褪黑素对干旱胁迫下大豆产量及AsA-GSH循环的影响

为探究褪黑素对干旱胁迫下大豆抗坏血酸–谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环的影响,以大豆品种绥农26为材料,采用盆栽称重法,设置3个处理,分别为正常供水（CK）、干旱胁迫（D）和干旱胁迫喷施褪黑素（D+M）。结果表明,与CK处理相比,D处理大豆叶片的超氧阴离子（O₂^-.）和过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量显著提高,D+M处理相比D处理在干旱后15d时,O₂^-.和H₂O₂含量分别显著下降了18.09%和17.37%。在干旱胁迫后10d时,D+M处理相比D处理AsA和GSH含量分别显著提高了22.39%和15.30%。相比D处理,D+M处理单株粒重显著提高了9.20%。综上所述,外源褪黑素可以提高干旱胁迫下AsA-GSH循环的效率,缓解干旱胁迫对大豆造成的氧化损伤。     

干旱胁迫下外源ABA对鼓粒期大豆产量及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响

通过研究鼓粒期外源脱落酸(ABA)在干旱胁迫条件下与氮素同化关键酶的关系,为大豆产量在实际生产中提供理论依据。采用2种不同类型的大豆为材料,在15%聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱条件下,于鼓粒期进行干旱胁迫处理(PEG)和干旱胁迫+喷施脱落酸处理(PEG+ABA),研究外源ABA在干旱胁迫下对大豆硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性的调控效应。试验结果表明,从鼓粒始期到鼓粒末期,在正常供水(CK)情况下,供试2个品种大豆叶片中NR和GS活性急剧降低,GOGAT活性呈先下降再上升趋势。与对照相比,PEG处理均降低叶片中NR、GS、GOGAT活性,在鼓粒后21天与CK、PEG+ABA处理产生显著差异,导致大豆籽粒产量较低。PEG+ABA处理叶片NR、GS和GOGAT活性高于PEG处理,差异显著;在鼓粒后28天和35天,其活性大小急剧上升,有利于大豆籽粒产量的形成。由此说明,外源ABA可以缓解逆境胁迫带来的伤害,同时可以促进氮代谢反应,从而控制叶片的衰老速度,提高籽粒产量。     

褪黑素引发对干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生理特性的影响

研究褪黑素(MT)种子引发对干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长的影响,以期为MT作为黄瓜种子引发剂或包衣剂物料筛选提供理论依据。以‘津研4号’为试验材料,用50、100、150 μmol/L MT对种子进行6、12、15 h引发处理,以未引发种子为对照,设置50%田间持水量的干旱胁迫,采用基质盆栽,探究MT引发对干旱胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,50~100 μmol/L的MT引发15 h时对黄瓜幼苗耐旱性增强有显著作用,其中50 μmol/L时提高幼苗的光合速率达85.5%,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性增幅分别为5.1%、42.4%、38.8%,根系活力提高154.0%,说明适宜浓度的MT引发可以通过增强幼苗的抗氧化酶活性及根系活力来提高黄瓜幼苗的耐旱性。     

