基于HJ-1A高光谱影像的土壤盐碱化遥感研究

探讨了使用HSI影像研究大面积土壤盐渍化状况的可行性。方法是:使用HSI影像作为数据源,将大气校正以后的地表反射率进行多种数学变换,然后与采样土壤含盐量的化验数据进行回归分析,建立土壤含盐量的反演模型,最后将采样点土壤含盐量的反演值与实测值进行比较,评价模型的预测能力。结果表明:HSI影像经过大气校正后可以消除水汽对反射率的影响,有利于土壤含盐量的反演;影像中的反射率经过一阶微分(R')、倒数的一阶微分(1/R)'等数学变换后可以显著提高与土壤含盐量的相关系数,判定系数R2达到0.547和0.556;利用回归分析方法所建立的反演模型能够较好的反演松辽平原盐碱土的含盐量。     

干旱区土壤盐渍化信息遥感建模

以新疆塔里木盆地北缘的渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为研究区,利用GF~(-1)与Landsat8 OLI影像数据作为基本数据源,从影像上提取15个盐分指数和5个光谱植被指数,通过灰度关联分析法,对0~10 cm表层土壤含盐量与影像光谱指数进行分析和筛选,确定出与土壤含盐量相关性较高的综合光谱指数,采用多元线性回归,偏最小二乘法回归,支持向量机回归三种方法分别对GF~(-1)与Landsat8 OLI影像构建基于实测数据和影像数据的综合指数土壤含盐量估算模型,并选出最优模型。结果表明:(1)在20个光谱指数中,相关性较好的光谱指数是SR、CSRI、SI、BI、S6、ARVI、SAVI、NDSI,关联系数均达到0.7以上,并基于这8个光谱指数构建综合光谱指数。(2)3种估算模型:基于GF~(-1)多元线性回归模型决定系数R~2为0.6856,高于决定系数R2为0.5142的Landsat8 OLI;偏最小二乘回归模型1~8个主成分,GF~(-1)决定系数2个3个1个,其中2个主成分最高可达0.6104,Landsat决定系数4个3个2个,其中4个主成分最高可达0.549;支持向量机模型3种函数,GF~(-1)决定系数RBFPolynomialLinear,其中RBF函数最高可达0.7969,Landsat决定系数PolynomialRBFLinear,其中Polynomial函数最高可达0.7154。对比3种模型可知,支持向量机回归模型的R2最高,因此该模型相对于多元线性回归和偏最小二乘回归更适于土壤盐渍化估算。     

干旱半干旱区土壤含水量定量反演技术研究

为系统地研究干旱半干旱区土壤含水量的反演方法,比较了目前常用的几种高光谱影像土壤含水量反演技术。结果表明:采用EO-1 Hyperion第149波段和197波段构建的光谱特征空间模型与土壤含水量值之间的R2为0.7093,两者存在良好的负相关性;土壤含水量热惯量反演模型整体拟合的R2为0.6149,与SMS拟合结果相比,效果不理想;回归分析模型中,对数变换光谱回归最优,R2值为0.6843。综合分析后,认为光谱特征空间模型对研究区土壤含水量的估测效果最佳。文中研究旨在为干旱半干旱区土壤含水量的更深入研究提供参考。     

土壤有效含水量的经验估算研究——以东北黑土为例

土壤有效含水量(AWC)是评价土壤抗旱性、水资源规划和管理以及指导灌溉的重要依据。对土壤AWC进行经验估算,是一种有效方法。文章首先介绍了土壤有效含水量(AWC)的概念、计算方法、经验估算建模的依据及意义,并分析了土壤AWC与土壤其它特征因子如土壤质地、土壤有机质、土壤容重等的相互关系,对国外已有的经验估算的统计模型及其建模思路进行了介绍。其次,运用统计技术,对我国东北黑土土壤AWC进行了经验估算研究并建立相应的估算模型。结果表明,土壤质地组成及有机质含量为与东北黑土AWC有着密切关系的理化参数,运用它们所建立的土壤AWC估算模型是比较简单而且可行的。     

三氟苯嘧啶在5种土壤中的吸附与解吸附行为

为研究三氟苯嘧啶的吸附-解吸附特性,采用振荡平衡法研究了三氟苯嘧啶在采集于吉林通化、江苏扬州、江西萍乡、广西南宁和海南海口等地的5种土壤中的吸附-解吸附行为及其环境影响因素。结果表明:三氟苯嘧啶在土壤中的吸附动力学符合Elovich模型,吸附和解吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,吸附常数在1.886~7.626。温度的升高更有利于吸附,土壤对三氟苯嘧啶的吸附主要是物理吸附;随着溶液中pH值的升高,土壤对三氟苯嘧啶的吸附能力逐渐下降。除广西南宁黏壤土外,三氟苯嘧啶在5种土壤中的解吸附过程中存在滞后现象,不易在土壤中长期积累,具有一定的迁移特性。     

三种不确定性水质综合评价方法比较研究

将BP与SOM人工神经网络模型与模糊综合评价法进行实例比较研究,以探讨这三种不确定性水质综合评价方法的科学合理性及其适用范围.主要结论为:1)BP与SOM网络模型通过对样本的学习来获得水质指标与水质类别之间的映射关系,评价结果更客观.2)模糊综合评价法通过构建隶属函数对水质进行分类,评价结果偏重,易引起过保护.3)当水...     

