黄河源地区植被净初级生产力对气候变化的响应

基于黄河源区1959—2008年月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度、降水量、风速和日照百分率等气候要素资料,应用修订的Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算了50 a植被净初级生产力(NPP),分析其年际和年代际变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:1959—2008年间,研究区年NPP变化呈显著上升趋势,NPP变化曲线线性拟合倾向率在95.502～190.72 kg/(hm2.10a)之间,20世纪90年代后NPP较高。20世纪70年代表现为"冷干型"气候特征,NPP距平百分率偏少1.1%～2.1%;2001—2008年均为"暖湿型"气候特征,NPP距平百分率偏多2.1%～4.5%。影响黄河源区NPP变化的主要气候因子是降水量、最大蒸散量和平均最低气温。"暖湿型"气候对植被净生产力增加最有利,黄河源区NPP可增加5.5%～8.5%。而"冷干型"气候造成植被净生产力下降5%～9%。若2050年在"暖湿型"气候情景下,黄河源区未来NPP较多年平均值增加7%～17%。     

新疆阿图什市气候变化特征及其对农业生产的影响

利用阿图什市气象站1960~2006年气温和降水观测资料,以回归分析、趋势线分析方法分析了阿图什市近47 a来气温和降水的年际和季节变化特征及其对农业生产的影响。分析结果显示:(1)近47 a来阿图什市年均气温总体呈增加趋势,年均气温线性倾向率为0.13℃/10a。从20世纪60年代至70年代,气温在平均值附近波动且略有降低。自80年代以来波动较大,并明显升高,气温波动基本上与我国西北地区气温变化趋势一致。年内气温变化存在季节差异,冬、秋和春三个季节气温均呈上升趋势,夏季的气温略呈下降趋势,其中,冬、秋两季对全年平均气温增加贡献较大。(2)近47 a来年降水量总体呈增长趋势,年均降水量线性倾向率约为9.38 mm/10a,与我国西北气候由暖干向暖湿转变的趋势基本一致。20世纪60年代初至70年代末期年降水在多年平均值附近波动。自80年代以来波动较大,且变干、变湿趋势较显著。年内降水量变化有明显的季节差异,四季均呈增长趋势,增长幅度从大到小依次夏季、春季、秋季和冬季,其中,夏、春两季对全年降水量增长贡献较大,秋、冬两季贡献较小。(3)阿图什市气候变暖对越冬作物的冬前生长发育及喜热作物的全生育期生长发育较为有利,但气候变暖会引起土壤干旱化和农作物病虫害增加,将对多数农作物生长发育不利。     

和田市1961-2009年太阳总辐射的变化特征

应用和田市国家基准气象站1961-2009年逐月太阳总辐射资料,采用线性倾向估计、Morlet连续小波、滑动t检验法分析了49a来和田市太阳总辐射的趋势变化、周期及突变特征,结果表明：年太阳总辐射呈显著的减少趋势,减少率达96.8MJ/m2.10a,夏、秋、冬三季亦呈显著减少变化趋势;60年代平均辐射最多且明显偏多、8...     

新疆石河子地区近40 a来气候变化特征分析

利用1961-2001年石河子地区的气象资料,分析了40 a来气温、降水、日照的变化特征,结果表明:石河子地区的年、冬季、夏季气温总体呈上升趋势,20世纪60-70年代,年、冬季、夏季气温呈降低或不变的趋势,80-90年代气温呈增加趋势,80年代冬季升温比夏季升温明显,而90年代夏季升温比冬季明显;降水总体呈上升趋势, 降水增长率为10.6 mm·(10 a)-1, 90年代平均降水比30 a均值偏多20.8%;年平均日照时数总体呈下降趋势,但下降趋势不明显,日照时数的减少率为-9.2 h·(10 a)-1.充分表明,石河子地区气候正在趋于暖湿化,日照时数总体变化较为稳定,这对本区发展农牧业具有积极的作用.     