外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下向日葵幼苗生长、光合及抗氧化系统的影响

为了探究外源褪黑素对向日葵幼苗耐旱性的影响并明确其作用机制,以晋葵5号为试验材料,研究了叶面喷施50～200μmol/L外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下向日葵幼苗生长、光合及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著抑制了向日葵幼苗的生长,随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,向日葵幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)及蒸腾速率(Tr)均逐渐下降,相对电导率、MDA含量、H_2O_2含量及O_2·-产生速率均逐渐上升,抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR)活性及抗氧化剂(As A和GSH)含量则先升高后降低。外源施用褪黑素可显著提升干旱胁迫下向日葵幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、Pn、Gs及Tr,抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR)活性和抗氧化剂(As A和GSH)含量得到进一步提升,显著抑制了MDA、H_2O_2及O_2·-在叶片中的积累,以浓度为100μmol/L处理效果最佳;在干旱胁迫10 d时,100μmol/L褪黑素处理的向日葵幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、干质量、叶绿素含量以及Pn、Gs、Tr及SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR活性和As A、GSH含量分别较CK2 (干旱胁迫)提升7. 13%,7. 48%,8. 13%,12. 48%,61. 43%,52. 71%,60. 00%,39. 29%,43. 03%,70. 16%,57. 00%,85. 22%,148. 09%,20. 00%,40. 98%;相对电导率、MDA含量、H_2O_2含量、O_2·-产生速率分别较CK2降低26. 79%,35. 81%,24. 33%,23. 13%。结果说明,外源褪黑素通过提高干旱胁迫下向日葵幼苗叶片的光合作用和活性氧清除能力,从而缓解干旱胁迫造成的伤害,提高耐旱性,以100μmol/L处理效果最佳。     

外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗的影响

为了研究外源褪黑素在增强干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生长适应性中的作用,降低干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗的伤害。以’郑单958’玉米种子为试验材料,采用人工控水法,设置6组处理(CK、干旱、M1、M2、M3、M4)研究了干旱胁迫下,外源褪黑素对玉米幼苗生长指标、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸以及过氧化物酶活性的影响。试验结果表明,褪黑素有利于缓解干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗的影响,如株高、叶片含水量、根长,提高了干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗叶绿素合成能力,SPAD值升高;褪黑素可以缓解干旱对玉米幼苗的氧化胁迫,通过提高抗氧化酶活性,随着干旱胁迫天数的增加,各处理组过氧化物酶活性明显高于干旱组;脯氨酸含量随干旱胁迫天数增加而增高,干旱胁迫7天后,干旱组和其他处理组间脯氨酸含量存在显著差异。综合来看,外源褪黑素能提高干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗生长能力,主要通过提高抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素合成,降低膜脂过氧化水平。外源褪黑素能提高玉米抗旱性,可以作为植物生长调节剂应用到实际生产中。     

干旱对大豆生理及产量影响的研究

干旱对农业生产影响巨大,开展干旱胁迫对大豆生理及产量影响的研究,将为干旱地区大豆生产提供理论依据。利用塑料整理箱进行了干旱胁迫对大豆光合生理、叶片抗氧化物酶和渗透调节物以及生物量、产量影响的研究,土壤水分为干旱(45%~55%的田间土壤最大持水量)和湿润(80%~100%的田间土壤最大持水量,CK)2个水平,进行了2年的试验研究。结果表明,干旱胁迫使大豆净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均明显下降,使水分利用率增加;干旱胁迫对大豆叶片过氧化酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量无显著影响;干旱使大豆叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、还原糖含量和可溶性总糖含量增加25.00%,47.09%和47.16%。干旱胁迫使大豆株高、节数、茎粗明显下降。干旱使大豆地上部分生物量明显下降,其中2013年下降39.4%,2014年下降69.6%。干旱使大豆籽粒产量明显下降,2013,2014年分别下降46.9%和81.6%。干旱胁迫下,大豆叶片气孔导度显著下降,使CO2供应受到严重影响,降低叶片净光合速率。干旱胁迫还会使大豆细胞膜结构造成一定的破坏,影响植物正常的光合作用,使大豆光合代谢产物下降。虽然大豆可以通过渗透调节物质来保持细胞的水分,但干旱仍然抑制了植株的正常生长,使大豆生物量和产量下降。     

外源褪黑素对低温胁迫下马铃薯幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

为了探究不同浓度外源褪黑素对冷驯化后低温胁迫下马铃薯幼苗生长的影响,以云南主栽马铃薯品种合作88为材料,采用人工模拟低温胁迫(4℃14 d,-2℃12 h)的方法,研究了不同外源褪黑素浓度(50,100,150μmol/L)对低温胁迫下马铃薯幼苗生长及活性氧代谢系统的影响,以探讨外源MT缓解低温胁迫对马铃薯幼苗伤害的可...     