入侵生物适生区与种群动态中的数学方法

生物入侵会带来严重的环境问题与经济问题,近年来生物入侵问题正受到越来越多的关注,而且随着全球交流活动的频繁,生物入侵现象也日益严重。在生物入侵的研究中,建立数学模型尤其重要。本文首先对生物入侵中有关物种适生区预测的常见模型中的统计方法进行介绍,主要包括线性回归模型及广义线性回归模型、广义可加模型、多元自适应回归样条函数、分类回归树、助推树、极大化熵方法和支持向量机方法等,并对这些方法在生物入侵模型中的具体应用进行简要说明,然后对生物入侵中种群动态及物种扩散的常用数学方法进行了简要介绍,最后对入侵生物适生区分析与种群动态中的数学方法进行总结和展望。     

基于野外实测高光谱数据的干旱区耕作土壤含水量反演研究

利用2011年3月野外实地采集的不同含水量土壤的高光谱数据,研究了南疆地区耕作土壤草甸土含水量与高光谱反射率之间的定量关系,构建了一元线性回归与多元逐步回归的土壤含水量预测模型.结果表明,土壤含水量在380～ 1080 nm波段与反射率呈负相关关系;反射率经倒数(1/R)、对数(logR)、一阶微分(R’)变换后可提高其与含水量的相关性;以50个建模样本所建立模型的相关系数均达到极显著水平,所有模型通过对37验证样本进行预测,比较决定系数、均方根误差、相对误差后,表明多元逐步回归模型的预测能力要优于一元线性回归模型,从所有模型中优选出以698、702、703、746、747 nm波段反射率倒数(1/R)建立的多元逐步回归模型为最优模型,该模型实测值与预测值之间的R2为0.9199,RMSE为1.6026,RE为0.6517,可用于基于野外高光谱数据的土壤含水量的估测.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟太仆寺旗土壤侵蚀初步分析

本文以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟太仆寺旗为研究区域,在全面获取图形资料和文字资料的基础上,应用美国通用土壤流失方程(USLE模型)和风蚀相对模型分别建立太仆寺旗土壤水力侵蚀模型和风力侵蚀模型,并根据实际情况确立了模型中各参数值,预测了太仆寺旗土壤侵蚀情况,从而为阴山北麓地区土壤侵蚀的分析预测提供科学依据。     

零通量面法用于农田蒸发蒸腾量的研究

应用土壤水分零通量面的原理方法,对北京房山节水灌溉区进行了研究。通过土壤水势监测分析,显示了灌区在研究时段内零通量面的性质及其出现的空间位置。用数值方法处理了零通量面随时间变化的情况,计算了监测时段的蒸发蒸腾量,并与大田水量平衡模型法、作物系数-参考作物需水量法进行了比较。     

Accounting for uncertainty in pedotransfer functions in vulnerability assessments of pesticide leaching to groundwater

A simulation tool for site-specific vulnerability assessments of pesticide leaching to groundwater was developed, based on the pesticide fate and transport model MACRO, parameterized using pedotransfer functions and reasonable worst-case parameter values. The effects of uncertainty in the pedotransfer functions on simulation results were examined for 48 combinations of soils, pesticides and application timings, by sampling pedotransfer function regression errors and propagating them through the simulation model in a Monte Carlo analysis. An uncertainty factor, f(u), was derived, defined as the ratio between the concentration simulated with no errors, c(sim), and the 80th percentile concentration for the scenario. The pedotransfer function errors caused a large variation in simulation results, with f(u) ranging from 1.14 to 1440, with a median of 2.8. A non-linear relationship was found between f(u) and c(sim), which can be used to account for parameter uncertainty by correcting the simulated concentration, c(sim), to an estimated 80th percentile value. For fine-textured soils, the predictions were most sensitive to errors in the pedotransfer functions for two parameters regulating macropore flow (the saturated matrix hydraulic conductivity, K(b), and the effective diffusion pathlength, d) and two water retention function parameters (van Genuchten's N and alpha parameters). For coarse-textured soils, the model was also sensitive to errors in the exponent in the degradation water response function and the dispersivity, in addition to K(b), but showed little sensitivity to d. To reduce uncertainty in model predictions, improved pedotransfer functions for K(b), d, N and alpha would therefore be most useful.     

