青年尼里-拉菲母水牛绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对青年尼里-拉菲水牛绝食产热(fasting heat production,FHP)进行研究.结果表明:青年尼里-拉菲水牛平均FHP为301.28 kJ/kgW0.75.d,绝食期间试牛的混合RQ(呼吸商)值平均为0.69,非蛋白分解RQ值平均为0.59,蛋白质分解RQ值很稳定为0.81,试牛平均每天排出内源尿氮(EUN)为39.54g,蛋白分解产热占总产热量平均为17.70%.     

Polymorphism association and expression analysis of alpha-lactalbumin (LALBA) gene during lactation in Nili Ravi buffalo

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Alpha-lactalbumin has been reported as a highly polymorphic gene that potentially alters the gene expression and is associated with milk composition in dairy...     

Normal somatic cell count and subclinical mastitis in Murrah buffaloes

This study was conducted to investigate the normal somatic cell count (SCC) and to define subclinical mastitis in Murrah buffaloes. Data were collected from 60 clinically normal buffaloes stationed at five farms of Chitwan Nepal and Buffalo Research Center, Hissar, India. Somatic cell count was measured using the Newman-Lampert staining technique. The upper limit of SCC was determined >or=200 000/ml of milk based on the mean +/- 2SD of a total SCC. Abnormal data of the SCC was repeatedly removed, which lie beyond the values of more than mean + 2SD until all the data come to lie within (mean + 2SD). Averages of SCC of right front and right hind quarters were significantly higher than left front and left hind quarters. Nearly 94% of California mastitis test (CMT) negative quarters were having somatic cells >or=200 000/ml. The mean SCC of CMT positive quarter was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than CMT negative quarters. Subclinical mastitis was diagnosed on the basis of samples with SCCs >or=200 000/ml with positive bacterial cultures. Subclinical mastitis was found in 21.7% buffaloes and 8% of the quarter foremilk samples. Neutrophil counts were significantly higher in subclinical mastitis milk.     

Effect of varying ruminally degradable to ruminally undegradable protein ratio on nutrient intake, digestibility and N metabolism in Nili Ravi buffalo calves (Bubalus bubalis)

Four Nili-Ravi buffalo calves (100 ± 4 kg) were used in 4 × 4 Latin Square Design to evaluate the influence of varying ruminally degradable protein (RDP) to ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) ratio on dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility and nitrogen (N) metabolism. Four experimental diets A, B, C and D were formulated to contain RDP:RUP of 70:30, 65:35, 60:40 and 55:45, respectively. The calves were fed ad libitum. Dry matter intake by calves fed C diet was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed D diet and lower (P < 0.05) than calves fed A diet, however, it was similar to those fed B diet. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.01) in DMI with decreasing the RDP to RUP ratio. Similar trend was noticed in crude protein (CP) intake. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was significantly different across all treatment. The decrease in CP and NDF intake was due to decreasing trend of DMI. Dry matter (DM) digestibility in calves fed A and B diets was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed C and D diets. A linear decrease (P < 0.01) in DM digestibility was observed with decreasing the RDP to RUP ratio. Crude protein digestibility remained unaltered across all treatments. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was higher in calves fed A and B diets than those fed C and D diets. Higher NDF digestibility in calves fed A and B diets was due to higher level of dietary RDP that might resulted in higher ruminal ammonia concentration which stimulate activity of cellulytic bacteria and ultimately increased NDF digestibility. The N retention (g/d) was similar among the calves fed B, C and D diets, however, it was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed A diet. Decreasing the RDP to RUP ratio resulted in linear increase (P < 0.01) in N retention. The N retention, as percent of N intake was significantly different across all treatments. Decreasing RDP to RUP ratio resulted in linear increase (P < 0.01) in N retention, as percent of N intake. A similar trend was noticed in N retention, as percentage of N digestion. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration in calves fed B diet was higher (P < 0.05) than those fed D diet and was lower (P < 0.05) than those fed A diet, however, it was not different from calves fed C diet. Decreasing dietary RDP to RUP ratio resulted in linear decrease (P < 0.05) in BUN concentrations. The decrease in BUN concentration was because of decreasing level of dietary RDP. The N retention can be increased by decreasing RDP to RUP ratio in the diet of growing buffalo calves and diet containing RDP to RUP ratio 55:45 is considered optimum regarding N retention in buffalo calves.     