天山南北气候变化特征比较

根据新疆天山南北典型气象站1951～2008年气温、降水资料,运用回归分析和趋势分析,比较天山南北近58年的气候变化趋势和特征,结果表明：近58年来,天山北部气候总体呈暖湿趋势,年平均气温均升高,年降水量也不断增加;天山南部气候总体呈暖湿趋势,各站点气候因地而异,表现出不同的变化趋势和特征。总体来说,新疆气候趋于暖湿变...     

石河子地区年冻融指数的多尺度变化特征

基于石河子地区各气象站点1961─2013年的逐日平均气温数据,计算年冻融指数,并利用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)分析其多尺度变化特征。结果表明:在过去53 a,石河子地区冻结指数和融化指数的年际变化明显,其中冻结指数总体呈减少趋势,融化指数总体呈增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为-3.84℃·a-1和8.64℃·a-1。在年际变化上,冻结指数年际波动较大,其变幅为820~1 900.7℃;融化指数年际波动较小,变幅为3 518.8~4 577.9℃。在年代尺度上,冻结指数与气温呈明显的负相位,且两者的年际变化周期相同(3 a),年代尺度周期大致相当(10 a左右);融化指数与气温呈明显的正相位,且两者存在年际变化的同周期(3 a)。变化趋势特征表明,伴随着气温的增加,冻结指数呈非线性减少趋势,而融化指数呈非线性增加趋势。     

叶尔羌河流域气候变化特征及趋势分析

利用叶尔羌河流域五个气象台站长时序逐日气温和降水量数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验和突变检验方法,分析近50多年来叶尔羌河流域气候要素变化特征,利用R/S分析法预测该区域未来气候变化趋势。结果表明:1)叶尔羌河流域属极端干旱区,近50年来降水量呈增加趋势,塔什库尔干、泽普和巴楚降水增加显著,有明显突变点;2)流域气温上升速率范围为0.239-0.375℃/10a,气温的上升均为突变升温,突变时间为20世纪90年代中期,塔什库尔干高海拔山区自2010年后气温增长较平原区迅速;3)通过R/S分析表明,叶尔羌河流域未来气候变化仍然与过去50年来的变化趋势一致,以暖湿趋势为主。     

黄土高原气候与气候生产力对全球气候变化的响应

应用黄土高原7省51个代表性气象站1961～2000年主要气象要素观测资料,采用EOF和其他数理统计方法研究了黄土高原气候与气候生产力对全球气候变化的响应,结果表明：中国黄土高原年和各季节的平均气温均呈明显的上升趋势,增温速度大于全国同期增温速度;年降水量和作物生长季节降水量均呈下降的趋势;气候生产力呈递减趋势;未来“暖湿型”气候对作物生产最有利,平均增产幅度为5．9％,而“冷湿型”气候对作物生产最不利,平均减产幅度为6．3％。     

全球气候变化背景下渭北旱塬气候变化及气候生产力研究

运用数理统计方法对渭北旱塬5市19个代表性气象站点1970—2010年的气温及降水量气象要素进行了统计分析,研究了全球气候变化背景下渭北旱塬气候变化及气候生产力对其响应。结果表明:渭北旱塬年、季平均气温均呈明显上升趋势,春季和冬季的升温幅度较大;年、季降水总量呈下降趋势,其中春季及秋季的降水量呈下降趋势,而夏季及冬季的降水量呈上升趋势;气候生产力呈增加趋势,未来暖湿型气候对作物生产最为有利,气候生产力平均增加12.1%,"冷干型"气候对作物生产最为不利,气候生产力平均减少18.3%。     

全球变暖对宁夏六盘山区气候的影响

在全球气候变暖的背景下,宁夏六盘山区四季和年平均气温各年代均呈递增的趋势,尤其是20世纪90年代以后增暖明显。年降水呈波动式变化趋势,冬季降水增加明显,夏季和年降水增加缓慢,各年代中冬季、夏季、秋季和年最多降水均出现在气温偏暖的21世纪初,气候有从暖干向暖湿转变的趋势。四季和年蒸发量的变化趋势基本一致,21世纪初均呈减少的趋势。总体而言,气温升高、降水增多、蒸发减少的气候条件,有利于气候向暖湿化方向转变,有利于减少地表水分的损失、恢复植被、涵养水源,能更好地调节周边的气候。     

高原人体生理适应学理论在进藏旅游中的应用

青藏铁路的贯通运行,带来了国内外进藏旅游热.然而,青藏高原毕竟是世界屋脊,高海拔带来的低氧及其引发的高原疾病依然威胁着游客的身体健康.健康高原旅行是当前游客进藏旅游的基本前提,通过综合国内外高原医学工作者对高原医学生理学的研究成果,提出阶梯进藏旅游的方法.旨在对越来越多的短期赴西藏高原旅行的人群以正确的健康指导,从而减...     

