高浓度葡萄糖对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和早期胚胎发育的影响

试验旨在探究高浓度葡萄糖对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及早期胚胎发育能力的影响。取体外分离处于生发泡期的猪卵丘卵母细胞复合体(COCs),分为3个处理组。分别用含葡萄糖浓度为5.6 mmol/L(C组)、10 mmol/L(G-1组)、15 mmol/L(G-2组)的培养液,进行体外成熟(IVM)处理,42 h后观察,并统计卵丘细胞扩散情况和第一极体排出率;对体外成熟42 h后的卵母细胞孤雌激活,统计2-细胞、4-细胞和第7天囊胚发育。结果发现,G-1组和G-2组卵丘细胞扩散度显著低于C组(P<0.05);G-1组和G-2组的MII期卵母细胞死亡率和存活率与C组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),但G-1组极体率显著降低(P<0.05),G-2组极体率极显著低于C组(P<0.01)。孤雌激活后,与C组相比,G-1组和G-2组的2-细胞分裂率显著降低(P<0.05),4-细胞分裂率以及囊胚发育率均极显著降低(P<0.01),但G-1、G-2组囊胚细胞数量与C组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。进一步线粒体染色发现,G-1组和G-2组的线粒体与C组相比分布不均。与C组相比,荧光结果显示G-1组和G-2组不仅活性氧(ROS)水平极显著升高(P<0.01),而且G-1组与G-2组谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著降低(P<0.05),虽然G-1组丙二醛(MDA)无显著性差异(P>0.05),但G-2组丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,葡萄糖浓度高会影响猪卵母细胞线粒体分布,氧化应激水平升高,成熟效率降低,损害早期胚胎的发育潜能。     

没食子酸对黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

试验旨在研究没食子酸（gallic acid，GA）对黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟及早期胚胎发育的影响，进一步优化黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟体系。在卵母细胞体外成熟液（M液）中添加不同浓度没食子酸（0、10、30、50、100 μmol/L），成熟22~24 h后，统计卵丘扩展情况及卵母细胞成熟率；同时，对成熟的卵母细胞进行正常体外受精（IVF），统计早期胚胎的分裂率、囊胚率、囊胚卵裂球数及卵裂球细胞凋亡率。根据试验结果，选择最优浓度，使卵母细胞在含该浓度没食子酸的成熟液中成熟24 h后，检测其细胞内的活性氧水平（ROS）和总谷胱甘肽（TGSH）含量。结果显示，M液中添加30 μmol/L没食子酸组卵丘扩展分值和成熟率显著高于对照组（0 μmol/L）（P<0.05），其他处理组与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）；成熟的卵母细胞体外受精后进行后续胚胎培养，其中10和30 μmol/L组的分裂率均显著高于对照组和100 μmol/L组（P<0.05），50和100 μmol/L组分裂率较对照组也有所提高，但差异不显著（P>0.05）；早期囊胚率统计发现，与对照组相比，30和100 μmol/L能够显著提高囊胚发育率（P<0.05），10和50 μmol/L浓度组则无显著差异（P>0.05）；与对照组相比，30、100 μmol/L没食子酸均能显著提高IVF胚胎的早期囊胚卵裂球数（P<0.05）；但囊胚卵裂球凋亡率与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）；对卵母细胞内活性氧和总谷胱甘肽含量检测时，发现30 μmol/L没食子酸可显著降低细胞内活性氧水平（P<0.05），且显著提高总谷胱甘肽含量（P<0.05）。综上所述，在黄牛卵母细胞体外成熟液中添加适量的没食子酸能有效降低卵母细胞内活性氧水平，提高总谷胱甘肽含量，进而提高卵母细胞成熟的质量及其后续IVF胚胎发育能力。     

