氟啶脲饵剂灭杀白蚁效果测定

采用强迫取食法测定0.1%氟啶脲饵剂对台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁的毒性,琼脂打孔法测定该饵剂对白蚁的引诱性,白蚁活动处直接施药法测定饵剂在野外灭杀白蚁的效果。结果表明:强迫取食0.1%氟啶脲饵剂的台湾乳白蚁和黄胸散白蚁分别在70 d和55 d内全部死亡,该饵剂对两种白蚁的平均引诱率分别为50.96%和54.44%,但灭杀整巢白蚁的速度较慢,在8—9月施药,需3～8个月才能完成。由此可见,0.1%氟啶脲饵剂对两种白蚁有良好的防治效果。     

相对湿度影响诱杀散白蚁效果分析

将引诱箱(筒)内的相对湿度设定为试验因素Bj,并分成3个梯度:80%~95%,50%~75%,50%(对照湿度);将日平均温度设定为试验因素Ai,并分成4个梯度:15~19℃,20~24℃,25~29℃,30~34℃,在人工饲养室内试验Ai和Bj对引诱散白蚁Reticulitermes spp.重量的影响,结果表明,相对湿度对引诱散白蚁重量影响显著,30 d内相对湿度80%~95%处理平均引诱白蚁1.8g,50%~75%处理1.17 g,对照0.45 g。在林地、草地试验相对湿度对诱杀散白蚁死亡率的影响,结果表明相对湿度对诱杀散白蚁死亡率影响显著,80%~95%处理平均死亡率83.6%,50%~75%处理75.33%,对照63.34%。     

苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒悬浮剂防治台湾乳白蚁的效果研究

为了明确苜蓿银纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒(简称AcMNPV)悬浮剂对台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formoscnus Shiraki的毒杀效果,为今后生产上利用AcMNPV悬浮剂防治白蚁提供理论依据,本研究用纯净水将AcMNPV悬浮剂稀释成不同浓度,分别将不同浓度的病毒液滴在滤纸上或与松木粉混合,然后供给台湾乳白蚁工蚁取食,最后统计工蚁的死亡率。研究结果表明台湾乳白蚁工蚁只以AcMNPV悬浮剂处理的滤纸为食时,其全部死亡时间与处理滤纸的病毒浓度有关。取食10倍液处理的滤纸时,工蚁在5 d内全部死亡;取食100倍、1000倍或10 000倍液处理的滤纸时,取食5 d后工蚁的死亡率分别为93.26%±3.89%,52.81%±3.37%和3.37%±1.12%。当强迫工蚁取食500~1500倍病毒液处理的马尾松木粉时,供试工蚁均在8~9 d内全部死亡;当把无药的马尾松木粉和500倍、1000倍、1500倍病毒液分别处理的马尾松木粉同时提供给白蚁取食时,处理后12 d供试白蚁的死亡率分别为100%,96.59%±1.97%和100%。这些数据说明AcMNPV悬浮剂对台湾乳白蚁具有较好的致死能力,可以用稀释1500倍的浓度来感染觅食工蚁,以达到消灭台湾乳白蚁巢群的目的。     

