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1.
长期不同施肥处理黑土磷的吸附-解吸特征及 对土壤性质的响应 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目的 长期不同施肥处理影响土壤磷库和土壤性质的变化。研究不同施肥处理下黑土磷的吸附解析特征及其与土壤性质的响应关系,为黑土合理施用磷肥,提高磷有效性提供理论依据。方法 本研究依托于公主岭黑土肥力长期定位试验,供试作物为玉米。选取不施肥(CK)、施氮、钾肥(NK)、氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)、氮磷钾+有机肥(NPKM)4个处理。取1990、2000和2010年的0—20 cm土层的土壤样品,分析土壤性质,测定磷的吸附解吸值,并用 Langmuir方程拟合了磷的吸附曲线,计算磷最大吸附量(Qmax)、磷吸附常数(K)、最大缓冲容量(MBC)、磷吸附饱和度(DPS)以及土壤易解吸磷(RDP)。结果 Langmuir吸附等温线方程能很好的拟合土壤吸附磷和相应的平衡溶液磷浓度曲线(R 2=0.93—0.99)。不同施肥处理磷吸附解吸特征参数具有明显的差异。随试验年限的增加,不同处理各特征参数变化不尽相同,与1990年相比,2010年不施磷处理(CK和NK),Qmax值分别增加了1.83和1.61倍,MBC值分别增加了0.80%和49.40%,DPS值分别降低了92.04%和87.50%,RDP值分别降低了20.00%和82.83%;NPK处理Qmax和DPS值分别增加了81.39%和90.74%,MBC和 RDP值分别降低了79.37%和48.57%;NPKM处理Qmax和MBC值分别降低了33.35%和78.52%,DPS和RDP值分别增加了11.36倍和1.48倍。施肥21年后,与CK和NPK处理相比,NPKM处理的Qmax值降低了64.66%和 49.52%,MBC值降低了81.87%和79.56%,DPS值增加了110和3.81倍,RDP值增加了4.36倍和78.57%。NPKM处理显著增加了土壤全磷(Total-P)、有效磷(Olsen-P)、有机质(SOM)和CaCO3含量,降低了比表面积,维持pH、游离铁铝氧化物值不变。冗余分析结果表明:SOM和Total-P是造成磷吸附解吸特征参数差异的主要因素,分别解释了全部变异的49.5%和18.7%(P<0.05)。 结论 长期有机无机配施可显著增加SOM和土壤中磷素累积,降低土壤对磷的吸附能力,增加土壤对磷的解吸,提高土壤磷的有效性,但同时显著提高了土壤磷吸附饱和度,易引起磷素流失的风险,对于NPKM处理应考虑有机肥与无机肥的投入量。 相似文献
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长期施肥条件下黑垆土有效磷对磷盈亏的响应 总被引:15,自引:3,他引:15
【目的】阐明不同施肥条件下土壤有效磷与土壤磷素累积的响应关系,为黄土高原旱作农区科学施用磷肥提供依据。【方法】分析了黑垆土28年(1979—2007年)肥料长期定位试验中,不同施肥处理下土壤磷素盈亏与土壤有效磷的变化特征。【结果】长期施用化肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)及化肥与有机配施(NPM),土壤有效磷含量随试验年限的延长呈极显著(P0.01)上升趋势,年均分别增加0.54、0.64和1.11mg·kg-1,而不施肥和单施氮肥处理土壤有效磷含量呈持平或下降趋势。土壤有效磷增加量随磷盈亏而变化,二者呈极显著(P0.01)正相关,施用化学磷肥、单施有机肥和有机无机肥配施,土壤中的磷素均有盈余,土壤中每盈余100kg·hm-2磷所能增加的土壤有效磷分别为3.85、0.29和0.53mg·kg-1。施用化学磷肥土壤有效磷的增加速率是施有机肥的11.6倍。【结论】土壤有效磷随土壤磷素盈余而变化与加入磷素形态密切相关,长期单施化学磷肥提升土壤有效磷的速率显著大于单施有机肥。 相似文献
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【目的】研究32年连续不同施肥对耕地棕壤K+吸附解吸动力学特征的影响。【方法】采用去离子水淋洗土壤,连续液流法研究9个不同施肥处理耕层土壤钾吸附解吸动力学特征。【结果】不同施肥处理土壤对K+吸附、解吸平衡时间变幅分别为26-65 min和65-130 min;平衡吸附量和平衡解吸量范围分别为7.40-19.44 cmol•kg-1和0.070-0.258 cmol•kg-1;反应速度与反应时间的关系符合方程V=A+Blnt,且线性关系良好;CEC、黏粒、有机质、速效钾与吸附解吸各参数呈现不同程度的相关性;4种方程中,Elovich和一级动力学方程分别是拟合吸附和解吸过程的最优模型。【结论】不同施肥处理K+吸附解吸动力学特征差异很大,施用有机肥可以提高土壤对钾素的吸附能力;施钾量越高的处理,解吸能力越强;长期定位不同施肥通过改变土壤理化性质影响棕壤钾素吸附解吸动力学特性;长期不同施肥钾素在土壤中吸附解吸动力学过程不同。 相似文献
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长期施肥对黑土腐殖质组分的影响 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