Changes in mastitis management practices associated with client education,and the effects of adoption of recommended mastitis control procedures on herd milk production

The effects on the adoption of recommended mastitis control practices were compared of an on-farm mastitis education program, the provision of educational materials only, and no intervention. Changes in herd production resulting from the adoption of control procedures were also estimated.Nine herds previously receiving regular reproductive health services were provided with a mastitis control education program designed specifically for them. The education program covered the major current recommendations for controlling endemic mastitis. A further nine herds continued to receive only the reproductive program, while 18 similar herds were sent mastitis control literature only. Farmer practices in mastitis control and knowledge were recorded and evaluated in both December 1981 and February 1984 using a mailed questionnaire sent to the above 36 and a further 168 herds near St. Paul in the same 11 countries.The success of the education program was evaluated by comparing the rates of adoption of recommended mastitis control procedures and the discontinuation of inappropriate procedures. Changes in farmer-perceived rewards to dairying resulting from the program were evaluated for the specifically educated farmers receiving the on-farm education program.The specific mastitis control education program in association with regular reproductive health visits significantly increased the adoption of recommended procedures over other strategies. Adoption of appropriate management changes was not significantly different between herds which received no additional information and herds receiving informative literature alone. The introduction of teat dipping as a control procedure to a herd was associated with a significant increase (P < 0.05) in milk production, while the introduction of dry period therapy produced a non-significant increase (0.1>P>0.05). Farmers' perceptions of their rewards from dairying were significantly improved as a result of receiving the integrated mastitis control education program. This was true for the four major rewards identified.     

Questionnaire on the incidence and control of fleas in dogs and cats presented to German small animal practices

2590 small animal practitioners in Germany have been asked by a questionnaire from which 1694 (65.4%) replied. 1186 of these veterinarians (70%) often see ectoparasite infestation. Fleas are predominant and occur on cats (1016/60%), followed by dogs (424/25%), small mammals and birds (254/15%). Flea infestations on dogs and cats are observed throughout the year, but the prevalences are generally higher during the summer season. The results reveal that topically administered spot-on formulations is the most popular method used for flea control. The most common applied antiparasitic substances both in dogs and in cats were fipronil (535/31.6%; 690/40.7%), imidacloprid (290/17.1%; 417/24.6%) and selamectin (267/15.8%; 319/18.8%). Due to 771 (45.5%) of the answering veterinarians the animal owner himself, and according 694 (41%) respectively 229 (13.5%) of the replies the veterinarian or the veterinary technician applies the antiparasiticide onto the skin. 1457 veterinarians (86%) administer compounds against adult fleas and their developmental stages also in the animal's environment.     

Effects of a mastitis control programme on the incidence of clinical mastitis

Summary

The results of a mastitis control field experiment in Utrecht over three and a half years, including sevens herds with a total of 225 lactating cows are presented. Every case of clinical mastitis was examined bacteriologically. Quarter samples were taken routinely at an average interval of five weeks.

The incidence of clinical mastitis in each herd at the start of the experiment varied from 10 to 104 quarter cases per 100 cows per year. The majority of cases of clinical mastitis (33.1 per cent) occurred during the first month of lactation.

In 74.4 per cent of the lactations marked by clinical mastitis only a single case was observed during that lactation period. If the animals were on pasture during the first month of lactation, the incidence of clinical mastitis was significantly lower during this month, compared with the first month when they were housed. Str. dysgalactiae was the most common isolate from clinical cases (21.5 per cent). A total proportion of 40.3 per cent of the clinical cases were caused by cocci, 20.3 per cent by Gram‐negative bacteria and 16.0 per cent were bacteriologically negative. Of the clinical cases caused by streptococci and staphylococci, 33.3 per cent were preceded by subclinical infection, compared with 11.8 per cent of the clinical cases due to E. coli. The overall incidence of clinical mastitis in this experiment decreased from 47 to 31 per 100 cows per year.     

养护管理措施对地震后退化草坪恢复的影响

2008年6～7月对地震后搭建帐篷的不同退化程度草坪,采用4种恢复方式进行定位试验,开展草坪特征（草坪草绿色盖度、高度、密度、裸斑盖度、杂草盖度和高度等参数）和维管植物多样性调查。采用一般线性模型中的单变量多因素方差分析研究了处理方式,恢复时间以及二者的交互作用对草坪恢复的影响。研究结果表明：（1）随着搭建帐篷时间的延长,草坪的退化程度加剧。重度退化草坪较轻度退化草坪恢复需要更长的时间。（2）施肥加浇水较其他方式能显著提高轻度退化草坪草绿色盖度,降低枯落物盖度,增加杂草盖度。4种恢复方式对重度退化草坪恢复特征没有差异。（3）恢复1个月后,重度退化草坪草的盖度从1．80％±0．39％恢复到8．90％±2．51％,轻度退化草坪草的盖度从7．78％±1．79％恢复到10．98％±2．75％,恢复效果较差。恢复后草坪植物组成和丰富度发生了明显的变化。杂草从5种增加到19种。草坪草无芒雀麦的优势地位被生长速度快的莎草科植物单穗水蜈蚣和阔叶类植物积雪草代替。综合分析表明：以无芒雀麦为优势种的草坪受避灾干扰的影响较大,养护管理措施并不能促进轻度和重度退化草坪草的快速恢复,应采取重建方式进行恢复。     