氧化苦参碱对台湾乳白蚁纤维素酶活性的抑制作用

【目的】研究植物源成分氧化苦参碱对台湾乳白蚁纤维素酶活性的抑制作用,为探讨氧化苦参碱在白蚁预防与控制方面的应用提供依据。【方法】在室内条件下[温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度65%±5%,黑暗无光照),供试台湾乳白蚁经饥饿处理2天后,用1%氧化苦参碱溶液处理滤纸后饲喂,分别于饲喂6 h、12 h、1天、3天、5天、7天收集台湾乳白蚁消化道,采用考马斯亮蓝法测定蛋白质浓度,还原糖法测定比较白蚁消化道的滤纸酶活性(FPA)及内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(EG)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)和纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)的比活力,并于7天后观测记录供试白蚁的质量变化与死亡率。【结果】在测定分析的时间内,除6 h处理组FPA和CBH活性与对照差异不显著外,1%氧化苦参碱对台湾乳白蚁FPA及EG、BG、CBH的活性均有显著抑制作用。1%氧化苦参碱对台湾乳白蚁纤维素酶活抑制率整体表现为FPAFG≥BGCBH,纤维素酶活性抑制率随处理时间的延长而增强,但是5天EG抑制率、3天BG抑制率、12 h CBH抑制率有所降低。台湾乳白蚁经氧化苦参碱处理7天后,活动水平明显减弱,工蚁质量处理组显著低于对照组,白蚁死亡率处理组显著高于对照组。【结论】本研究明确了1%氧化苦参碱对台湾乳白蚁FPA及EG、BG、CBH的活性均具有明显的抑制作用,表明纤维素酶活性的抑制作用是氧化苦参碱杀虫活性的机制之一。氧化苦参碱对台湾乳白蚁具有慢性致死活性,利用氧化苦参碱对台湾乳白蚁纤维素消化的抑制作用,研发台湾乳白蚁消化抑制剂应用于白蚁的防治是一种值得探索的方法。     

家白蚁高效诱饵的研制及诱效试验

为了研制白蚁高效诱饵剂，在室内用胶卷盒装各种锯木粉及添加剂，置于干燥器内，测定家白蚁对各种饵料的趋性，在室外把饵料盒埋在诱集箱外，42d后称重.室内试验松木粉及杉木粉中加入添加剂后,对白蚁的引诱力提高7.9及24.9倍；室外试验饵料中加入添加剂后，可提高白蚁对其取食量1.22～6.48倍.含萜类物过多的松、杉木的锯木粉，经烘、煮等处理后也可提高白蚁对它们的喜食程度.     

城市公园树木白蚁危害及防治

温州市区9个公园的树木受白蚁危害比率为0~56.2%,其中翠微山公园和华盖山公园的树木受害最重。危害树木的白蚁共有2科4属5种,分别为黑翅土白蚁Odontoterms formosanus、黄翅大白蚁Macrotermtes barneyi、台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus、黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermes flaviceps和黑胸散白蚁R.chinensis。在调查的9个公园内共有29科37属41种树木受到白蚁危害,其中香樟、枫杨、构树、大叶桉、女贞等树木受害最为严重。采用草堆诱杀法及诱饵包诱杀法防治园林树木白蚁效果明显,在华益山公园,树木受害率从防治前的42.3%下降到5%左右。     

白捕特微胶囊防治白蚁药效试验

1997—2003年在浙江余杭开展白捕特微胶囊防治白蚁试验,5种药剂质量浓度(62 5,125,250,500,1000mg·kg-1)的触杀作用试验结果均达100%,最低质量浓度62 5mg·kg-13d后的死亡率也达到100%;驱避效应、木块抗蚁效果理想,只有经低质量浓度(62 5mg·kg-1)处理过的土壤,白蚁才能穿越一定距离。野外土壤处理试验,经250～1000mg·kg-1药剂质量浓度处理过的土壤对白蚁的防治效果与药液浓度呈正相关趋势,其中1000mg·kg-1浓度组,经过5a的防蚁效果仍达100%,6a后的防蚁效果达80%,同时,经风化处理后对其药效影响不明显。白捕特微胶囊对于黄胸散白蚁比家白蚁效果更好。     

杉木心材精油对黑胸散白蚁的触杀毒性研究

以水蒸汽蒸馏法提取杉木心材精油,其精油得率为0.73％～0.79％.用毒土法进行杉木心材精油对黑胸散白蚁的触杀毒性试验,结果表明:杉木心材精油对黑胸散白蚁具有较强的触杀毒性,且其毒性的大小与处理时间和浓度有关;当其浓度为160m/L时,72 h内白蚁死亡率为100％.     