利用Pallo法,将土壤腐殖质分为FAf、HAs、HAp、FAs、FAp和HM共6个组分(HAs和FAs为松结合态腐殖质工,HAp和FAp为稳结合态腐殖质Ⅱ,HM为紧结合态腐殖质Ⅲ),研究了长期定位施肥(ck、M2、M4、NPK、M2+NPK和M4+NPK)对黑土腐殖质各组分的影响。结果表明:腐殖质各组分的碳量由高到低的顺序为HAp〉HAs〉FAp〉FM〉FAs。长期施肥有利于SOC、FAf碳量的积累和松、稳、紧结合态腐殖质碳量的增加,有利于土壤腐殖质Ⅰ/Ⅱ值的提高和Ⅰ/Ⅲ值的降低。各施肥处理中松、稳、紧结合态腐殖质积累效果相比,高量有机肥长期配施化肥的最好,而单施化肥的效果最差。长期单施化肥使土壤松结合态和稳结合态腐殖质的PQ值增加,腐殖化作用增强。 相似文献
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长期施肥对黑土糖苷酶和磷酸单酯酶活性的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究长期(25年)施肥对表层黑土(0~20 cm)土壤糖苷酶(α-葡糖苷酶、β-葡糖苷酶、α-半乳糖苷酶、β-半乳糖苷酶)和磷酸单酯酶(酸性磷酸单酯酶和碱性磷酸单酯酶)活性的影响.结果表明:与不施肥和施用化肥相比,有机肥、有机肥配施化肥能显著地提高土壤糖苷酶和磷酸单酯酶的活性,这种活性的增加主要是随有机肥带入到土壤中的酶活性所引起.土壤糖苷酶和磷酸单酯酶活性与土壤有机碳量均呈极显著的正相关关系,磷酸单酯酶活性与土壤全磷的相关关系达到极显著水平.与其他糖苷酶相比,土壤β-葡糖苷酶对肥料施用的反应最敏感. 相似文献
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【目的】针对安徽淮北砂姜黑土“旱、涝、僵、瘦”等不良属性,通过探讨长期定位施肥对砂姜黑土酶活性的影响,揭示土壤酶对施肥模式的响应机制,为有效改善土壤生物化学环境、提高土壤质量、进而保证作物高产稳产提供理论支撑。【方法】以安徽省濉溪县杨柳试验基点长期定位培肥试验(1981至今)为基础,研究5种不同施肥模式下(不施肥、单施化肥、单施有机肥、有机肥与化肥配施(等氮)、有机肥与化肥配施(高氮))小麦-玉米轮作系统中耕层土壤(0-20 cm)脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶以及蔗糖酶活性的变化趋势,并进行相关性分析和成对比较,分别阐明土壤酶间的相互关系及各酶活性的季节性变化规律。【结果】与长期不施肥相比,长期单施有机肥可显著提高砂姜黑土脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,小麦收获期和玉米收获期分别提高了130.5%和129.5%、11.4%和14.9%、31.4%和12.0%,但对酸性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶活性无明显促进作用;长期单施化肥可有效增强土壤酸性磷酸酶与中性磷酸酶活性,同时明显抑制其他3种土壤酶的活性;在同等施氮水平下,有机肥与化肥配施可使5种土壤酶活性均保持较高水平,弥补了单施化肥或单施有机肥因施肥模式单一导致某种土壤酶活性较差的不足;高氮水平下,有机肥与化肥配施可显著提高酸性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶活性,但对其他酶作用规律不明显。砂姜黑土不同土壤酶之间普遍存在显著相关关系:脲酶与过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶之间以及过氧化氢酶与蔗糖酶之间存在显著正相关关系,而磷酸酶与其他3种酶之间存在此消彼长的关系。此外,砂姜黑土脲酶、酸性和中性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶以及蔗糖酶酶活受季节的影响也因施肥不同而不同。【结论】同等施氮水平下,有机肥与化肥配施与单施化肥或单施有机肥相比,能使砂姜黑土脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶及蔗糖酶均保持较高的活性,有利于改善土壤生物化学环境,进而提高土壤可持续生产力;土壤酶之间相关关系各有不同,呈显著正相关关系的有脲酶与过氧化氢酶、脲酶与蔗糖酶及过氧化氢酶与蔗糖酶,而磷酸酶与其他3种酶之间均呈显著负相关关系;砂姜黑土酶活性受季节影响的程度因酶种类与施肥方式不同而有所不同。 相似文献
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为了明确遭到环境和土体变化时土壤腐殖质的变化情况,调查了黑土长期定位试验站原状土搬迁前(2008年)和搬迁后(2013年)4个典型处理(马粪+氮磷钾、马粪、氮磷钾、不施肥)的腐殖质结合形态的变化。结果表明:有机碳与重组碳呈极显著正相关,各处理间的规律表现为马粪+氮磷钾氮磷钾马粪不施肥,搬迁前后规律一致。各处理的原土复合量高低顺序为马粪+氮磷钾马粪氮磷钾不施肥;原土复合度高低顺序为马粪+氮磷钾马粪氮磷钾不施肥。搬迁后各处理原土复合量和原土复合度均有降低的趋势,变化幅度以马粪+氮磷钾处理最大。对比各处理搬迁前后松结态腐殖质相对含量变化不大,主要表现在稳结态腐殖质的降低和紧结态腐殖质的升高上,以马粪+氮磷钾处理的变异幅度最小,为0.2%~2.5%,马粪处理的变异幅度次之4.5%~6.0%,不施肥处理变异幅度最大为10.5%~20.0%。说明长期合理施肥,特别是有机无机肥配合施用,不仅能够活化土壤腐殖质,同时,还能在土壤遭到环境及土体变化时,提升增加土壤对外界环境的缓冲能力。 相似文献