干旱胁迫下烤烟光合特性和氮代谢研究

以烤烟品种ＮＣ８９为材料，在盆栽条件下研究了干旱胁迫对烤烟光合特性和氮素代谢的影响。结果表明，在干旱胁迫下烤烟叶片叶绿素含量减少，叶绿体希尔反应活力下降，净光合强度减弱，硝酸还原酶活性降低，脯氨酸含量升高，而呼吸速率则先上升后下降。上述指标均随土壤水分状况的变化而变化，表现它们对干旱胁迫的反应都很敏感。     

外源6-BA和BR对干旱胁迫下水稻分蘖期光合色素含量及抗氧化系统的影响

为明确6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)和油菜素内酯(BR)对干旱胁迫下水稻分蘖期生理特性的调控机制,本研究以三系杂交中熟晚稻品种'H优518'为试验材料,通过喷施25 mg/L 6-BA和BR溶液,研究其对干旱胁迫下水稻分蘖期光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量及可溶性蛋白含量等的影响.结果 表明,随着干旱胁迫加剧,水稻分...     

花后干旱和低氮胁迫下外源葡萄糖对小麦产量性状的影响

为了解葡萄糖对干旱和低氮胁迫下小麦产量的调节作用,在温室盆栽条件下,研究花后干旱和缺氮胁迫下外源葡萄糖对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质性状的影响。结果表明：花后干旱×低氮互作显著影响小麦的结实率和籽粒的灌浆,明显减少可育小穗数、穗粒数、粒重和籽粒充实度,而且缺氮处理显著降低了籽粒的蛋白质和淀粉产量。在花后干旱×低氮互作下外源喷施葡萄糖处理,明显增加了单穗结实率和籽粒干物质的积累,提高了灌浆中后期旗叶的叶绿素含量,延长了旗叶的光合功能期和灌浆持续期,明显促进了小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累,提高了小麦经济产量。试验结果表明,外源喷施葡萄糖处理有利于减轻干旱和低氮胁迫对籽粒发育和灌浆的不利影响。     

Photosynthetic characteristics of subtending leaves and their relationships with soybean pod development under heat,drought and combined stresses

Soybean is usually grown under rain-fed conditions, and long-term drought stress often occurs with short-term heat stress. This study aimed to investigate changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of subtending leaves and their relationships with pod development under short-term heat, long-term drought and their combined stresses. Short-term heat stress lasted for 5 days began at R5 stage, and long-term drought stress lasted from R5 stage until maturity, respectively. No significant effect was observed on pod development under short-term heat stress alone due to unaffected net photosynthetic rate after treatment and PSII recovery after the heat stress release. Except that the reduction of sucrose content had been brought forward from 12 to 5 days after treatment under combined stresses, application of combined stresses caused similar responses to long-term drought stress alone on the photosynthetic characteristics of subtending leaves and pod development, but more pronounced under combined stresses. Reduced pod weight and seed weight per pod under long-term drought stress alone or combined stress due to a decrease in the net photosynthetic rate and production of sucrose and starch, especially after 19 days of treatment. Findings from this study demonstrate that under combined stress, long-term drought stress had a dominant effect on the photosynthetic performance of subtending leaves and pod development over short-term heat stress; moreover, even short-term heat stress also exacerbates the negative effects of long-term drought stress.     

不同氮肥类型对大豆根瘤生长特性及籽粒产量和品质的影响

摘要：在大田条件下研究了三种氮素类型对豫豆29品种根瘤菌生长特性及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在三种氮肥类型处理下,在各时期根瘤菌数量、体积;成熟期产量和籽粒品质性状与对照相比较均有不同幅度的升高。其中,铵态氮肥与其它处理相比较数量最高。说明施用铵态氮肥能够显著促进根瘤菌的生长,特别是生育后期,包括促进根瘤菌数量和体积的增加,能促进大豆生长,改善大豆籽粒品质性状。     