广州沙面岛古树白蚁综合治理初报

1999年起,对危害广州沙面古卉树和大树的白蚁种类进行调查和全面防治,结果表明：危害沙面古树和大树的门蚁种类有台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus、黑翅上Odontotermes formosanus和散门蚁Reticulitermes sp.采取了常用的引蚁出巢、毒饵诱杀和直接杀灭的全面防治措施后收到了明显的效果,2003年经专家检查验收,证实沙面的古树和大树没有发现有白蚁直接危害。     

马缨丹提取物对黄胸散白蚁体内酶活性的影响

【目的】探究马缨丹氯仿提取物、乙酸乙酯和石油醚萃取物对黄胸散白蚁体内纤维素酶系及解毒酶系活性的影响,初步探讨其作用机制。【方法】采用滤纸片带毒饲喂,测定处理不同时间点其对黄胸散白蚁体内3种纤维素酶[内切-β-1,4-葡萄糖酶(EG)、外切-β-1,4-葡萄糖酶(CBH)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)]和3种解毒酶[羧酸酯酶(Car E)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)]酶活性的影响。【结果】马缨丹氯仿提取物、乙酸乙酯和石油醚萃取物在6~72 h对黄胸散白蚁体内6种酶活性的影响存在差异,主要表现为有一定的抑制作用。对3种纤维素酶活性的影响而言,氯仿提取物对EG酶活性无显著影响,但对CBH和BG酶有显著的抑制作用,尤其对CBH酶抑制作用较强,在72 h时抑制率最大,达17.61%;乙酸乙酯萃取物对3种酶均有抑制作用,对EG和BG酶活性抑制作用较强,在48 h时对EG的抑制率最大,为27.18%,在24 h时对BG酶活性抑制作用最大,为29.28%;石油醚萃取物对CBH酶活性无显著影响,但对其他2种酶抑制作用显著,对EG酶的抑制作用较强,在72 h时对此酶的抑制作用最大,为39.89%。对3种解毒酶活性影响而言,3种提取物对Car E酶的活性影响不大;对GSTs酶的影响主要在12~48 h,其中乙酸乙酯萃取物的抑制作用最强,36 h时抑制率最大,为39.54%;对FMO酶的抑制作用呈波动式变化,其中以12 h、36 h抑制作用较强。【结论】马缨丹氯仿提取物、乙酸乙酯和石油醚萃取物能抑制黄胸散白蚁体内的纤维素酶和解毒酶,扰乱其正常的生理代谢功能。     

黑翅土白蚁的食物选择性研究

通过观察黑翅土白蚁的觅食行为,对黑翅土白蚁的食物选择性作了研究。室内结果表明:在6种纯饵料中,小米粉的被食率、泥被面积及泥被覆盖率均最高,其泥被出现时间仅长于松木粉,但两者间无显著差异。在5种添加物中,除15%黑木耳外,15%香菇、10%松花粉、10%白砂糖、15%蜂蜜都能显著提高小米粉对黑翅土白蚁的诱食效果,其中又以10%白砂糖的增效作用最为明显。野外试验结果表明,小米粉 10%白砂糖诱饵对黑翅土白蚁的诱食效果优于小米粉诱饵。可见,小米粉 10%白砂糖是最优化的饵料组合,可作为黑翅土白蚁毒饵中的饵料组分。     

白蚁种间及种内群体的相容性初步研究

把家白蚁与黄肢散白蚁,以及把家白蚁３ 个种群的个体放在直径为１１０ ｍ ｍ 的培养皿中观察１ ｈ,结果表明,无论种间或不同种群的种内个体间均缺乏相容性．工蚁与工蚁,兵蚁与兵蚁以及它们之间均可相互厮咬对方．个体间数量比例不同会影响格斗结果．最后导致４４．６％ ～１００．０％ 的死亡率．据此提出了如何利用该习性来控制白蚁的新思路．     

Laboratory evaluation of the termiticidal efficacy of copper HDO

A laboratory no-choice termite bioassay was conducted to evaluate the ability of copper HDO (CX-A or copper xyligen) to protect radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) wood samples from attack by two subterranean termite species, Reticulitermes speratus and Coptotermes formosanus. A series of sapwood samples were pressure treated with either 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, or 1.00% copper HDO solution. Samples treated with equivalent concentrations of a benchmark preservative, CCA-C, were used as treated controls. All samples (including controls) were subjected to an artificial weathering schedule before the bioassay. The samples were exposed to 30-day R. speratus tests and 3-week C. formosanus tests. Copper HDO was shown to deter termites from significant feeding on the treated wood. At a retention of 5.8 kg/m3 (treated with 0.75% solution) or higher, the mass loss from termite feeding did not exceed 3% for both the 30-day R. speratus tests and the 3-week C. formosanus tests. At each of the retentions tested, copper HDO performed comparably with equivalent retentions of CCA-C; however, field data are needed to validate these laboratory results. The preliminary findings are that copper HDO pressure treatment has potential as a viable method of protecting wood from attack by both termite species tested.     