芝麻素对小鼠早期胚胎体外发育的影响

本试验旨研究在体外培养（in vitro culture，IVC）中添加芝麻素（sesamin，SES）对小鼠早期胚胎体外发育的影响。采集6周龄雌性昆明小鼠受精卵，随机分为对照组和不同浓度（10、50、100 μmol/L）SES组。采用Fluorescein-dUTP和Hoechst 33342免疫荧光染色分别检测囊胚内细胞凋亡率和总细胞数；采用DCFH-DA检测早期胚胎内活性氧（reactive oxygen species，ROS）水平；采用CMF₂HC检测早期胚胎内谷胱甘肽（glutathione，GSH）水平；采用JC-1检测早期胚胎线粒体膜电位强度。结果显示，不同浓度SES组分裂率和囊胚率较对照组均有提高，但无显著差异（P>0.05）；50 μmol/L SES组细胞数较对照组显著提高（P<0.05），细胞凋亡率较对照组显著降低（P<0.05）；与对照组相比，50 μmol/L SES组ROS水平显著降低（P<0.05），GSH水平和线粒体膜电位水平显著提高（P<0.05）。结果表明，在IVC中添加SES可提高囊胚内细胞数、减少细胞凋亡率，降低细胞内ROS水平，提高细胞内GSH水平，改善早期胚胎线粒体功能，减少胚胎氧化应激的损伤，提高小鼠早期胚胎发育质量。     

bFGF对3-硝基丙酸处理的小鼠受精卵体外发育能力的影响

【目的】 研究在体外培养液中添加碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)对3-硝基丙酸(3-NPA)处理的小鼠受精卵体外发育能力的影响, 为提高氧化应激早期胚胎体外发育质量提供参考。【方法】 在小鼠受精卵体外培养液中添加0、20、50、100和150 ng/mL bFGF, 培养24、48和96 h, 统计2-细胞率、4-细胞率和囊胚率, 筛选最佳bFGF处理浓度。经腹腔注射12.5 mg/kg 3-NPA生产氧化应激体内受精卵, 正常组小鼠腹腔注射等体积生理盐水, 将获得的受精卵分为添加或不添加bFGF组, 即3-NPA和3-NPA+bFGF组及对照组(C)和bFGF组, 培养到囊胚后, 用DCFH-DA检测胚胎内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)水平, CMF2HC检测谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH)水平, JC-1检测早期胚胎线粒体膜电位强度。【结果】 0、20、50、100和150 ng/mL bFGF组2-细胞率均无显著差异(P>0.05), 100 ng/mL bFGF组囊胚率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05), 150 ng/mL bFGF组4-细胞率和囊胚率均显著低于其他各组(P<0.05), 因此后续试验选用100 ng/mL bFGF。3-NPA+bFGF组4-细胞率显著高于3-NPA组(P<0.05), bFGF组囊胚率显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。bFGF+3-NPA组囊胚率显著高于3-NPA组(P<0.05);与对照组相比, 3-NPA组ROS水平显著升高(P<0.05), bFGF组ROS水平显著降低(P<0.05);3-NPA组GSH和线粒体膜电位水平均显著降低(P<0.05), bFGF组GSH和线粒体膜电位水平均显著增加(P<0.05)。bFGF+3-NPA组ROS水平显著低于3-NPA组(P<0.05), GSH和线粒体膜电位水平均显著高于3-NPA组(P<0.05)。【结论】 在体外培养液中添加100 ng/mL bFGF可减少3-NPA诱导的胚胎氧化应激、改善胚胎线粒体功能, 从而提高小鼠受精卵体外发育的能力。     

Effects of purple sweet potato anthocyanins on development and intracellular redox status of bovine preimplantation embryos exposed to heat shock