重视有害蚜虫研究,确保作物安全

<正>蚜虫隶属半翅目蚜虫总科,是世界上分布最广的微小昆虫之一。世界已知4 700余种,中国分布约1 100种[1-2]。蚜虫种类多、繁殖快、世代重叠,还存在孤雌生殖与两性生殖世代交替等独特生物学现象。许多蚜虫种类是非常重要的农作物害虫,其刺吸式口器可吸食植物汁液,造成植物生长不良,其唾液也对植物有毒害作用[3-4]。受蚜虫为害的植物具有多种不同症状,如生长率降低、产生叶斑、泛黄、发     

白刺花(Sophoraviciifolia)适应土壤干旱的生理学机制

用盆栽的方法人工控制土壤干旱条件,研究白刺花天然实生幼苗适应土壤干旱的生理学机制。结果表明:随土壤含水量的减少,白刺花叶水势在胁迫前期下降缓慢,随胁迫时间的延长,水势大幅度下降。白刺花通过在叶片内积累大量渗透保护性物质可溶性糖和K ,增加细胞的保水力,维持细胞生长所需膨压。白刺花游离脯氨酸含量变化与水分关系不大,可溶性蛋白质含量随土壤含水量减少而下降,可能是水分胁迫下受伤害的表现。随土壤水分含量的减少,白刺花SOD的活性明显升高,POD活性不高但随胁迫时间延长其活性较稳定,CAT活性下降但幅度不大,且CAT活性变化趋势与POD活性相反,说明三个保护酶能够相互配合协同作用,降低膜脂过氧化程度,减少水分胁迫造成的伤害,提高质膜稳定性,维持细胞膜的完整性,表现出很强的抗旱适应性。     

稻瘟病菌对三环唑抗药性测定方法的建立

研究了稻瘟病菌对三环唑抗药性的测定方法,确定了保绿培养基的成分,建立了抗药性测定的标准化模型。4叶I心期将稻苗在三环唑系列浓度药液中浸根处理36 h,剪取稻苗叶段插于100 μg/mL苯并咪唑+0.5％水琼脂保绿培养基上,用孢子含量为10⁵个/mL的稻瘟病菌孢子悬浮液喷雾接种,保湿培养8 d后调查结果,计算EC₅₀值。该测定方法与小苗测定相比较结果更加稳定且灵敏度高,重复性好。     

Heritability of Ulmus minor resistance to Dutch elm disease and its relationship to vessel size,but not to xylem vulnerability to drought

Dutch elm disease (DED) is a vascular wilt disease that causes the occlusion and cavitation of xylem vessels. Therefore, it is hypothesized that those elms that are less vulnerable to cavitation by drought might be more resistant to DED. To test this hypothesis, the relationship between xylem vulnerability to cavitation and susceptibility to DED was examined in progenies of crosses between susceptible and resistant individuals of Ulmus minor. Hydraulic conductivity and xylem vulnerability curves were evaluated and anatomical features such as vessel size, length and grouping were measured. Next, elms were inoculated with Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi, the cause of DED, and pre‐dawn and midday water potentials, stomatal conductance and wilting percentages were assessed. Progenies of R × R crosses showed significantly lower mean wilting percentages (30–50%) than the progeny of S × S crosses (75%). Fifty percent conductivity loss was reached at c. ?1 MPa, pointing out a high vulnerability of this species to drought‐induced cavitation. Crown wilting percentage as a result of inoculation and xylem vulnerability to cavitation by water stress did not show any significant correlation. Nevertheless, significant differences in theoretical hydraulic conductivity and vessel size parameters (diameter, length and size distributions) were found among the tested progenies. Susceptible trees had significantly wider and longer vessels. Xylem structure of resistant elms seems to restrict pathogen spread rather than prevent cavitation.     

