农田冬季覆盖作物对土壤有机碳含量和主作物产量的影响

从冬闲覆盖作物对土壤有机碳的固定及覆盖作物对主作物产量的影响等方面对国内外有关覆盖作物环境改良机理的最新研究结果进行了总结分析。认为,长期轮作覆盖作物可以增加土壤有机碳,提高微生物的活性,而且对主作物的产量提高有不同程度的促进作用。     

免耕对土壤物理性质及作物产量的影响

在位于黄河流域半干旱区清水河县,设置免耕不同轮作方式对土壤物理性质及作物产量的影响试验。对免耕不同耕作方式下,土壤团粒结构、总孔隙度、水热变化及作物产量进行了测定。结果表明:经3 a的免耕+轮作后,土壤团粒结构,总孔隙度和水分含量均有逐年增加的趋势,其中留茬覆盖处理尤为明显。秸秆覆盖处理土壤团聚体在0.25~0.5 mm之间含量最高;常规耕作与留茬不覆盖在0.1~0.25 mm之间达到最高值。说明,留茬覆盖有利于形成大粒径的团聚体颗粒,留茬不覆盖处理对于土壤微结构的形成有良好的促进作用。同时,土壤总孔隙度在不同年际间均表现为留高茬覆盖留低茬覆盖留高茬留低茬常规耕作,可见,免耕不同轮作方式对土壤的改善有一定的积极作用。实施免耕的前2 a,作物产量不稳定,甚至造成减产,第3年免耕增产效应有所显现。     

耕作方式对土壤活性有机碳和碳库管理指数的影响

基于在黄土高原半干旱地区的典型代表—定西市安定区连续进行6 a的保护性耕作试验,研究了不同耕作方式对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳的影响,并对各处理的碳库活度(A)、碳库活度指数(AI)、碳库指数(CPI)和土壤碳库管理指数(CMPI)进行了计算。结果表明:与传统耕作不覆盖(T)相比,免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)和免耕不覆盖(NT)有利于土壤总有机碳含量和活性有机碳含量的提高,并且有随着土层深度的增加而递减的趋势;NT、NTS和TS有助于提高0～5 cm土层土壤活性有机碳占土壤总有机碳的百分率,尤以NTS处理的效果最为明显,说明NTS处理的土壤碳素活性大、易转化;对碳库各项管理指数来说,总体上秸秆覆盖或还田的贡献大于耕作措施,说明对土壤进行秸秆覆盖或还田有利于土壤碳库管理指数提高。     

耕作模式与氮肥运筹对土壤主要理化性状及作物产量的影响

在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作条件下,以小麦品种矮抗58和玉米品种郑单958为材料,研究了不同耕作方式(小麦季深耕、玉米季免耕;小麦季旋耕、玉米季免耕)及不同氮肥总量(540,420,300 kg·hm~(-2))和不同氮肥运筹方式(不同追肥比例及追肥时期)对豫东潮土和豫南砂姜黑土物理性状及氮含量的周年变化以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:深耕能显著降低潮土和砂姜黑土20~40 cm土层土壤容重,显著提高两类土壤20~40 cm土层土壤总孔隙度以及田间持水量,且深耕处理下两类土壤周年作物产量分别比旋耕处理增加4.30%和2.63%;土壤全氮以及碱解氮含量均随着氮肥施用总量的增加而升高,在氮肥施用量相同条件下,追施氮肥前土壤全氮和碱解氮含量随着底施氮量的增加而升高,追施氮肥后随着追氮量的增加而增加。研究认为,本试验条件下,考虑到经济效益,建议采用小麦季隔年深耕而玉米季免耕直播的耕作方式,在潮土区的B1C3(小麦季300 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,按照底肥与拔节期追肥之比为1∶1施入,玉米季240 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,按底肥与拔节期追肥大喇叭口期追肥之比为2∶1∶1施入)施肥模式,和砂浆黑土地区的B2C1(小麦季240 kg·hm~(-2)全底施,玉米季180 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,底肥与拔节期追肥之比3∶1施入)施肥模式为两地最优的氮肥施用模式。     

Characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen under various grassland types along a transect in a mountain-basin system in Xinjiang,China

Soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil total nitrogen(STN) in arid regions are important components of global C and the N cycles, and their response to climate change will have important implications for both ecosystem processes and global climate feedbacks. Grassland ecosystems of Funyun County in the southern foot of the Altay Mountains are characterized by complex topography, suggesting large variability in the spatial distribution of SOC and STN. However, there has been little investigation of SOC and STN on grasslands in arid regions with a mountain-basin structure. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of SOC and STN in different grassland types in a mountain-basin system at the southern foot of the Altai Mountains, north of the Junggar Basin in China, and explored their potential influencing factors and relationships with meteorological factors and soil properties. We found that the concentrations and storages of SOC and STN varied significantly with grassland type, and showed a decreasing trend along a decreasing elevation gradient in alpine meadow, mountain meadow, temperate typical steppe, temperate steppe desert, and temperate steppe desert. In addition, the SOC and STN concentrations decreased with depth, except in the temperate desert steppe. According to Pearson's correlation values and redundancy analysis, the mean annual precipitation, soil moisture content and soil available N concentration were significantly positively correlated with the SOC and STN concentrations. In contrast, the mean annual temperature, p H, and soil bulk density were significantly and negatively correlated with the SOC and STN concentrations. The mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature were the primary factors related to the SOC and STN concentrations. The distributions of the SOC and STN concentrations were highly regulated by the elevation-induced differences in meteorological factors. Mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature together explained 97.85% and 98.38% of the overall variations in the SOC and STN concentrations, respectively, at soil depth of 0–40 cm, with precipitation making the greatest contribution. Our results provide a basis for estimating and predicting SOC and STN concentrations in grasslands in arid regions with a mountain-basin structure.     

有机污染水灌溉对土壤有机碳状况的影响

以长期采用有机污染型水灌溉的陕西交口灌区的农田土壤作为研究对象,并以气候条件、土壤条件以及耕作制度基本一致,长期采用未污染的地下水灌溉的农田土壤作为对照,分别测定土壤剖面上总有机碳含量、有机碳组成等指标,结合第二次全国土壤普查资料,分析长期采用有机污染水灌溉对土壤有机碳累积速率及有机碳密度的影响,探讨关中土壤"环境碳容量"水平及提升土壤有机碳潜力的途径。结果表明:长期采用有机污染水灌溉,土壤有机碳主要在耕层(0~20 cm)极显著地增加,且增加部分主要是活性有机碳组分,其累积速率是对照灌区的近3倍,非活性有机碳处于相对平衡状态。土壤有机碳的剖面分布发生了明显的分化现象,活性有机碳的变化比总有机碳的变化更为显著。有机污染水灌溉的土壤有机碳密度显著高于对照土壤,尤其在0~40 cm范围内其差异达极显著水平。结果证实渭河水中富含的有机污染物提升了灌溉农田土壤有机碳贮量,关中地区农田土壤环境碳容量仍未达到饱和水平,通过外源有机碳的输入,仍然有增加土壤有机碳含量的可能。     

Prioritizing woody species for the rehabilitation of arid lands in western Iran based on soil properties and carbon sequestration

Plants are an important component in many natural ecosystems. They influence soil properties, especially in arid ecosystems. The selection of plant species based on their adaptations to site conditions is essential for rehabilitation of degraded sites and other construction sites such as check-dams. Other factors to be considered in species selection include their effects on soil properties and their abilities to meet other management objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of native (Populus euphratica Oliv. and Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.) and introduced (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC.) woody species on soil properties and carbon sequestration (CS) in an arid region of Iran. Soil sampling was collected at three soil depths (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm) at the sites located under each woody species canopy and in an open area in 2017. Soil physical-chemical property was analyzed in the laboratory. The presence of a woody species changed soil characteristics and soil CS, compared with the open area. For example, the presence of a woody species caused a decrease in soil bulk density, of which the lowest value was observed under E. camaldulensis (1.38 g/cm³) compared with the open area (1.59 g/cm³). Also, all woody species significantly increased the contents of soil organic matter and total nitrogen, and introduced species had more significant effect than native species. The results showed that CS significantly increased under the canopy of all woody species in a decreasing order of P. euphratica (9.08 t/hm²)>E. camaldulensis (8.37 t/hm²)>P. juliflora (5.20 t/hm²)>T. ramosissima (2.93 t/hm²)>open area (1.33 t/hm²), thus demonstrating the positive effect of a woody species on CS. Although the plantation of non-native species had some positive effects on soil properties, we recommend increasing species diversity in plantations of native and introduced woody species to provide more diversity for the increased ecosystem services, resilience, health and long-term productivity.     