The development of cleavage stage preimplantation embryos is disrupted by exposure to heat shock, such as high temperatures in the summer season. In this study, we investigated whether addition of anthocyanins, which are strong scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS), improves development and intracellular redox status of heat-exposed bovine preimplantation embryos by reduction of heat shock-derived oxidative stress. After in vitro fertilization (IVF), embryos were cultured at 38.5 C through Day 8 (Day 0=day of IVF) with 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 microg/ml anthocyanins (non-heat-shocked group). On Day 2, embryos were cultured at 41.5 C for 6 h with 0, 0.1, 1 and 10 microg/ml anthocyanins followed by culture at 38.5 C until Day 8 (HS group). After exposure to heat shock, the intracellular ROS and glutathione (GSH) contents of individual embryos were measured in the non-heat-shocked and HS groups using fluorescent probes. On Day 8, the blastocysts formation rates of the embryos and total cell numbers of blastocysts were evaluated. Embryos exposed to heat shock without anthocyanins showed a significant decrease in blastocyst formation rate and GSH content (P<0.05) and an increase in intracellular ROS (P<0.05) compared with non-heat-shocked embryos. In contrast, addition of 0.1 microg/ml anthocyanins significantly (P<0.05) improved the blastocyst formation rate of the heat-shocked embryos. Addition of any dose of anthocyanins produced a significant decrease in the ROS levels (P<0.05) and tended to increase the GSH levels under heat-shock conditions. However, addition of higher concentrations (1 and 10 microg/ml) of anthocyanins to the culture media under heat shock did not improve the development of embryos. These results indicate that anthocyanins maintain the intracellular redox balance of heat-shocked bovine embryos by reducing intracellular oxidative stress and increasing the GSH levels. Thus, alterations of the redox state using natural antioxidative polyphenols is a useful approach for reducing heat shock-derived oxidative stress.     

乙草胺对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

【目的】研究乙草胺对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟的影响,为研究体内乙草胺对卵母细胞质量的影响提供参考。【方法】将收集的卵丘-卵母细胞复合体(cumulus-oocyte complexes,COCs)置于含有不同浓度(0(对照组)、10、50、100、130、200 μmol/L)乙草胺的体外成熟培养液中培养14 h,统计卵母细胞第一极体排出率,进行体外受精后,统计体外受精胚胎的囊胚率,筛选出适宜于卵母细胞体外培养的乙草胺浓度。将COCs在对照组和筛选出的适宜浓度的乙草胺组成熟培养液中培养14 h后,利用DCFH-DA检测卵母细胞活性氧(ROS)水平;利用CellTracker^TM蓝色染料检测卵母细胞谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平;利用JC-1染色法检测卵母细胞线粒体膜电位水平(mitochondrial membrane potential,MMP);利用实时荧光定量PCR检测卵母细胞内凋亡相关基因的表达水平,利用Hoechst 33342染色检测体外受精胚胎的囊胚细胞总数,用Fluorescein-dUTP染色法检测囊胚细胞凋亡率。【结果】与对照组相比,100、130、200 μmol/L乙草胺组卵母细胞的第一极体排出率显著降低(P＜0.05),100和130 μmol/L乙草胺组体外受精胚胎的囊胚率显著降低(P＜0.05),200 μmol/L乙草胺组体外受精胚胎未发育到囊胚期,因此选择100和130 μmol/L乙草胺进行后续试验。与对照组相比,在100和130 μmol/L乙草胺组中,卵母细胞ROS水平显著升高(P＜0.05),GSH水平及MMP显著降低(P＜0.05),卵母细胞中促凋亡基因Caspase-9的相对表达量显著升高(P＜0.05),而抗凋亡基因Bax、Bcl-2的相对表达量显著降低(P＜0.05);100和130 μmol/L乙草胺组囊胚细胞总数显著降低(P＜0.05),囊胚细胞凋亡率显著升高(P＜ 0.05)。【结论】乙草胺通过提高卵母细胞内ROS及促进卵母细胞凋亡降低卵母细胞的质量,从而影响卵母细胞受精后胚胎的发育潜力。     

Different factors affect developmental competence and cryotolerance in in vitro produced bovine embryo