金线莲茎段组织培养技术的研究

利用组织培养培技术对金线莲茎段组培苗进行研究试验。结果表明:以金线莲茎段为外植体,用0.1%升汞溶液消毒10 min效果比较好,杀伤力小,容易获得无菌材料,消毒之前剥开叶柄基部鞘状抱茎消毒效果好;芽增殖培养基用MS+糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂粉4.5 g·L~(-1)+马铃薯汁10 g·L~(-1)+激素以6-BA3.0 mg·L~(-1)+NAA0.5 mg·L~(-1)有利于金线莲的增殖与生长;在生根阶段以1/2MS+糖30 g·L~(-1)+琼脂粉4.5 g·L~(-1)+马铃薯汁10 g·L~(-1)+活性炭0.5 g·L~(-1)+NAA1.0mg·L~(-1)效果最理想,生根率达95%,根系发达,叶子展开墨绿色;种植理想的基质为泥炭土∶椰糠∶细沙=5∶3∶2,种植成活率高达97%,幼苗生长旺盛。     

树木提取液抑制白蚁的效能试验

通过26种树木的不同提取液室内制剂筛选试验,从中筛选出灭蚁活性较强的树木提取液,分别配制9种单剂,在小型试验基础上优选配方,结合植物资源等因素,研制成环保型灭白蚁粉剂。用该粉剂在厦门、福州的公园中进行防治树木白蚁的药效试验,结果表明:处理后10 d的防效为76%~100%,处理后20 d的防效为81%~100%,处理后30 d的防效为100%,并且施药9个月后检查仍能持效。     

Evolution of CO2 during the fixation of chromium containing wood preservatives on wood

Summary A titration procedure was used to confirm carbon dioxide evolution from wood treated with solutions containing chromic acid and to quantify the effects of species (red pine vs soft maple), solution concentration and reaction temperature on the rate and amount of CO₂ evolved. Small blocks or chips were vacuum treated with either chromated copper arsenate (CCA) wood preservative or chromic acid solutions and the release of CO₂ monitored until the reaction was complete. Significant volumes of CO₂ were measured. This is attributed to the oxidation and subsequent decarboxylation of primary hydroxyl groups on wood constituents. The ratio of moles of CO₂ produced to moles of chromium added to the wood ranged from about 0.07 to 0.24 depending on the wood species, solution properties and fixation conditions. This accounted for from 9 to 32% of the total oxidation potential of the hexavalent chromium applied. The relative amounts of CO₂ produced were higher for maple than for red pine. The rate of CO₂ evolution was also higher in the maple samples, consistent with the higher rate of chromium reduction in soft maple compared to red pine. The amount of C0₂ produced was approximately proportional to the amount of hexavalent chromium in the CCA treating solution although the ratio of CO₂ produced to chromium added to the wood increased slightly with increasing solution concentration. The relative amounts of CO₂ produced increased with increasing fixation temperature over the 50–90 °C range in both species. The rate of CO₂ evolution was accelerated as the fixation temperature was increased. The rates and amounts of CO₂ produced were similar for CCA and Cr0₃ treatments containing the same concentration of chromic acid. Copper and arsenic components of the CCA solution did not appear to have any effect on the decarboxylation reaction.We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Natural Resources Canada;, LPB Poles Inc., Masson Quebec, Timber Specialties Ltd., Campbellville Ontario and Guelph Utility Pole Co. Ltd., Guelph Ont. for this study.     