Effects of high oleic acid soybean on seed yield,protein and oil contents,and seed germination revealed by near‐isogeneic lines

Typical soybean oil is composed of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. High oleic acid content in soybean seed is a key compositional trait that improves oxidative stability and increases oil functionality and shelf life. Using a marker‐assisted selection method, near‐isogenic lines (NILs) of G00‐3213 for the high oleic trait were developed and yield tested. These NILs have various combinations of FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles that were derived from the same backcrossing populations. The results indicated that G00‐3213 NILs with both homozygous mutant FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles produced an average of 788 g/kg oleic acid content. The results also demonstrated that possessing these mutant alleles did not cause a yield reduction. Furthermore, seed germination tests across 12 temperatures (12.8–32.0°C) showed that modified seed composition for oleic acid in general did not have a major impact on seed germination. However, there was a possible reduction in seed germination vigour when high oleic seeds are planted in cold soil. The mutant FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B alleles did not hinder either seed or plant development.     

Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci associated with seed yield in soybean

In soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], the genetic analysis of seed yield is important to aid in the breeding of high-yielding cultivars. Seed yield is a complex trait, and the number of quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in seed yield is high. The aims of this study were to identify QTL associated with seed yield and validate their effects on seed yield using near-isogenic lines. The QTL analysis was conducted using a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Japanese cultivars ‘Toyoharuka’ and ‘Toyomusume’, and eight seed yield-associated QTL were identified. There were significant positive correlations between seed yield and the number of favorable alleles at QTL associated with seed yield in the recombinant inbred lines for three years. The effects of qSY8-1, a QTL promoting greater seed yield, was validated in the Toyoharuka background. In a two-year yield trial, the 100-seed weight and seed yield of Toyoharuka-NIL, the near-isogenic line having the Toyomusume allele at qSY8-1, were significantly greater than those of Toyoharuka (106% and 107%, respectively) without any change for days to flowering and maturity. Our results suggest that qSY8-1 was not associated with maturity genes, and contributed to the 100-seed weight.     

不同灌溉条件下冠菌素对大豆光合特性与产量的调控效应

干旱是限制大豆丰产稳产的重要因素之一,利用生物调节剂提高大豆耐旱性是生产中一种新型的生物节水管理模式。本研究在常规灌溉与无灌溉条件下,采用生物调节剂冠菌素(COR)于大豆初花期进行叶面喷施处理,研究COR对植株农艺性状、叶片水势和光合特征、产量及其构成因素的调控效应。试验结果表明:在正常灌溉条件下, COR处理对大豆叶片水势、叶绿素含量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、RuBP羧化酶和SPS活性等影响较小,与对照相比其产量和生物量差异不显著。但在生长季无灌溉的雨养条件下,COR处理会显著提高大豆开花后叶片水势、叶绿素含量、光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数,增加叶片RuBP羧化酶和SPS活性,改善大豆产量构成因素,最终导致籽粒产量增加。总之,在雨养条件下, COR对大豆光合特征和产量形成具有积极的调控效应。     

不同生育期干旱与氮肥施用对花生氮素吸收利用的影响

为明确不同生育期干旱胁迫与氮肥施用对花生氮素吸收利用的影响,利用¹⁵N示踪技术,研究了不同水分条件下氮肥施用对花生各器官肥料氮吸收利用以及氮肥残留和损失情况的影响。水分设置为正常供水(WW,75%～80%田间持水量)、花针期轻度干旱胁迫(FD,55%～60%田间持水量)和结荚期轻度干旱胁迫(PD,55%～60%田间持水量)3个条件,氮肥水平设置为不施氮(LN)、中氮(MN, 90 kg hm^–2)、高氮(HN, 180 kg hm^–2)。结果表明,与正常供水条件相比,不同生育期干旱胁迫均降低了花生产量和植株氮素积累量,且花针期干旱胁迫的降低幅度大于结荚期干旱胁迫。花生籽仁的氮素积累量占全株氮素积累量的68.42%～77.67%。与WWMN处理相比, FDMN处理下花生各器官氮肥吸收比例(Ndff, the percentage of N derived from ¹⁵N fertilizer)和¹⁵N积累量显著提高,且促进了氮素向籽仁的转运,PDMN处理下籽仁¹⁵     