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SHEN Pu HE Xin-hua XU Ming-gang ZHANG Hui-min PENG Chang GAO Hong-jun LIU Hua XU Yong-mei QIN Song XIAO Hou-jun 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2014,(3):597-603
Soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil Olsen-P are key soil fertility indexes but information on their relationships is limited particularly under long-term fertilization. We investigated the relationships between SOC and the percentage of soil Olsen-P to total P (PSOPTP) under six different 15-yr (1990-2004) long-term fertilizations at two cropping systems in northern China. These fertilization treatments were (1) unfertilized control (control); (2) chemical nitrogen (N); (3) N plus chemical P (NP); (4) NP plus chemical potassium (NPK); (5) NPK plus animal manure (NPKM) and (6) high NPKM (hNPKM). Compared with their initial values in 1989 at both sites, during the 1 lth to 15th fertilization years annual mean SOC contents were significantly increased by 39.4-47.0% and 58.9-93.9% at Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, and Urumqi, Xinjiang, China, under the two NPKM fertilizations, respectively, while no significant changes under the no-P or chemical P fertilization. During the 1 lth to 15th fertilization years, annual mean PSOPTP was respectively increased by 2.6-4.2 and 5.8-14.1 times over the initial values under the two chemical P fertilizations and the two NPKM fertilizations, but was unchanged in their initial levels under the two no-P fertilizations at both sites. Over the 15-yr long-term fertilization SOC significantly positively correlated with PSOPTP (r^2=0.55-0.79, P〈0.01). We concluded that the combination of chemical P plus manure is an effective way to promote SOC accumulation and the percentage of soil Olsen-P to total P at the two mono-cropping system sites in northern China. 相似文献
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长期施肥下黑土碳氮和土壤pH的空间变化 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