A grower-friendly method to transfer predacious mites to commercial orchards

The establishment of predacious mites in commercial orchards may be accelerated by the transfer of pruned wood in winter and summer from donor orchards to release orchards. Following winter pruning, 3-year-old and older wood is collected and transported as soon as possible in bundles to a release orchard for distribution. If the release orchard is composed of dwarf trees, then one or two bundles of 5 kg each are placed vertically at the base of the trunk of every tree in the block (0.5 to 1 ha); if the trees are of standard size, then four or five bundles used. Following summer pruning, annual shoots and suckers are distributed immediately in a release orchard composed of dwarf trees by placing 12–15 branches on the foliage of fruit-bearing branches; if the release orchard is composed of standard trees, then 50 branches are used. The pruned wood should have 20–25 leaves and not less than one predator per leaf. The release orchard should have a light infestation (two or three mites per leaf) of pest tetranychids. These phytophagous mites would serve as food and help establish the predators. The release orchard grower should develop a pest management program based on the same groups of pesticides used in the donor orchard. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 31, 2005.     

Note to chew on: insect damage to musical instruments

Insects have a diverse range of ecologies that leaves many pre‐adapted to exploiting manufactured products as food sources, including musical instruments. To review what is known and to make recommendations for preventing and managing insect damage to musical instruments, we conducted a systematic search and a narrative review of the area. Of 339 papers, only eight peer‐reviewed publications met the inclusion criteria, and all were on xylophagous insects causing damage to wooden instruments. To supplement this material, we report a case of damage to the key pads (composed of felt enclosed in fish buoyancy bladder skin) of a clarinet by carpet beetles (Anthrenus verbasci (Dermestidae)), the first reported case of non‐woody damage and the first instance of insect damage rendering an instrument unplayable. To avoid such damage, regular inspection of instruments is recommended, and rapid treatment of any insect infestations in the immediate environment that could extend to affecting stored instruments. Instruments themselves can be extremely expensive, and if insects are still present these should only be treated by an expert; instrument cases can be more easily dealt with by heat treatment (black plastic bag in the sun) or application of a residual insecticide. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Contribution of Fimbrial and Afimbrial Adhesins of Xylella fastidiosa to Attachment to Surfaces and Virulence to Grape

ABSTRACT The role of fimbrial and afimbrial adhesins of Xylella fastidiosa in biofilm formation was assessed by visualization of cell aggregates of mutant strains after incubation on glass surfaces. FimA- or FimF- fimbrial mutants adhered as solitary cells at a slightly lesser frequency to glass surfaces than the parental strain; however, cell aggregates were not formed, unlike the wild-type strain. Conversely, whereas the XadA- and HxfB- nonfimbrial mutants also exhibited a much lower frequency of adherence to glass surfaces than the wild-type strain, most of the cells retained on the surfaces were in cell aggregates of different sizes, much like that of the parental strain. Neither fimbrial or afimbrial mutants formed a mature biofilm on the sides of flasks of broth cultures, unlike the dense biofilm formed by the wild-type strain. Although FimA- and FimF- mutants did not form cell aggregates on glass surfaces when incubated as individual strains, aggregates of a FimA- or FimF- mutant were observed when co-incubated with either a XadA- mutant or HxfB- mutant, respectively. These results are consistent with a model in which the fimbrial adhesins FimA and FimF are involved preferentially in cell-to-cell aggregate formation whereas the afimbrial adhesions XadA and HxfB preferentially contribute to initial cell binding to surfaces, whereupon further cell aggregation can occur. In each of five separate experiments, FimA, FimF, XadA, and HxfB mutants of X. fastidiosa all were less virulent to grape than the corresponding wild-type strain. Fimbrial and afimbrial mutants might produce a reduced biofilm within vessels of grape and, hence, be deficient in various cell-density-dependent traits required for movement through the plant and, thus, virulence.