土地整治工程对土壤碳固持的影响

为了探求土地整治工程对土壤碳固持的效应,分析在改善土地利用形式和条件的同时,对生态环境效应的影响等。本研究开展了盐碱地、风沙地和黄土废弃宅基地等3类土地整治工程对土壤碳固持的作用和影响研究。结果表明,盐碱地、风沙地和废弃宅基地等3类土地整治类型土壤剖面总碳含量均得到提高;风沙地、废弃宅基地整治类型,土壤有机碳含量的变化显著影响土壤剖面总碳含量;而盐碱地整治类型,无机碳含量的变化显著影响土壤剖面总碳含量。3类整治类型不同程度地促使0~100 cm土壤剖面碳密度的提升;盐碱地、风沙地整治类型土壤剖面上的总碳含量和总碳密度变化趋势较一致;废弃宅基地整治类型因土壤容重变化较大,土壤剖面上的土壤总碳含量与总碳密度变化趋势不一致。由此可以得出,土地整治对增加农田土壤碳库容量有着重要意义,研究不同类型土地整治对土壤碳固持的影响有助于精确评估土壤碳库的总储量。     

The influence of the soil management systems on aboveground and seed bank weed communities in olive orchards

The biodiversity of farmed landscapes is, in the context of agricultural intensification, a key aspect with regard to improving the sustainability of agroecosystems. Olive groves are undergoing rapid changes because of the spread of intensive farming systems, which may have negative environmental impacts. This paper reports a survey on the aboveground flora and seed banks in five olive groves located in Andalusia (Southern Spain). In this study, the following three management systems have been compared: no‐tillage, with the mowing of spontaneous weedy vegetation; no‐tillage, with the mowing of planted cover crops (Poaceae); and conventional tillage practices. Results showed that coverage and an abundance of vegetation are favored by spontaneous weedy vegetation with mowing management, while the richness of aboveground species was affected by landscape diversity and the presence of edges, which increases the richness and diversity of aboveground flora species in olive groves. Seed bank composition showed a low relationship with aboveground flora in the three cover crop management systems. The multivariate analysis performed pointed to those seed species that have a major influence on the aboveground flora communities of each of the three agricultural systems. The seed bank was clearly impoverished in terms of both abundance and species richness after the long‐term conventional tillage practices. We conclude that the intensive long‐term conventional tillage dramatically reduces weed communities in olive orchards and the subsequent ecosystem services provided by them.     

秸秆覆盖对农田黑土春季地温的影响

通过黑土区田间长期定位试验,研究了秸秆覆盖度对太阳反射和土壤含水量的影响,进而探讨了其对土壤温度的调控作用。在作物出苗前,秸秆覆盖度免耕(覆盖度70%)>少耕(覆盖度10%)>旋松(覆盖度0%)。研究结果表明:免耕、少耕和旋松的累计反射强度依次递减,反射辐射强度越大土壤温度越低;免耕具有较高的质量含水量,质量含水量均与地温存在显著的负相关关系。     