西北干旱区土壤水力参数空间变异与模拟

为探明西北干旱区土壤水力参数的空间分布特征,在新疆地区布设107个样点,获取表层(0～5 cm)Ks(土壤饱和导水率)、FC(田间持水量)和PWP(永久萎蔫系数)数据,采用经典统计学和地统计学分析土壤水力参数的空间变异特征,并利用逐步回归和传递函数方程对Ks、FC和PWP进行模拟。结果表明:新疆地区Ks、FC和PWP平均值分别为10.999 mm·h~(-1)、0.162 g·g~(-1)和0.077 g·g~(-1),变异系数为39.88%～96.07%,均表现为中等程度变异。在区域尺度上Ks、FC和PWP具有强空间依赖性,变程为97～291 km。与经自变量数据转换构建的传递函数方程相比,多元逐步回归方程预测土壤水力参数精度更高,且方程使用更便利。基于土地利用、容重、土壤质地、有机碳含量和坡向的多元逐步回归方程,预测Ks、FC和PWP的决定系数R~2分别为0.290、0.494和0.491,均方根误差(RMSE)分别为2.540 mm·h~(-1),0.039 g·g~(-1)和0.023 g·g~(-1)。这些方程的建立,有利于西北干旱区土壤水力参数的快速估算,同时可为该地区的农业灌溉和生态水文模型提供关键参数。     

Spatial distribution of δ~2H and δ~18O values in the hydrologic cycle of the Nile Basin

Existing δ2H and δ18O values for precipitation and surface water in the Nile Basin were used to analyze precipitation inputs and the influence of evaporation on the isotopic signal of the Nile River and its tributaries. The goal of the data analysis was to better understand basin processes that influence seasonal streamflow for the source waters of the Nile River, because climate and hydrologic models have continued to produce high uncertainty in the prediction of precipitation and streamflow in the Nile Basin. An evaluation of differences in precipitation δ2H and δ18O values through linear regression and distribution analysis indicate variation by region and season in the isotopic signal of precipitation across the Nile Basin. The White Nile Basin receives precipitation with a more depleted isotopic signal compared to the Blue Nile Basin. The hot temperatures of the Sahelian spring produce a greater evaporation signal in the precipitation isotope distribution compared to precipitation in the Sahara/Mediterranean region, which can be influenced by storms moving in from the Mediterranean Sea. The larger evaporative effect is reversed for the two regions in summer because of the cooling of the Sahel from inflow of Indian Ocean monsoon moisture that predominantly influences the climate of the Blue Nile Basin. The regional precipitation isotopic signals convey to each region's streamflow, which is further modified by additional evaporation according to the local climate. Isotope ratios for White Nile streamflow are significantly altered by evaporation in the Sudd, but this isotopic signal is minimized for streamflow in the Nile River during the winter, spring and summer seasons because of the flow dominance of the Blue Nile. During fall, the contribution from the White Nile may exceed that of the Blue Nile, and the heavier isotopic signal of the White Nile becomes apparent. The variation in climatic conditions of the Nile River Basin provides a means of identifying mechanistic processes through changes in isotope ratios of hydrogen and oxygen, which have utility for separating precipitation origin and the effect of evaporation during seasonal periods. The existing isotope record for precipitation and streamflow in the Nile Basin can be used to evaluate predicted streamflow in the Nile River from a changing climate that is expected to induce further changes in precipitation patterns across the Nile Basin.     

景观格局定量分析中的不确定性

景观生态学作为一门交叉学科,随着遥感与地理信息系统的发展,景观格局定量分析成了景观生态研究中的重要数量方法。景观格局定量分析方法作为研究景观结构组成特征和空间配置关系的重要方法,它的不确定性制约着景观生态学的发展及在实践中的指导作用。克服定量分析过程中的不确定性是景观生态学一个重要的研究课题。从景观格局定量分析的数据源、方法和全过程与解释,阐明不确定性在不同分析阶段的产生、传递和累积,探讨不确定性的解决方法。     

Van Genuchten模型在土壤水分特征曲线拟合分析中的应用

利用Matlab软件的非线性拟合和非线性回归函数,对传统耕作和免耕耕作两种方式下土壤水分特征曲线进行分析,建立相应的Van Genuchten模型,并对模型进行检验和应用.结果表明,非线性回归较非线性拟合适应性高;Van Genuchten模型适应性好,可以应用于不同耕作条件下的土壤水分分析.     