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of culture systems and culture media on developmental competence and freezability of bovine embryos obtained by in vitro culture of in vitro matured and fertilized (IVM-IVF) oocytes. No significant difference was observed in the proportions of oocytes developed to blastocysts, the speed at which the oocytes reached the blastocyst stage and the number of cells, when the IVM-IVF oocytes were cultured in CR1aa with or without cumulus cells. Nevertheless, more of the IVM-IVF oocytes cultured either with or without cumulus cells in CR1aa were seen to reach the blastocyst stage much sooner than those cultured with cumulus cells in TCM199 (P<0.05). The proportion of embryos developed to the blastocyst stage by day 7 in CR1aa culture was significantly higher than embryos cultured in TCM199. Viability after frozen-thawed blastocysts were obtained in vitro, was seen in a significantly higher percentage of embryos cultured in TCM199 and developed to the hatched blastocysts than in those cultured in CR1aa (P<0.05). These results indicate that CR1aa was superior to TCM199 for the potential developmental of IVM-IVF oocytes to blastocysts during in vitro culture regardless of co-culture with or without cumulus cells. But the freezability of blastocysts developed in CR1aa was inferior to those developed in TCM199.     

不同品种牛卵泡液对水牛卵母细胞体外受精效果的影响

试验利用水牛卵泡液(BuFF)和黄牛卵泡液(BoFF)对不同来源水牛卵母细胞体外受精效果的影响进行了探讨,以完善水牛体外受精培养系统,进一步提高水牛胚胎体外生产效率。试验按成熟培养液中添加卵泡液替代胎牛血清量共分4个组。不添加卵泡液(0%+10%胎牛血清)为Ⅰ组(对照组);添加5%卵泡液+5%胎牛血清为Ⅱ组;添加10%卵泡液+0%胎牛血清为Ⅲ组;添加15%卵泡液+0%胎牛血清为Ⅳ组。结果表明,添加BuFF对活体采集卵母细胞和屠宰场收集卵母细胞的体外受精卵分裂率无显著影响(P0.05),但添加5%和10%BuFF对卵母细胞体外受精后的胚胎发育有明显促进作用,囊胚率均极显著高于对照组和15%BuFF组(P0.01),5%和10%BuFF组间无显著差异(P0.05);添加15%BuFF囊胚率有降低的趋势,但与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。而添加10%BoFF组活体采集卵母细胞体外受精的受精卵分裂率和囊胚率均极显著高于对照组和5%BoFF组(P0.01),添加5%BoFF组的受精卵分裂率和囊胚率与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);添加BoFF对屠宰场收集水牛卵母细胞体外受精卵分裂率无显著差异(P0.05),但添加5%和10%BoFF组的囊胚率均显著高于对照组和15%组(P0.05),添加15%BoFF组与对照组相比,囊胚率显著降低(P0.05),5%和10%BoFF组间囊胚率无显著差异(P0.05)。综合以上结果,在水牛卵母细胞成熟培养液中添加5%～10%的BuFF或BoFF代替牛血清,可明显提高水牛体外胚胎生产效率,且以添加同种的BuFF效果略好。     

Cytogenetic analysis and developmental assessment of mouse embryos derived from in vitro fertilization of oocytes reconstructed by meiosis-II chromosome transplantation

An electrofusion methodology for transferring meiosis-II chromosomes (M-II-t) has not been completely established. The present study compared the use of two temperatures (fusion at 37 C for Group A and 25 C for Group B) during an electrofusion procedure for mouse oocyte M-II-t and investigated the cytogenetic normality and developmental competence of embryos derived from in vitro fertilization using oocytes reconstructed by M-II-t. The M-II-t oocytes were fertilized in vitro and cultured to the blastocyst stage; the resultant embryos were analyzed cytogenetically. Subsequently, chromosomal normality of the resultant embryos at the prometaphase stage of first cleavage division and the integrity of the meiosis-II spindles of the reconstructed oocytes were analyzed. The success rate of electrofusion in Group B was 92.1%, which was significantly different from that in Group A (49.2%) (P<0.05). The fertilization rates (A, 80.7%; B, 77.2%) and development rates (A, 70.9%; B, 65.5%) in the M-II-t groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (95.0 and 92.2%, respectively) (P<0.05). The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in the Group A embryos (20.5%) at the blastocyst stage was significantly higher than that in the control group embryos (8.5%) (P<0.05), but the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in Group B (12.5%) was not significantly different compared with the other groups. A temperature of 25 C during the electrofusion procedure for M-II-t resulted in a good fusion rate, good development rate, and efficient production of chromosomally normal blastocysts. Furthermore, the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in the first cleavage embryos at the prometaphase stage in Group B (9.6%) did not differ significantly from that in the control group (6.6%). The spindle morphology of the M-II-t oocytes in Group B was normal.     