不同前茬与施氮量对半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量和土壤有机碳库的影响

研究了不同前茬(冬油菜茬、冬小麦茬)与不同施氮量(N0,0 kg·hm~(-2);N120,120 kg·hm~(-2);N240,240 kg·hm~(-2))对半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量和土壤有机碳库的影响。结果表明:施氮显著增加了夏玉米产量,与不施氮比较,冬油菜茬和冬小麦茬分别增产9.76%~24.88%和12.56%~22.50%,且冬油菜茬的产量高于冬小麦茬6.40%~11.05%。同一茬口不同处理间夏玉米田土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量为N_(240)N_(120)N_0,N_0、N_(120)和N_(240)处理下冬油菜茬土壤TOC含量分别高于冬小麦茬1.07~1.70、1.07~1.93 g·kg~(~(-1))和0.77~1.60 g·kg~(~(-1))。两种前茬下,夏玉米出苗至成熟土壤易氧化有机碳(EOOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)含量均随着施氮量的增加而增加,冬油菜茬土壤EOOC和POC含量分别高于冬小麦茬0.09~4.91 mg·kg~(~(-1))和0.05~0.27 g·kg~(~(-1))。施氮对土壤EOOC和POC的贡献率分别为0.34%~3.45%和10.14%~51.41%。综上分析,施氮有利于增加半干旱黄土高原夏玉米产量,并能促进土壤有机碳库的积累。在本试验区同等肥力土壤条件下,复播夏玉米以冬油菜茬为优,且施氮量以240 kg·hm~(-2)为宜。     

黑河上游冰沟流域4种土壤有机碳分布特征与土壤特性的关系

为了探讨黑河上游冰沟流域不同土壤有机碳分布特征与土壤特性的关系,为黑河上游冰沟流域水源涵养研究提供科学依据,采用野外采样,室内分析方法,研究了4种土壤有机碳分布特征及其与土壤特性的关系。结果表明：4种土壤有机碳含量和密度在整个土壤剖面上均表现为：森林灰褐土＞高山灌丛草甸土＞高山草甸土＞山地栗钙土,且垂直分布均随土壤深度增加而减少,说明黑河上游冰沟流域的森林灰褐土比其它土壤更有利于土壤有机碳储存和积累。森林灰褐土0～10 cm土壤有机碳密度为4．54 kg·m-2,略高于我国森林土壤0～10 cm土壤平均碳密度（4．24 kg ·m-2）,说明黑河上游冰沟流域的森林灰褐土区雨量充沛,林下植被丰富,凋落物现存量充足。4种土壤0～10 cm土层有机碳含量是整个土壤剖面土壤有机碳含量的30．69％～37．99％,有机碳密度是整个土壤剖面有机碳密度的29．31％～36．77％,说明黑河上游冰沟流域土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度在表层具有很强的表聚性,不合理的人为活动引发的水土流失极易造成土壤有机碳储量的减少,应增加黑河上游冰沟流域植被覆盖度,保护生态环境,减少水土流失。4种土壤有机碳、全氮、CEC、田间持水量、团聚体在整个土壤剖面上均随土层深度增加而降低,而土壤容重、pH值在整个土壤剖面上均随土层深度增加而增大。经回归统计分析,4种土壤有机碳含量与土壤田间持水量、团聚体、全氮、CEC之间呈显著的正相关关系,与土壤容重、pH之间呈显著的负相关关系。这种变化规律与多数学者研究结果基本一致。     

秸秆覆盖对宁南早作农田活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

在宁南半干旱区早作农田连续进行了4 a不同秸秆覆盖量的冬小麦栽培试验,对不同秸秆覆盖量下的土壤碳库活度(A)、碳库活度指数(AI)、碳库指数(CPI)和土壤碳库管理指数(CMPI)进行了分析.结果表明:与不覆盖(CK)相比,0.9-0.6万kg/hm2覆盖量下0～20 cm土层土壤总有机碳含量显著提高1.46～1.01...     

