭(BAC)作为载体,以尿素为氮源,采用溶胶-凝胶法掺杂了N元素的TiO2/BAC,然后通过等体积浸渍法负载Pt,制备了铂、氮共掺杂型光催化剂(Pt/N/TiO2/BAC)。样品的N2吸附、XRD、FT-IR、XPS等分析结果表明:掺杂后BAC的比表面积、比孔容积等均有所下降,对中孔及大孔影响更明显;Pt、N共掺杂不改变TiO2的晶型类型,有利于TiO2在活性炭表面分散,N掺杂使晶粒粒径减小,Pt掺杂对晶粒粒径影响不明显;N、Pt通过化学键与TiO2相结合,实现了晶格掺氮,在催化剂表面形成了表面活性位Pt0。样品TiO2/BAC、Pt/TiO2/BAC、N/TiO2/BAC、Pt/N/TiO2/BAC在紫外光、氙灯照射下对水溶液中甲醛的降解研究结果表明:N掺杂拓宽了催化剂的光吸收范围,Pt掺杂增强了TiO2的光催化活性;Pt/N/TiO2/BAC的甲醛去除率达到TiO2/BAC的2.6倍,并且具有良好的分离性能。     

Factors controlling N2O and CH4 fluxes in mixedbroad-leaved/Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain, China

IntroductionTheincreasinggreenhousegasconcentrationshavereceivedmuchattention.TwoofthesegasesthatscientistsareveryconcernedaboutareN2oandCH`,becauseoftheirrapidincreaseandtheirim-portantchemistryintheatmosphere(Bouwman199o).ThemoIecuIegIobalwarmingpotentialofN2OandCH4areabout58and2o6timesthanthatofCO2.Inaddition,atmosphericconcentrationsofN2OandCH`areincreasingatahnualratesofo.25%ando.9%respectively(HoughtonetaI1992).Forestecosystemhasbeenknownasanimportantterres-trialecosystemattheasp…     

Effects of soil moisture and temperature on CH4 oxidation and N2O emission of forest soil

IntroductionMethane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (NZO) are tWoimportant greenhouse gases that also play an important role in photochemical reactions in atmosphere.The global warming potential of CH4 and NZO areestimated tO be about 62 and 290 times that of carbon dioxide respeCtively. The concentration of thesegases have been increasing rapidly since the start ofthe industrial age, currently at rate of about 1% and0.25% per year respeCtively (Lelieveld et al. 1993),and 70%-90% of these gases …     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from drained coniferous forests on organic soils

Fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were measured during two to three years at four sites, located within an area of 9 km² in southern Sweden, using dark static chamber techniques. Three of the sites were drained coniferous forests on moist organic soils that differed in forest productivity and tree species. The fourth site was an undrained tall sedge mire. Although the drained sites were all moist, with average groundwater levels between 17 and 27 cm below the soil surface, the mean annual dark forest floor CO₂ release rate was significantly higher at the drained sites, (0.9–1.9 kg m⁻² y⁻¹) than at the undrained mire site (0.8 to 1.2 kg m⁻² y⁻¹). CH₄ emissions were significantly lower from the drained sites than from the undrained mire (0.0 to 1.6 g m⁻² y⁻¹, compared to 10.6 to 12.2 g m⁻² y⁻¹), while N₂O emissions were significantly lower from the undrained site than from the drained sites (20 to 30 mg m⁻² y⁻¹, compared to 30 to 90 mg m⁻² y⁻¹). There were no clear effects of site productivity or tree species on the soil fluxes of any of the gases. The annual net primary production of the forests was modeled. All drained sites were net sinks, while the undrained mire was a net source of greenhouse gases. The estimated net greenhouse gas exchange of the drained sites was correlated with productivity: the most productive site was the largest net sink and the least productive the smallest net sink for greenhouse gases. The results indicate that, to mitigate the increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases, drained forest sites, which have been unsuccessfully drained or rewetted due to subsidence, should be managed in a way that keeps the groundwater level at a steady state.