小鼠卵母细胞和胚胎不同冷冻方法的比较研究

探讨程序化冷冻与玻璃化冷冻对小鼠GV期卵母细胞及二细胞期胚胎的复苏率及其发育潜能的影响。通过小鼠的卵母细胞与早期胚胎的不同冷冻方法的比较,为后续阿旺绵羊的胚胎冷冻保存提供参考。采用程序化冷冻与玻璃化冷冻技术,分别冷冻小鼠GV期卵母细胞及二细胞期胚胎,复苏后培养,比较不同冷冻处理后的复苏率、成熟率与囊胚率。小鼠GV期卵母细胞程序化冷冻复苏率(48.00%±5.29%)显著低于玻璃化冷冻复苏率(65.00%±5.00%),有统计学差异(P=0.0147<0.05);而程序化冷冻后复苏卵母细胞的发育成熟率略高于玻璃化冷冻组,但无统计学意义。小鼠二细胞期胚胎程序化冷冻组复苏率(76.00%±2.00%)显著高于玻璃化冷冻组复苏率(70.00%±2.00%),有统计学差异(P=0.0213<0.05);冷冻后复苏胚胎发育的囊胚率程序化冷冻略低于玻璃化冷冻及对照组,但无统计学意义。     

Effect of Sugar on in vitro Maturation and Developmental Competence of Yak Oocytes

This study was designed to investigate the effect of different types and different concentrations of sugar on in vitro maturation(IVM) and developmental competence of yak oocytes, for being further research and optimization culture system of yak oocytes for efficient maturity yak oocytes and productivity of embryos. Immature yak oocytes were matured in vitro on culture medium with different concentrations (0,5 and 10 mmol/L) of glucose and sucrose in incubator for 24 h or 2 h pretreament with sugar and 22 h without sugar. Subsequently, then the maturation of oocytes,the cleavage rates and blastocyst formation rates after in vitro fertilization(IVF) were evaluated. The results showed that a medium with 5 and 10 mmol/L glucose IVM could significantly increase the yak oocytes maturation and cleavage (P<0.05), and the highest blastocyst formation rates in 10 mmol/L glucose group was significantly higher than 0 mmol/L glucose (P<0.05).10 mmol/L sucrose could increase significantly the nucleus maturation rates (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference of the blastocyst formation rates after IVF between 0 and 10 mmol/L sucrose (P>0.05). Furthermore, the nucleus maturation rates,IVF cleavage rates and blastocyst formation rates of yak oocytes which pretreated with 10 mmol/L glucose were the highest in these groups, and were higher than 0 mmol/L glucose (P<0.05). It manifested that the appropriate concentration of sugar could improve the quality of yak oocytes and embryos in vitro developmental competence, so it influenced in vitro development of yak oocytes indirectly.     

SIRT1对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟与老化的影响

旨在探索SIRT1在牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟与老化过程中的作用。本研究在体外成熟液中分别添加SIRT1特异性激动剂SRT2104（SRT组）和特异性抑制剂Inauhzin（INZ组），牦牛卵丘卵母细胞复合体（COCs）体外培养24 h后，观察卵丘细胞的扩展和第一极体的排出情况；利用免疫荧光检测体外培养24与36 h后卵母细胞内的ROS水平；采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测体外培养24与36 h后卵母细胞内SIRT1、FOXO3a、SOD2以及Bax的表达水平；体外培养24与36 h后的牦牛卵母细胞进行体外受精，观察并统计其卵裂率与囊胚形成率。结果显示，体外培养24 h，SRT组的卵丘细胞扩展程度显著高于对照组（P<0.05），而INZ组的卵丘细胞扩展程度和第一极体排出率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。随着体外培养时间的增加，卵母细胞内的ROS水平显著增加（P<0.05）；添加SRT2104能显著抑制卵母细胞中ROS水平的积累（P<0.05），而添加Inauhzin则显著上调卵母细胞内的ROS水平（P<0.05）。体外培养24 h后，SRT组SIRT1、FOXO3a与SOD2的表达水平显著高于对照组（P < 0.05），但Bax的表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）；INZ组的SIRT1、FOXO3a与SOD2表达均显著低于对照组（P<0.05），但Bax的表达水平显著上调（P<0.05）。牦牛卵母细胞体外培养24 h后，SRT组的卵裂率与囊胚形成率显著高于INZ组和对照组（P<0.05）；卵母细胞体外培养36 h后，INZ组的卵裂率和囊胚形成率显著低于其他组（P<0.05）。综上表明，SIRT1参与了牦牛卵母细胞的体外成熟，在体外培养液中适当添加SIRT1激动剂，有利于卵母细胞体外成熟及缓解老化，同时改善早期胚胎的发育能力。     