试验研究了长期不同施肥下剖面(0~100 cm)土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、微生物碳氮以及土壤pH的空间变化。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,长期有机肥和化肥配施显著提高了0~20 cm表层土壤有机碳、全氮、硝态氮和微生物碳氮含量,并且土壤有机碳和微生物碳氮的增加主要集中在0~40 cm土层。在0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层,等氮量有机无机肥配施(M1NPK和SNPK)处理土壤有机碳含量显著高于化肥NPK处理(P0.05),同时二处理土壤全氮含量没有由于化肥氮施用量减少而下降。与不施肥ck相比,单施化肥显著降低了土壤微生物量碳氮含量。在40 cm土层以下,与NPK处理相比,M2NPK、NP和N处理硝态氮累积量明显增加,而M1NPK和SNPK处理硝态氮累积量明显减少。长期不同施肥对土壤酸化的影响主要集中在0~40 cm土层,单施化肥处理土壤pH显著低于不施肥(ck)和有机无机肥配施处理(P0.05),其中2012年秸秆还田(SNPK)处理0~20 cm土壤pH比NPK处理高2.17。表明有机无机肥配施不仅能提高和维持土壤碳氮水平,还能防止土壤酸化的发生,尤其施用有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机肥配施模式是东北黑土区最有效的施肥措施之一。 相似文献
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【目的】为揭示土壤磷素肥力的变化机制,对16年长期不同施肥模式处理后红壤稻田0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的土壤磷吸附-解吸特性进行了研究。【方法】将4种施肥处理土样置于恒温摇床中连续振荡培养,定期测定不同处理土壤磷的各种吸附参数、累积解吸量和解吸率。【结果】长期不同施肥模式处理显著改变了土壤磷的吸附—解吸特性,其中对0~20 cm土壤的影响尤为突出。长期有机物循环利用显著降低了0~20 cm土壤磷吸附亲和力常数(k)、最大吸附量(Q)和吸附缓冲容量(MBC),同时也明显提高了该层土壤磷的累积解吸量和累积解吸率;与不施化肥基础上的有机物循环利用相比,NPK化肥配施基础上的有机物循环利用在降低0~20 cm土层土壤磷吸附参数和提高该层土壤磷累积解吸量与累积解吸率方面的效果更为突出。长期NPK化肥配施与不施肥处理相比,对土壤磷吸附—解吸特性的影响不大。【结论】化肥与有机肥长期配施能显著降低红壤稻田耕层土壤对磷的吸附性,促进土壤磷的解吸,有效提高土壤磷素肥力水平。有机物循环利用对土壤磷吸附-解吸特性的影响并不会增加磷素对水环境的污染风险。 相似文献
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Wei-wei ZHANG Xiao-ying ZHAN Shu-xiang ZHANG Khalid Hamdan Mohamed Ibrahima Ming-gang XU 《农业科学学报》2019,18(3):667-676
The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg~(–1) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg~(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg~(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha~(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the \"storage threshold\" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha~(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer. 相似文献
13.
【目的】土壤磷素状况是评价土壤养分的重要指标之一。探讨长期施肥条件下土壤有效磷、全磷对土壤磷素盈亏(平衡)的响应,为潮土区施肥管理和土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】分析了天津潮土33年(1979-2012)肥料长期定位试验中,不同施肥处理下土壤磷素盈亏与Olsen磷、全磷的变化特征。【结果】长期不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮钾配施(NK)及秸秆与氮肥配施(NS)处理,土壤中磷素常年处于亏缺状态。施磷处理(PK,NP,NPK)和有机肥与氮肥配施(NM),土壤中磷素均有盈余,PK处理盈余最多,但随试验年限延长(约20年后),NP,NPK和NM处理土壤中磷素盈余量呈下降趋势。土壤有效磷增加量随磷盈亏而变化,二者呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。施用无机磷肥或有机肥,均可使土壤中的磷素盈余,土壤中每盈余100 kg·hm-2磷,PK、NP、NPK、NM处理土壤中的Olsen磷分别增加3.59、1.19、1.75和2.40 mg·kg-1。长期不同施肥,土壤磷平衡与土壤全磷增量间呈正相关,但不同处理下差异较大。单施氮肥(N)和秸秆还田(NS)处理,可认为累积磷平衡对土壤全磷增量无影响。施用无机磷肥或有机肥,土壤中每盈余100 kg P·hm-2,PK、NP、NPK、NM处理土壤中全磷分别增加0.06、0.07、0.07和0.10 g·kg-1。【结论】土壤磷素盈亏状况与肥料配施类型密切相关,长期施用化学磷肥或有机肥,土壤有效磷、全磷增加量与土壤磷素盈亏呈显著直线正相关。有机肥与氮肥配施提升土壤全磷的速率大于施用化肥。 相似文献
14.
Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Soil Enzyme Activities Under Different Hydrothermal Conditions in Northeast China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Lü Guo-hong 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2011,10(3):412-422
Human activities have altered weather patterns by causing an increase in greenhouse gas. The effects of climate change have been studied, including effects on some ecosystems throughout the world. There are many studies on changes in the soil due to climate change, but much of them did not extend their research to soil enzyme that integrates information on soil microbial status and soil physical-chemical conditions. Meanwhile, there are lots of experimental fields established to study effects of long-term fertilization on soil enzyme activities, but many did not compare the difference of soil enzyme activities and did not analyze the effect of climatic factors on soil enzyme activities with long-term fertilization under different hydrothermal conditions. In this study, we compared soil enzyme activities of three long-fertilization stations which had different hydrothermal conditions in Northeast China, and analyzed the relationship of hydrothermal condition,soil chemical properties with soil enzyme activities. Hydrothermal conditions (annual temperature and total rainfall)decreased in order of Gongzhuling (Jilin Province, China ) > Harbin (Heilongiiang Province, China) > Heihe (Heilongjiang Province, China) over the course of the long-term fertilization experiment. Sunshine hours showed the longest in Gongzhuling, the second in Heihe, and the last in Harbin. However, the order of soil enzymes was not in agreement with hydrothermal conditions. Overall, the order of soil enzymes for the same treatment among three stations was consistent in 2008 with in 2009. Correlation analysis demonstrated that different soil enzymes achieved the different affected levels by climatic factors under different fertilization treatments. Urease activity showed a significant relationship with sunshine hours in no fertilizer (CK) treatment (R=-0.91, P<0.01) and relative humidity in mineral fertilizers plus manure (MNPK)treatment (R=0.82,/'<0.05). Phosphatase activity exhibited a negative correlation with annual mean temperature, annual mean maximum temperature and annual mean minimum temperature, and their correlation coefficients were separately-0.83, -0.79, and -0.83 at P<0.05 in CK treatment. Invertase activity was highly and positively correlated with sunshine hours in CK treatment (R=0.94, P<0.01). Catalase activity showed significant negative correlations with minimum relative humidity in CK treatment (R=-0.81, P<0.05), and positive correlations with sunshine hours in M treatment (R=0.83, P<0.05).There were no climatic factors which strongly affected on dehydrogenase in all treatments. Soil enzyme activities were closely related to the soil chemical properties. Soil urease activity was positively correlated with available P (P<0.05).With exception of correlation between invertase and total P at P<0.05, phosphase, invertase, catalase, and dehydrogenase showed significant positive correlations with soil chemical properties (P<0.01). It was a comprehensive process that biologic and abiotic factors were effect on soil enzyme activities under different fertilization treatments. To sum up, the variation of hydrothermal conditions in different climate zones and soil chemical properties affect integrally metabolic activity and metabolic finger print of microbial communities in black soil. 相似文献
15.