Genetic diversity and methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus originating from buffaloes with mastitis in Iran

The aims of the present study were to investigate the genetic diversity and methicillin resistance in S. aureus isolates recovered from mastitis-affected buffaloes. Five hundred seventy-eight milk samples were obtained from buffaloes with mastitis in three provinces, Iran. Ninety-one of the 578 tested samples contained S. aureus (15.74%), in two cases were methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Isolates were typed by spa typing, followed by MLST on some representative isolates and SCCmec typing for MRSA strains. The presence of genes encoding Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) was also tested by PCR. Eight spa types were identified, with t3576 (n = 18), t7311 (n = 18) and t937 (n = 17) were the most common, followed by t304 (n = 11), t7308 (n = 9), t521 (n = 7), t267 (n = 6), and t527 (n = 5). MLST revealed four different sequence types (STs) including ST97 (related to t521 and t527 spa types), ST352 (related to t267), ST291 (related to t304 and t937) and ST522 (related to t7338, t7311 and t3576). Two MRSA were identified as t304-ST291-SCCmecIV and t7311-ST522-SCCmecIV. No PVL-positive S. aureus were found. A significant difference in geographical distribution of genotypes was observed, with some types being prevalent in all studied provinces (P < 0.001). The results demonstrated genetic diversity among the S. aureus strains involved in mastitis in buffaloes. This study also provides evidence of the presence of MRSA belonging to genotypes which have been earlier reported in human infections, emphasizing the need for their epidemiological monitoring.     

Indigenous practices of animal genetic resource management and their relevance for the conservation of domestic animal diversity in developing countries

SUMMARY: This paper aims to suggest an alternative, or supplementary, conceptual and practical framework for livestock genetic resource conservation in developing countries. In a paradigmatic shift away from the reductionist approach of regarding 'breeds' as manifestations of certain genes that deserve to be either saved or not saved, an evolutionary model is adopted which views livestock genetic resources as products of certain specific socioeconomic conditions. This model focuses on the processes that have caused the development of domestic animal diversity historically, such as the livestock-exchange mechanisms and breeding practices that function among traditional societies. A new definition for the term 'breed' is suggested that does not only apply to western Europe and its former colonies, but also to developing countries. The need to integrate knowledge into the identification and conservation of threatened livestock breeds is emphasized. By exploring these additional dimensions, new and participatory strategies for maintaining livestock genetic diversity can be discovered, that will have a wider application than technical approaches. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: In diesem Artikel werden alternative, bzw. zus?tzliche Ansatzweisen zur Erhaltung tiergenetischer Ressourcen in Entwicklungsl?ndern vorgeschlagen. Abweichend von der vorherrschenden reduktionistischen Perspektive, die Tierpopulationen nur noch als Tr?ger bestimmter Allele betrachtet, wird hier ein evolution?res Modell aufgezeigt, das tiergenetische Ressourcen als Produkte bestimmter sozio?konomischer Kontexte betrachtet. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Prozesse, die historisch zur Entstehung der tiergenetischen Vielfalt in traditionellen Kulturen geführt haben, wie Viehaustauschmechanismen und indigene Zuchtpraktiken. Eine neue, anthropologisch orientierte Definition des Begriffs "Rasse"wird vorgeschlagen, die auch auf die ph?notypisch oft nicht einheitlichen Tierpopulationen in Entwicklungsl?ndern anwendbar ist. Die Notwendigkeit indigenes Tierzuchtwissen in die Identifikation und Erhaltung bedrohter Rassen einzubeziehen wird betont. Durch Erforschung dieser zus?tzlichen Dimensionen werden sich neue partizipatorische Ans?tze zur rhaltung der tiergenetischen Vielfalt entwickeln lassen, die eine breitere Anwendungsbasis haben als rein technische Ma?nahmen.     