Effect of 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone as an Antioxidant on In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes and Development of Parthenogenetic Embryos in Pigs

One of the factors that impairs in vitro produced porcine embryos is the oxidative stress that is mainly caused by the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidants activity, especially that of glutathione (GSH). Here, we examined the effect of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a kind of flavonoid antioxidant, on porcine oocyte maturation and its developmental competence. Porcine oocytes were cultured in media supplemented with 0, 1, 5 and 10 μM 7,8-DHF during both in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro culture (IVC) after parthenogenetic activation. Maturation of oocytes was evaluated based on first polar body (PB) extrusion and intracellular GSH level, and developmental competence was assessed through observing cleavage and blastocyst formation. In each step, the levels of intracellular GSH and ROS were assessed by fluorescence intensity, and the apoptosis-related gene expression was examined using semiquantitative RT-PCR. The group treated with 1 μM 7,8-DHF during IVM and IVC showed increased cytoplasmic maturation and reached the blastocysts stage (36.1%) at a higher rate than the other groups (24.7, 16.0 and 10.3% for 0, 5 and 10 μM, P<0.05). In that group, the intracellular GSH level was significantly increased while ROS generation was significantly decreased after IVM and IVC (P<0.05). Moreover, it showed high expression of an anti-apoptotic gene (BCL2L1) and low expression of a pro-apoptotic gene (BAK1) (P<0.05). In conclusion, treatment with 1 μM 7,8-DHF during IVM and IVC showed an anti-apoptotic effect by increasing intracellular GSH synthesis and scavenging ROS and therefore improved the developmental competence of porcine embryos.     

柠檬苦素对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟及其体外受精胚胎发育的影响

【目的】研究柠檬苦素(limonin,Lim)对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)及后续体外受精(IVF)胚胎发育潜能的影响,旨在为体外成熟培养系统的优化提供参考。【方法】在小鼠体外成熟培养液中添加不同浓度的Lim(0、10、20、50 μmol/L),成熟培养12 h后统计小鼠卵母细胞第一极体(PBI)排出率,筛选体外成熟培养液中添加Lim的最适浓度;在体外成熟培养液中添加最适浓度的Lim,以0 μmol/L Lim为对照组,成熟培养12 h,通过免疫荧光染色检测活性氧(ROS)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)以及线粒体膜电位(MMP)水平;通过实时荧光定量PCR检测卵母细胞抗氧化及凋亡相关基因的mRNA表达水平。将最适Lim组及对照组卵母细胞体外成熟24 h后进行体外受精,于体外受精24 h和3.5 d分别统计胚胎卵裂率和囊胚率,并用Fluorescein-dUTP和Hoechst 33342染色分别检测囊胚总细胞数及囊胚内凋亡细胞比率。【结果】与0 μmol/L Lim组相比,20 μmol/L Lim组小鼠卵母细胞PBI排出率显著升高(P＜0.05),后续试验均用20 μmol/L Lim进行处理。与对照组组相比,20 μmol/L Lim组小鼠卵母细胞内ROS水平显著降低(P＜0.05),GSH、MMP水平均显著增加(P＜0.05),抗氧化相关基因(GPx3、CAT和Prdx3)、抗凋亡相关基因(Bcl-2、Bcl-xl)表达水平均显著上调(P＜0.05),促凋亡相关基因(Caspase-3)表达水平显著下调(P＜0.05);体外受精胚胎的卵裂率、囊胚率、囊胚总细胞数均显著增加(P＜0.05),囊胚内细胞凋亡比率显著下降(P＜0.05)。【结论】在体外成熟培养液中添加20 μmol/L Lim可以通过抑制氧化应激和细胞凋亡、增加MMP水平提高小鼠卵母细胞质量,从而提高体外受精胚胎的发育潜力。     