林芝地区小麦条锈菌与气象因子的关系及流行动态模型的构建

为了解西藏林芝地区气象因子对小麦条锈病的影响及其流行动态,2016年采用五点取样法对林芝地区小麦条锈病的发病情况进行监测,通过相关性分析、逐步回归C(p)统计法和线性回归等方法,分析了病情指数与气象因子的关系,并结合时间和病情指数建立了病害预测模型。结果表明,在林芝地区,温度X_1、湿度X_2均与小麦条锈病病情指数Y呈极显著相关,降雨量X_3与病情指数Y呈显著相关;线性回归方程为:Y=-482.5991+19.7494X1+3.7974X2-0.8439X3。根据模拟情况选择的病害流行动态方程为Y=1/e~((0.914t+0.385)),决定系数为0.952,模型的拟合效果较好,表明该模型能够为林芝地区小麦条锈病的预测预报提供有效的参考依据。     

干旱半干旱区植被盖度信息提取技术研究

为系统地研究干旱半干旱区植被盖度提取方法,比较了目前常用的几种高光谱影像植被盖度提取技术。结果表明:采用NDVI建立的像元二分模型对植被盖度的估测能力低于直接采用NDVI建立的回归模型;4种处理的PCR模型植被盖度估测的建模精度由高到低为:CR>NO>FD>SD;4种处理的PLSR模型植被盖度估测的建模精度由高到低为:FD>NO>SD>CR;FCLS分解的结果明显优于LS模型;综合分析后,认为基于FD的PLSR模型对研究区植被盖度估测效果最佳。文中研究旨在为干旱半干旱区植被盖度的更深入研究提供参考。     

Performance and uncertainty analysis of a short-term climate reconstruction based on multi-source data in the Tianshan Mountains region,China

Short-term climate reconstruction, i.e., the reproduction of short-term(several decades) historical climatic time series based on the relationship between observed data and available longer-term reference data in a certain area, can extend the length of climatic time series and offset the shortage of observations. This can be used to assess regional climate change over a much longer time scale. Based on monthly grid climate data from a Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 5(CMIP5) dataset for the period of 1850–2000, the Climatic Research Unit(CRU) dataset for the period of 1901–2000 and the observed data from 53 meteorological stations located in the Tianshan Mountains region(TMR) of China during the period of 1961–2011, we calibrated and validated monthly average temperature(MAT) and monthly accumulated precipitation(MAP) in the TMR using the delta, physical scaling(SP) and artificial neural network(ANN) methods. Performance and uncertainty during the calibration(1971–1999) and verification(1961–1970) periods were assessed and compared using traditional performance indices and a revised set pair analysis(RSPA) method. The calibration and verification processes were subjected to various sources of uncertainty due to the influence of different reconstructed variables, different data sources, and/or different methods used. According to traditional performance indices, both the CRU and CMIP5 datasets resulted in satisfactory calibrated and verified MAT time series at 53 meteorological stations and MAP time series at 20 meteorological stations using the delta and SP methods for the period of 1961–1999. However, the results differed from those obtained by the RSPA method. This showed that the CRU dataset produced a low degree of uncertainty(positive connection degree) during the calibration and verification of MAT using the delta and SP methods compared to the CMIP5 dataset. Overall, the calibrated and verified MAP had a high degree of uncertainty(negative connection degree) regardless of the dataset or reconstruction method used. Therefore, the reconstructed time series of MAT for the period of 1850(or 1901)–1960 based on the CRU and CMIP5 datasets using the delta and SP methods could be used for further study. The results of this study will be useful for short-term(several decades) regional climate reconstruction and longer-term(100 a or more) assessments of regional climate change.     

16份玉米自交系全生育期抗旱性鉴定与评价

以16份玉米自交系为试验材料,通过比较其在全生育期水分胁迫和正常灌溉条件下农艺性状、产量性状和光合特性的差异,以抗旱系数为基本评价指标,采用逐步回归法建立最优回归方程,同时结合相关性分析、隶属度及聚类分析方法,对玉米自交系进行抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选。结果表明：水分条件对散粉吐丝间隔期、株高、穗长等11个性状具有显著/极显著影响,单穗粒重、散粉吐丝间隔期和穗长可作为玉米自交系抗旱性鉴定的次级性状筛选指标。利用次级性状抗旱系数的平均隶属度和旱情发生时期抗旱系数的平均隶属度两种方法对自交系抗旱性进行综合评价,结果完全一致的有11份;通过聚类分析,将16份玉米自交系分成4类,其中强抗旱型5份、抗旱型6份、中抗旱型4份、弱抗旱型1份。参试材料中,抗旱性最强的自交系为Si-287,最弱的自交系为X178。