SHI Lin-lin SHEN Ming-xing LU Chang-yin WANG Hai-hou ZHOU Xin-wei JIN Mei-juan WU Tong-dong 《农业科学学报》2015,14(12):2446-2455
Phosphorus(P) is an important macronutrient for plant but can also cause potential environmental risk. In this paper, we studied the long-term fertilizer experiment(started 1980) to assess the soil P dynamic, balance, critical P value and the crop yield response in Taihu Lake region, China. To avoid the effect of nitrogen(N) and potassium(K), only the following treatments were chosen for subsequent discussion, including: C0(control treatment without any fertilizer or organic manure), CNK treatment(mineral N and K only), CNPK(balanced fertilization with mineral N, P and K), MNK(integrated organic manure and mineral N and K), and MNPK(organic manure plus balanced fertilization). The results revealed that the response of wheat yield was more sensitive than rice, and no significant differences of crop yield had been detected among MNK, CNPK and MNPK until 2013. Dynamic and balance of soil total P(TP) and Olsen-P showed soil TP pool was enlarged significantly over consistent fertilization. However, the diminishing marginal utility of soil Olsen-P was also found, indicating that high-level P application in the present condition could not increase soil Olsen-P contents anymore. Linear-linear and Mitscherlich models were used to estimate the critical value of Olsen-P for crops. The average critical P value for rice and wheat was 3.40 and 4.08 mg kg~(–1), respectively. The smaller critical P value than in uplands indicated a stronger ability of P supply for crops in this paddy soil. We concluded that no more mineral P should be applied in rice-wheat system in Taihu Lake region if soil Olsen-P is higher than the critical P value. The agricultural technique and management referring to activate the plant-available P pool are also considerable, such as integrated use of low-P organic manure with mineral N and K. 相似文献
16.
Basic Soil Productivity of Spring Maize in Black Soil Under Long-Term Fertilization Based on DSSAT Model 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
ZHA Yan WU Xue-ping? HE Xin-hua ZHANG Hui-min GONG Fu-fei CAI Dian-xiong ZHU Ping GAO Hong-jun 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2014,(3):577-587
Increasing basic farmland soil productivity has significance in reducing fertilizer application and maintaining high yield of crops. In this study, we defined that the basic soil productivity (BSP) is the production capacity of a farmland soil with its own physical and chemical properties for a specific crop season under local environment and field management. Based on 22-yr (1990-2011) long-term experimental data on black soil (Typic hapludoll) in Gongzhuling, Jilin Province, Northeast China, the decision support system for an agro-technology transfer (DSSAT)-CERES-Maize model was applied to simulate the yield by BSP of spring maize (Zea mays L.) to examine the effects of long-term fertilization on changes of BSP and explore the mechanisms of BSP increasing. Five treatments were examined: (1) no-fertilization control (control); (2) chemical nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK); (3) NPK plus farmyard manure (NPKM); (4) 1.5 time of NPKM (1.5NPKM) and (5) NPK plus straw (NPKS). Results showed that after 22-yr fertilization, the yield by BSP of spring maize significantly increased 78.0, 101.2, and 69.4% under the NPKM, 1.5NPKM and NPKS, respectively, compared to the initial value (in 1992), but not significant under NPK (26.9% increase) and the control (8.9% decrease). The contribution percentage of BSP showed a significant rising trend (P〈0.05) under 1.5NPKM. The average contribution percentage of BSP among fertilizations ranged from 74.4 to 84.7%, and ranked as 1.5NPKM〉NPKM〉NPK〉NPKS, indicating that organic manure combined with chemical fertilizers (I.5NPKM and NPKM) could more effectively increase BSP compared with the inorganic fertilizer application alone (NPK) in the black soil. This study showed that soil organic matter (SOM) was the key factor among various fertility factors that could affect BSP in the black soil, and total N, total P and/or available P also played important role in BSP increasing. Compared with the chemical fertilization, a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization (NPKM or NPKS) not only increased the concentrations of soil nutrient, but also improved the soil physical properties, and structure and diversity of soil microbial population, resulting in an iincrease of BSP. We recommend that a balanced chemical plus manure or straw fertilization (NPKM or NPKS) should be the fertilization practices to enhance spring maize yield and improve BSP in the black soil of Northeast China. 相似文献
17.