外源铅在土壤中的年际变化及对土壤有机碳矿化和速效养分的影响

以关中土为供试土样进行田间试验,向耕层土壤中添加不同浓度外源铅(Pb0:背景值,CK;Pb1:175 mg·kg~(-1)+背景值;Pb2:350 mg·kg~(-1)+背景值),进行小麦—玉米轮作试验。分别于2011—2013年小麦收获季采集耕层(0~20 cm)土壤,分析土壤中铅全量及有效态铅含量的年际变化,以及铅对小麦-玉米轮作模式下土壤有机碳(SOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,三年中,施铅处理下土壤中铅全量及有效态铅含量分别下降13.22%和30.65%,总体呈现逐年下降趋势。与对照(CK)相比,Pb1、Pb2处理下SOC平均含量分别下降了16.30%和11.86%;DOC平均含量分别下降了4.05%和7.34%,与土壤铅含量呈现显著负相关关系;低浓度铅污染下土壤微生物商(q M)显著高于对照土壤,微生物量碳含量变化不显著。此外,土壤速效养分的分析显示,土壤碱解氮含量在外源铅加入初期下降明显,且在Pb1处理下碱解氮减少量最大;土壤速效磷含量随土壤铅含量增加而呈现下降趋势;土壤速效钾含量则随土壤铅含量的增加而增加。试验表明,外源铅的加入影响了土壤有机碳的稳定性,对土壤碳、氮循环产生了一定的影响;能够与土壤溶液中的磷酸根生成难溶性盐,与土壤胶体或土壤矿物晶格中的K+发生置换,加大土壤速效养分的流失风险。     

绿洲农田不同施肥处理对土壤养分和作物产量的影响

为充分了解绿洲农田农业生态系统养分循环规律,利用长期定位实验的方法,初步探讨了不同施肥处理下,绿洲农田的土壤养分及作物产量变化。结果表明:不同施肥处理对土壤养分含量有明显影响。其中,化肥与有机肥配合施用处理的土壤养分含量最高,无肥CK处理养分含量最低,尤其是化肥与有机肥配合施用处理的有机质、全N和碱解氮分别比对照区平均高1.5 g/kg0、.19 g/kg和10.5 mg/kg,其他各处理养分含量处于二者之间。结果还表明,作物产量与土壤养分含量相关,尤其是与土壤有机质、全N、碱解N的含量关系密切,制约产量的首要养分因素是N素,其次是P素。CK处理由于连年作物吸收及收获带走养分,使土壤的有效养分库消耗很快,致使作物产量逐渐降低。P、K处理作物产量变化趋势和CK处理基本一致,进一步表明了N素是影响绿洲农田作物产量的首要因素。对各处理的土壤养分和作物产量变化研究表明,化肥与有机肥配合施用处理作物产量最高,平均为4 010.8 kg/hm2,因此化肥与有机肥配合施用可能是提高绿洲农田土壤肥力,增加作物产量的最佳施肥方式。     

长期施用有机肥对黑土肥力及作物产量的影响

在东北黑土区中部进行长期定位试验,研究了长期施用有机肥对黑土肥力以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:施用有机肥能够提高土壤肥力,与供试前土壤相比,施用有机肥处理的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量都表现为增加,长期施用氮磷钾化肥处理的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷和速效磷表现为增加,而全钾、速效钾则减少,长期无肥处理的土壤除全氮和全磷表现为增加以外,均呈减小的趋势;各处理土壤C/N均表现为减小,在11.32~12.01之间波动;长期施用有机肥能使土壤的pH稳定在一个适合作物生长的范围内;施用有机肥可以增加土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的数量,不同处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量表现为:化肥+高量有机肥(NPKM2)化肥+低量有机肥(NPKM1)化肥(NPK)无肥(CK);不同处理玉米和大豆产量由高到低的顺序均为:NPKM2NPKM1NPKCK,各处理的玉米产量年际间均表现出增加的趋势,而大豆产量年际间变化不显著。生物耗竭试验表明,长期施用有机肥可提高黑土的生产能力。     

耕作方式及秸秆还田对土壤性质、微生物碳源代谢及小麦产量的影响

以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,耕作方式为主区,分别设常规翻耕(C)、深松(S)、旋耕(R)处理,副区为秸秆还田量,分别设秸秆全还田(P)和秸秆不还田(A)处理,采用Biolog Eco技术测定土壤微生物碳源代谢功能,并分析土壤基本理化性质和作物产量。结果显示:深松与秸秆还田均有利于土壤含水量和有机碳含量的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了9.78%和24.00%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了7.08%和15.81%;深松提高了15～30 cm土层的pH值6.67%,秸秆还田提高了0～15 cm土层的pH值4.32%。深松和秸秆还田均有利于代谢多样性(丰富度指数、香浓多样性指数)、碳源代谢强度的提高,0～15 cm土层分别提高了26.84%、3.84%和38.02%,15～30 cm土层分别提高了11.87%、 3.63%和14.74%。主成分分析表明常规翻耕秸秆不还田和旋耕耕作秸秆不还田碳源代谢功能相近,15～30 cm层次内常规翻耕秸秆全还田碳源代谢功能和深松耕作秸秆全还田处理相近。深松和秸秆还田平均提高了小麦产量5.82%,微生物碳源代谢功能与小麦产量具有极显著的相关性。     