Nitrogen Rates and Water Stress Effects on Production, Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidative Enzyme Activities in Two Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes

Effects of nitrogen rates and water stress (WS) on production, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities in two maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes were assessed at different stages under two levels of water supply conditions. WS caused a significant decline in dry matter, grain yield and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) whereas a marked rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was observed in leaves for the two genotypes. However, the responses of the two varieties to WS were different: significantly higher dry matter, grain yield and antioxidative enzyme activities and lower MDA content were observed for Shaandan 9 than Shaandan 911, therefore the former could be treated as a drought tolerance variety comparatively. A better correlation was obtained amongst dry matter, grain yield and physiological traits. The addition of nitrogen increased dry matter and grain yield as well as activities of SOD, POD and CAT to different levels and significantly decreased MDA content under WS. These effects were higher for Shaandan 911 than for Shaandan 9. Furthermore, a significant effect was found for Shaandan 911 between N rates for all traits unlike Shaandan 9. Hence, we suggest that nitrogen should be applied to a water‐sensitive variety to bring out its potential fully under drought.     

减库对大豆叶片碳代谢的影响

植物的碳代谢过程与植株生长和产量形成密切相关,是受源库关系影响最明显的生理过程之一。研究减库对大豆叶片碳代谢的影响,可为明确源库关系失衡导致的减产机理研究提供理论依据。以早熟大豆品种苏豆13为材料,于2019年和2020年在江苏省农业科学院大豆试验站进行池栽试验,在大豆R4期设置减库处理(去除全部豆荚、去掉1/2豆荚和全部种子损伤处理),以正常植株为对照,研究减库对大豆碳代谢的影响。结果表明,减库处理延缓了叶片衰老和脱落,导致叶片持绿。减库处理显著抑制了短期内的净光合速率(Pn),但是未影响初始羧化速率(a)。Pn降低主要受气孔限制,随时间延长,光合抑制作用逐渐减弱并转为促进作用,在生育后期,减库处理的叶片仍能保持相对较高的a、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SuSy)和酸性转化酶(SAI)活性及光合色素、可溶性糖、淀粉、蔗糖和果糖含量,利于维持相对较高的光合性能。减库处理导致更多的光合产物向营养器官分配,茎、叶片和叶柄在一定程度上成为新的库器官,利于生育后期的叶片光合产物输出并保持相对较高的碳代谢水平。去除全部豆荚和种子损伤处理延缓叶片衰老和脱落、光合性能和碳代谢水平降低的作用...     

A maximin–minimax approach for classifying soybean genotypes for drought tolerance based on yield potential and loss

Screening for drought in soybean is often a bottleneck in plant breeding programmes. Sixteen genotypes were evaluated for drought tolerance during 2012, 2013 and 2014. The experiment was conducted in a split‐plot design, and the main plots consisted of irrigated and water stress treatments, and subplots consisted of 16 genotypes. The average seed yield was highest in 2012 (1708 kg/ha), followed by 2014 (1364 kg/ha) while very low yields (958 kg/ha) were observed during 2013. The per cent reduction in average soybean yield under water stress conditions was maximum (43%) during 2014 followed by 2012 (40%) and 2013 (31%), respectively. The average yields of soybean genotypes also differed significantly, which ranged from 892 (NRC 12) to 2008 kg/ha (JS 97‐52). The maximin–minimax approach was used to classify these genotypes, and only, one genotype was identified as drought resistant and high yielding (EC 538828), three as tolerant and high yielding (JS 97‐52, EC 456548 and EC 602288) and none as low yielding and resistant, while the remaining 12 genotypes were found to be low yielding and susceptible to drought.