Effect of exercise on thermal and acid-base balance in buffaloes

Summary Twelve male buffaloes about 3 years old each pulled a stone roller weighing 100 kg at a speed of about 3 km/h on even ground for 3 h. Skin temperature, rectal temperature, respiration rate and heart rate increased in response to exercise. Significant increases in the values of Base Excess, plasma bicarbonate, standard bicarbonate and blood pH and a reduction in carbon dioxide tension indicated that the exercised animals were suffering from both respiratory and metabolic alkalosis.

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Efecto Del Ejercicio En El Balance Termico Y Acido-Basico En Bufalos

Resumen Doce búfalos machos de 3 años approximadamente, empujaron cada uno un rodillo de piedra que pesaba 100 kg a una velocidad de aproximadamente 3 km/h en terreno parejo. La temperatura de la piel, la rectal, la frecuencia respiratoria y cadíaca aumentaron en respuesta al ejercicio. Incrementos significativos en el balance básico en exceso, bicarbonato del plasma, bicarbonato estándar y pH de la sangre y la reducción en la tensión de dióxido de carbono fueron indicativos de que los animales ejercitados estaban sufriendo de alcalosis respiratoria y metabólica.

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Effets De L'Exercice Sur La Temperature Et La Balance Acide Base Chez Les Buffles

Résumé Douze jeunes buffles âgés de trois ans environ ont tiré, chacun, un rouleau de pierre pesant 100 kg à une vitesse d'environ 3 km/h sur un même parcours, pendant trois heures. Les températures rectales et cutanées, les rythmes respiratoire et cardiaque ont augmenté à la suite de cet exercice. Des augmentations significatives des sels basiques, du bicarbonate plasmatique, du bicarbonate sanguin, du pH sanguin et une réduction du carbone dioxide tension ont indiqué que, durant cet exercice, les animaux ont souffer à la fois au plan respiratoire et au plan du métabolisme alcalin.

     

The influence of laterality on mastitis incidence in dairy cattle--preliminary study

During summer (June to August) of continental weather conditions treated mastitis episodes at a large Hungarian dairy farm were studied to determine the relationship between the distribution of mastitis among quarters of the udder and the lying behaviour (laterality) of the cows. There was a significant difference in laterality between cows that developed mastitis and cows that did not. Cows that developed mastitis, had an increased left laterality in lying, which was related to the increased probability of a right-sided mastitis episode. However, the effect was not significant due to the large variation in the data. At the same time, significantly more cows with clinical mastitis had a somatic cell count (SCC) higher than that of cows without clinical mastitis. While a significant correlation was found between the occurrence of treated mastitis cases and SCC > 1,000,000, no statistically significant differences could be observed in milk production between the two groups.     

Acute coliform mastitis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): Clinical findings and treatment outcomes

This report was delineated to study the clinical, bacteriological and therapeutic aspects concerned with acute coliform mastitis in buffaloes. Bacteriological examination of 80 quarter milk samples obtained aseptically from 56 buffaloes with acute mastitis revealed that coliform bacteria was the most common pathogen (45 cases) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (seven cases) then Streptococcus uberis (three cases), and Streptococcus agalactiae (one case). Clinically, hotness, swelling and painful reaction with serous excretion containing clots was recorded in buffaloes with coliform mastitis. The efficacy of ceftiofur was evaluated in the treatment of buffaloes with acute coliform mastitis. Parenteral ceftiofur neither improved clinical signs nor returned milk to pre-infection production level, whereas intramammary ceftiofur and combination of intramammary with parenteral ceftiofur improved the clinical signs in 10/15 and 12/15 buffaloes, respectively. On quarter level, 3/17, 12/17 and 15/21 quarters recovered in groups received parenteral, intramammary and combination therapy, respectively. This study demonstrates that systemic ceftofur is not effective in the treatment of clinical coliform mastitis in buffaloes.     

Economic effects of bovine mastitis and mastitis management: a review

Several studies have been published since 1990 on the economics of mastitis and mastitis management. However, hardly any of these studies has discussed the consistency of results with other studies. In the present paper, the economic factors associated with mastitis are explained, providing a framework for economic analysis. As a second step calculations of the costs of mastitis and the costs in relation to the benefits of mastitis management published since 1990 in peer-reviewed journals are extensively reviewed and analysed. The result shows a large variation in the calculated costs and benefits of mastitis and mastitis management between the different studies. Moreover, it is clear that important factors were ignored in some of the studies. The framework provided in this paper can provide a basis for analysis for future studies on the economics of mastitis and mastitis management.