【目的】探讨长期施肥下黑土重金属的演变特征,为该地区科学施肥和土壤环境保护提供理论依据。【方法】设计长期定位施肥试验:CK(对照,不施肥)、N(氮)、NP(氮磷)、NPK(氮磷钾)、NPKM(氮磷钾+有机肥)和1.5NPKM(1.5倍的NPKM),共6个处理。试验采集起始(1989年)和各施肥年限(1994、2000、2006、2010、2012年)的耕层(0-20 cm)土壤样品,测定Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd总量和有效态含量,并计算其活化度。【结果】长期施用化肥不影响黑土重金属总量、有效态含量。Pb不受施肥影响,Cu、Zn、Cd受粪肥影响,其总量和有效态都显著增加,Cu和Zn活化度增加,但Cd活化度显著降低(维持在8%-9%,明显低于化肥处理的35%)。长期施用有机肥,重金属演变呈现阶段性。1989-2000年缓慢增加,2000-2010年快速增加,2010年后稳定或缓慢下降。1.5NPKM 3个阶段Cd总量变化分别为0.03 mg·kg-1·a-1、0.07 mg·kg-1·a-1、-0.13 mg·kg-1·a-1;NPKM处理的Cu有效态变化分别为0.11 mg·kg-1·a-1、0.53 mg·kg-1·a-1、-1.25 mg·kg-1·a-1。重金属演变的阶段性是源于粪肥重金属含量的阶段性变化,即养殖方式的变化。金属活化度相关性分析表明:Cu与Olsen-P、Zn与SOM皆显著正相关,而Pb与pH显著负相关;Cd与Olsen-P和SOM显著负相关,与pH显著正相关,意味着Cd对土壤性质的响应更加复杂。【结论】长期施用化肥对重金属演变没有明显影响,长期施用有机肥显著改变了其演变特征,重金属演变呈现出先缓慢增加、然后快速增加、最后稳定或缓慢下降的阶段性变化,而且阶段性演变特征源于粪肥金属含量的阶段性变化。在农业生产中,既要适度增施有机肥又要关注其潜在风险,现有施肥量(30 t·hm-2)和玉米种植体系下,当地牛粪长期施用仍存在很大风险。 相似文献
18.
【目的】分析长期施肥条件下小麦产量的变化规律,试图探明淮北小麦产量稳定性对不同施肥模式的响应机制,为淮北砂姜黑土合理施肥管理、改善农田生态系统质量提供依据。【方法】以安徽杨柳长期定位试验为研究平台,通过研究小麦的平均产量、产量年际波动及土壤养分状况对5种施肥模式(不施肥、单施化肥、单施有机肥、有机肥与化肥配施(等氮)、有机肥与化肥配施(高氮))的响应,比较不同施肥条件下淮北砂姜黑土区小麦产量稳定性的优劣,并以此评判施肥的合理性。【结果】淮北砂姜黑土区长期不施肥的小麦产量总体呈下降趋势,年下降量为5.81 kg•hm-2;而长期施肥的小麦产量随时间呈锯齿状波动并总体上升的趋势,其中有机肥与化肥配施(高氮)处理(HMNPK)的产量趋势线最高,但其增产优势逐年减弱,有机肥与化肥配施(等氮)处理(MNPK)以9.75 kg•hm-2的年增长量缩短与其的差距;单施化肥处理(NPK)的小麦产量趋势线在试验前期高于单施有机肥(M),但在22年后有被M处理赶超的趋势。从32年小麦平均产量来看,与不施肥相比,有机肥与化肥配施(高氮与等氮)的增产幅度最大,平均产量分别达5 544.3和5 200.6 kg•hm-2;NPK次之,比当年不施肥处理产量提高了614.6%,M增产幅度最低,但与NPK差异并不明显。砂姜黑土地力贡献率在试验前10年持续降低,降至10%左右趋于稳定,而肥料对小麦产量的贡献率则是在前10年持续增加至80%-90%便维持动态平衡。长期不施肥易导致小麦产量变异系数(CV)偏高、可持续性产量指数(SYI)偏低,产量稳定性最低;施肥处理中HMNPK和MNPK处理的CV最低、SYI最高,产量稳定性最高,而M处理的产量稳定性和可持续性不及NPK。与长期不施肥相比,施肥可明显提高淮北砂姜黑土全氮、有机质、有效磷和速效钾的含量,其中有机肥的施入显著提高了土壤全氮和有机质含量,而有效磷含量与化肥的投入相关,处理M土壤速效钾含量较高,但与其他施肥处理差异不显著;通过相关性分析可知全氮、有机质、有效磷含量与小麦产量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。【结论】施肥可有效提高淮北小麦产量,且产量随时间呈锯齿状波动;有机肥与化肥配施(高氮和等氮)的增产效果最佳,但高氮与等氮水平间的产量差随种植年限的增长而逐渐缩短;在试验开始前一阶段单施化肥的增产效果优于单施有机肥处理,但在22年后有被赶超的趋势。与长期不施肥相比,有机肥与化肥配施的施肥模式更有利于促进小麦产量稳定性和生产可持续性的提高,其次为单施化肥,单施有机肥最低。施肥可有效提高砂姜黑土养分含量,其中有机肥对有机质、全氮及速效钾含量的提高作用较强,而化肥则对有效磷含量提高作用较强,且小麦产量与全氮、有机质和有效磷均呈极显著正相关关系。因此,安徽淮北砂姜黑土区有机肥与化肥配施为最佳施肥模式,土壤养分供应较均衡,小麦产量幅度最大且稳定性最佳,农田生态系统质量最优。 相似文献
19.