Seasonal differences in freezing stress resistance of needles of Pinus nigra and Pinus resinosa: evaluation of the electrolyte leakage method

Seasonal changes in freezing stress resistance of needles of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) trees were measured by an electrolyte leakage method and by visual observation. During most of the year, freezing stress resistance determined by the two methods gave similar results. The electrolyte leakage method provided a good estimate of seasonal changes in freezing stress resistance except for red pine needles in their most winter-hardy state. To obtain a reliable estimate of freezing stress resistance in winter-hardy red pine needles it was necessary to combine the electrolyte leakage method with visual observations. When red pine needles survived exposure to -80 degrees C or lower, electrolyte leakage was never more than 30% even when the needles were exposed to a slow freeze-thaw stress of -196 degrees C. However, rapid freezing of red pine needles to -196 degrees C resulted in electrolyte leakage of over 80%. Red pine needles attained a much higher freezing stress resistance during the winter than Austrian pine. Red pine needles also acclimated and deacclimated faster than Austrian pine needles. An index of injury was developed based on the electrolyte leakage method ((R(2) + R(1))/2, where R(1) is the minimum % electrolyte leakage from noninjured tissue and R(2) is the maximum % electrolyte leakage at the highest injury) that reliably predicted freezing stress resistance of pine needles for most of the year. Important aspects for developing a successful index of injury for pine needles are: use of cut needles, vacuum infiltration and shaking during incubation in water.We conclude that: (1) during cold acclimation the cell wall properties of the pine needles changed and these changes, which appeared to differ in the two species, might explain the very low leakage of electrolytes from winter-hardy needles of red pine; (2) pine needles survive winter by developing the ability to tolerate extracellular ice formation, because after rapid freezing the needles were severely injured; and (3) red pine is adapted to a shorter growing season and colder winters than Austrian pine.     

淀粉酶处理对竹材防霉性能的影响

毛竹竹材由于富含淀粉和糖,在适宜的条件下极易受到以此为食的各种霉菌的侵害,给竹材加工业造成重大的损失,因此必须进行竹材的防霉保护。传统的化学药剂浸渍竹材,虽然防霉效果优异,但因其含有对人体有害的化学物质或重金属成分,长期使用会影响人类的身体健康。而利用生物酶进行竹材的防霉处理,不但简便高效,而且绿色无毒。在研究过程中采用7种不同酶量的淀粉酶溶液来处理竹材样品,同时对比了最适加酶量下3种不同处理时间和3种不同处理温度对竹材样品防霉的效果。试验结果表明:随着淀粉酶处理液中酶量的增加,竹材样品的淀粉和还原糖含量下降明显;淀粉酶处理液的处理时间对降低竹材淀粉和还原糖含量起到关键作用,适当延长竹材的酶处理时间有益于降低竹材的淀粉和还原糖含量;适合的淀粉酶处理温度能提高淀粉酶水解效率,降低竹材淀粉和还原糖含量。在竹材的防霉试验中,经淀粉酶溶液处理过的竹材,对3种霉菌(黑曲霉、桔青霉和绿色木霉)均有很好的抗霉效果;随着淀粉酶处理液酶量和处理时间的增加,竹材的防霉性能有了明显的提高。结果表明,最佳淀粉酶处理工艺为:酶量120 U/mL,酶处理时间36 h,酶处理温度95℃。研究结果可为竹材的防霉研究提供参考。     

Effect of post treatment temperature and humidity conditions on fixation performance of CCA-C treated red pine and southern pine

introductionWaterbornepreservativesareamajorcomponentofthewood-treatingindustrybecauseoftheireaseofapplication,lowcost,andthecleanappearanceofthewoodattertreatment.Theuseofchromatedcopperarsenate(CCA)preservativesintheUSAhasgrownfroma14%shareofthewoodpreservativesmarketin1977to73%in1987(Micklewright1993).ThisismainlyduetotheincreasinguseofCCAtreatedwoodasdecksandoutdoorstructures.ThewaterbornepreservativeCCAhasbecomeoneofthemosteffectivetreatmentsforNorthAmericanwoodproduCts,usedinapplic…