土壤质量数字制图方法浅论

本文简要论述了土壤质量数字制图的一般过程及其与传统土壤制图的异同,并依据土壤制图原理确定数字制图的几个重要参数,同时简述了数字制图对野外土壤调查的要求以及对传统图件的处理。     

“中国土壤系统分类(二稿)”在土壤制图中的应用——以红壤生态站土壤详图为例

土壤分类是土壤调查制图的基础。应用土壤分类进行土壤调查制图却是对土壤分类进行验证、修正、补充使之更趋完善的过程。     

土壤地球化学研究中的微机制图技术

简要介绍了土壤地球化学研究中元素分布图的微机制作方法。本法简便易操作，勿需复杂的硬，软件支撑，利用常用软件和普通的微机，即可方便地绘制出土壤化学元素分布特征图，为土壤研究人员提供一种简单实用的微机制图技术。     

数字土壤制图技术研究进展与展望

土壤调查与制图是获取土壤信息的基本手段,在土壤科学发展中发挥了至关重要的作用,采用新方法开展数字土壤制图是土壤学科新兴的研究方向。本文全面回顾总结了近年来国内外数字土壤制图工作开展情况、方法的发展和应用,分析了当前在数字土壤制图研究中存在的主要问题,并且对数字土壤制图研究的发展趋势进行了展望,提出了今后一段时间我国开展这方面工作的建议,可以为数字土壤制图研究工作提供参考。     

土壤制图中土壤类型配色模型构建与应用

在全国1∶5万土壤图集制图中,土壤类型的配色既需表现土类等高级类型的分布特征,也要表现土属等较低级类型的差别。我国土壤低级类型众多,且1∶5万基本比例尺图幅达2万余幅,采用传统人工设色方法进行土壤制图,不仅效率低,而且难以保持图幅间土壤颜色的协调一致性。针对这一技术难题,本研究采用图幅间相似配色方法和人机交互的设计思想,通过建立1个多层级管理色库、人工设置土壤类型的Q配色单元及其多个近似色系(色组),建立了Q配色单元的避让选色和区域土壤特征分析等5个组件模型,构建了土壤类型配色模型(SCO-Model)。该模型在大比例尺土壤制图中不仅反映了区域土壤的总体分布特征,也表达了土壤类型间的差异,特别是实现了大比例尺土壤制图中土壤类型的快速智能配色,大大提高了制图效率。     

中国土壤系统分类中的基层分类与制图表达

简单回顾国内外土壤基层分类的历史，提出概述基于中国土壤系统分类的基层分类和其制图表达的基本体系。     

基于特征筛选算法的数字土壤制图研究

平缓地带数字土壤制图中，环境协变量的选择是提高制图精度的关键。已有研究证明遥感影像可作为推理制图的辅助因子，而如何确定环境因子推理制图时各自的权重已成为现阶段研究的重点。选取湖北省麻城市乘马岗镇为研究区，采用3种特征筛选方法进行有效环境变量筛选，探索参与平原-丘陵混合区域制图的因子并确定其重要性，依据选择的相对稳定的指标，进一步探索提高土壤类型制图准确性的途径。根据141个野外独立样点的检验结果表明：在推理制图中，遥感因子在平原区域的重要性程度高于丘陵区域，且遥感因子中归一化植被指数(NDVI)和均值(Mean)较为稳定；基于递归特征算法的按地形推理制图精度最高为75.89%，分别高于ReliefF算法和基于Tree的特征筛选算法13.48%和4.97%；此外3种特征筛选算法制图结果中，按地形因子分区制图的精度均高于整体区域制图。因此，遥感因子作为辅助手段参与推理过程可有效提高制图精度。本研究采用的特征挖掘与机器学习算法对提升土壤制图精度具有一定的理论意义。     

基于Google Earth的GIS专题制图技术研究与应用--以陕西省土壤分类信息系统开发为例

以陕西省土壤分类信息系统中的土类数据制图为例,分析了基于Google Earth（GE）的专题地图的制图原理与技术,提出了一套基于GE的一般地理专题图的制图技术流程,并讨论了其关键技术。指出了GE制图工具目前存在的两个缺陷,提出了相应的解决方法,并介绍了陕西省土壤分类信息系统中GE制图结果和应用方案。     

土壤有机质预测性制图方法研究进展

有机质是土壤重要组成部分,是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标。对土壤有机质空间制图,不仅可以了解土壤质量动态变化,而且对土壤区域变异性研究具有重要意义。对现今土壤有机质预测性制图的主要方法,包括地统计学、土壤-景观关系理论和遥感反演三种方法,分别进行了阐述,对其优缺点进行分析比较,以此明确各方法的使用特点和运用环境,并对土壤预测性空间制图中存在的问题进行分析,展望了土壤有机质预测性制图未来的研究趋势,以此为精准农业的实施和农业的可持续发展,提供基本的信息及建议。     

中尺度土壤预测制图中地形变量提取的适宜分辨率探讨

地形变量是土壤预测制图中重要的预测变量之一,为了满足中尺度土壤预测制图的精度要求,又能够减少数据的冗余,需要选择合适分辨率范围的地形变量。基于ASTER GDEM数据,对不同地形起伏状况的3个样区,通过重采样得到30 m、60 m、90 m、120 m、150 m共5组不同分辨率的DEM数据,分别选取土壤预测制图中常用的高程、坡度、平面曲率和剖面曲率4组地形变量,通过地形信息熵、局部方差均值以及比例尺和空间分辨率的关系,选取巢湖流域用于土壤预测制图的地形变量提取的适宜分辨率范围。研究表明:对于特定比例尺的土壤预测制图,地形变量的提取需要综合考虑两个因素:一是土壤预测制图的比例尺,二是地形变量提取的分辨率。中尺度土壤预测制图地形变量提取的适宜分辨率为30m,既能保留有实际意义的地形信息,又能满足土壤预测制图的精度要求。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验,研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示,土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势;当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂,其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小;但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability

Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.