【目的】通过阐明长期不同施肥下东北黑土区玉米产量的变化规律及其稳定性差异,为建立合理施肥模式、促进东北黑土区玉米持续稳产和高产提供科学依据。【方法】以(公主岭)国家黑土肥力与肥料效益长期试验为研究平台,利用8种不同施肥模式(CK、NP、NK、PK、NPK、M1NPK、SNPK和M2NPK)的25年数据分析玉米产量变化及土壤养分状况对施肥模式的响应。【结果】长期有机肥与化肥配施玉米产量总体上表现为上升趋势,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施处理增产效果也较为明显;M1NPK、SNPK和NPK 3个等氮量施肥处理玉米平均产量差异不显著,其前11年NPK处理玉米产量高于SNPK和M1NPK处理,后14年NPK处理玉米产量低于SNPK和M1NPK处理;施化肥处理玉米平均产量(1990-2014年)排序为NPK>NP>NK>PK、CK。氮、磷和钾肥对玉米产量的增产效应差异较大,每千克氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的产量效应分别为33.0、16.2和15.3 kg。有机无机配施处理玉米产量可持续指数(SYI)值高,分布在0.712-0.798,玉米产量可持续性好,而不平衡施肥和不施肥处理的SYI值最低;CK、PK和NK处理玉米产量变异系数较大,分布在18.5%-34.7%,产量稳定性差,而有机无机配施处理相对较小都在10.8%-13.0%。在施肥处理中,PK处理平均生产力贡献率最低,仅为37.8%,但与氮配施平均生产力贡献率达到91.2%;NPK、M1NPK与SNPK 3个等氮量施肥处理平均生产力贡献率差异不显著。长期施用有机肥可明显提高土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,施用化肥磷对土壤有效磷含量提高较显著,但施用化肥氮和钾分别对土壤全氮和速效钾含量提高效果不显著;通过相关性分析可知玉米产量与土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而与土壤速效钾含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。【结论】长期不施肥或偏施化肥玉米产量的稳定性减弱、土壤生产力贡献率下降;平衡施用化肥可有效提高黑土区玉米产量稳定性和可持续性;有机肥与化肥配施具有明显的增产和稳产效果。因此,施用有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮的有机无机配施模式是东北黑土区最有效的施肥措施。 相似文献
20.
为探讨利用土壤线虫生态指标表征土壤健康状况的可行性,以安徽省农业科学院蒙城砂姜黑土有机肥长期定位试验基地为研究地点,以土壤线虫为研究对象,通过分析长期定位施肥条件下,农田土壤线虫数量、营养类群、生态指数的变化与土壤肥力水平的相关性,并进一步关联作物的产量指标。结果表明:砂姜黑土土壤肥力水平的等级由高到低依次为牛粪配施(NPK+CM)>猪粪配施(NPK+PM)>秸秆配施(NPK+S)>单施化肥(NPK)>不施肥(CK);随着土壤肥力水平的提高,线虫香农多样性指数、均匀度指数和瓦斯乐斯卡指数显著提高,植物寄生线虫成熟度指数显著降低,土壤健康状况变好;同时,NPK、NPK+S、NPK+PM、NPK+CM的产量较CK分别提升了337.87%、396.14%、495.43%、534.24%。因此,利用线虫生态指标的变化来表征砂姜黑土的土壤健康状况具有一定的可行性。 相似文献