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term (approximately 15 years) field experimentin the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), no tillage with straw removed (NT) and no tillage with straw retention (NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates (LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates (SA, 250-2000 μm), microaggregates (MA, 53-250 μm), and silt and clay (SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices (including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions (LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices (including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%-56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter (MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates (including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25-6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34-0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.     

绿肥填闲种植对旱作冬小麦农田土壤团聚体有机碳含量的影响

依托黄土塬区4 a绿肥填闲种植田间定位试验,开展不同填闲作物对土壤团聚体组成及各组分有机碳在团聚体中分布影响的研究,为阐明填闲种植措施下土壤有机碳库的物理保护机制提供依据。试验设置4个处理,即冬小麦夏闲期种植长武怀豆(SB)、苏丹草(SG)、怀豆/苏丹草混播(Mix)和裸地休闲(CK)。利用干筛法将全土筛分为>5 mm、2～5 mm、0.25～2 mm和<0.25 mm等4个粒级,分别测定土壤和各粒级团聚体中有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量,进而计算团聚体平均重量直径及有机碳贡献率。结果表明：绿肥种植对土壤团聚体分布有显著影响,各绿肥处理均有利于0～10 cm土层土壤团聚体的形成,但对亚表层土壤团聚结构影响较小。与CK相比,在0～40 cm各土层,SB、SG和Mix处理均显著提高土壤有机碳含量、颗粒有机碳含量及团聚体平均重量直径,提高幅度分别为7.9%、8.0%和7.9%,其中SB更有利于表层土壤有机碳的固存,且土壤有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量之间呈显著正相关关系,这两者与团聚体平均重量直径之间均呈显著负相关关系。不同处理下土壤团聚体各有机碳组分含量存在差异,与CK相比,SB和Mix均显著...     

绿洲农田土壤团聚体组成及有机碳和全氮分布对秸秆还田方式的响应

通过田间定位试验,在甘肃干旱灌区,研究了不同小麦秸秆还田方式(NTSS: 25~30 cm 高茬收割立茬免耕; NTS: 25~30 cm高茬秸秆覆盖免耕; TIS: 25~30 cm 高茬秸秆深翻耕; CT: 传统不留茬深翻耕—对照) 对农田土壤团聚体及有机碳和全氮分布特征的影响,以期为优化试区种植模式与提高农业可持续发展提供依据。结果表明：免耕秸秆还田处理(NTSS、NTS)≥0.25 mm团聚体含量较高,与CT相比,在0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层分别提高5.4%与12.5%、13.3%与14.1%、11.1%与19.2%,以NTS提高幅度较大。NTSS、NTS提高了0~10、20~30 cm土壤团聚体的平均重量直径,较CT处理分别提高6.7%与11.6%、7.6%与8.1%,以NTS提高效果最明显。NTSS、NTS处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均高于 CT 处理,在0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层,有机碳含量分别增大8.1%与13.3%、7.4%与11.4%、7.8%与12.8%;全氮含量分别提高14.6%与17.9%、14.5%与17.9%、16.2%与20.5%,同样,以NTS提高土壤有机碳及全氮程度较大。各级别团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量均随土层深度增加而减小,团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量随团聚体直径减小而增加,NTS处理在各土层各级别团聚体均保持较高的土壤有机碳及全氮含量。因此,前茬小麦25~30 cm秸秆覆盖免耕还田是干旱灌区增强土壤团聚体形成、提高土壤有机碳及全氮含量的适宜栽培措施。