Effect of maturation culture period of oocytes on the sex ratio of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos

It has been suggested that the maturational stage of oocytes at time of insemination influences the sex ratio of resulting embryos. However, there are very few reports concerning the relationship between the maturation culture period of oocytes and the sex ratio of resulting embryos. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of in vitro maturation culture period for bovine oocytes on the sex ratio of in vitro produced blastocysts using a novel technique of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Cumulus-oocyte complexes were collected from the ovaries of slaughtered cows, and then matured in vitro for various periods (16, 22, 28, and 34 h). After maturation culture for each period, the oocytes were inseminated with frozen-thawed spermatozoa, and then cultured in vitro. Blastocysts were harvested on Day 7 after insemination, and the sex of the embryos was examined using the LAMP method. The rates of oocytes matured to the metaphase II stage were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the 16-h maturation group than in the other groups. The proportion of blastocyst formation after insemination was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the 22-h maturation group than in the other groups. The proportion of male blastocysts increased with the increase in maturation culture period. The proportion of male blastocysts derived from oocytes matured for 34 h was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than from oocytes matured for 16 and 22 h. These results indicate that the sex ratio of in vitro fertilized embryos is apparently influenced by the maturation culture period of the oocytes.     

单宁酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟及胚胎发育能力的影响

研究旨在探讨单宁酸对猪卵母细胞体外成熟质量及其胚胎发育能力的影响。在猪卵丘卵母细胞复合体（COCs）体外成熟培养液中添加不同浓度（0、1、10、100 μg/mL）单宁酸培养42 h后,检测COCs的扩散程度和卵丘细胞扩散指数,统计COCs的体外成熟率,检测成熟卵母细胞内谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）、活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）和生长分化因子9（growth differentiation factor 9,GDF9）的水平,并统计孤雌激活及体外受精胚胎48和168 h的卵裂率、囊胚率及囊胚总细胞数。结果显示,与对照组相比,10 μg/mL单宁酸组卵丘细胞扩散指数显著提高（P<0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组显著降低（P<0.05）;1和10 μg/mL单宁酸组卵母细胞成熟率差异不显著（P>0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组卵母细胞成熟率显著降低（P<0.05）;1和10 μg/mL单宁酸组GSH和GDF9水平显著提高（P<0.05）,ROS水平显著降低（P<0.05）。孤雌胚胎和体外受精胚胎发育能力结果显示,与对照组相比,各单宁酸组卵裂率差异不显著（P>0.05）,10 μg/mL单宁酸组孤雌胚胎囊胚率及体外受精胚胎囊胚率显著提高（P<0.05）,100 μg/mL单宁酸组孤雌胚胎囊胚细胞数及体外受精胚胎囊胚细胞数均显著低于其他各组（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,10 μg/mL单宁酸可通过提高卵丘细胞扩散能力及GSH和GDF9水平、降低卵母细胞内ROS水平,改善猪卵母细胞成熟质量,提高孤雌胚胎及体外受精胚胎的发育能力。     

Effect of Oocytes in vivo and in vitro on the Developmental Potential of Porcine Somatic Cell Cloned Embryos

To investigate the impact of porcine oocytes in vivo and in vitro maturation (IVM) on the development of porcine somatic cell cloned embryos,the somatic cell cloned embryos cultured in vitro and the sows were treated with hormones to collect mature oocytes in vivo,and the cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and embryo implantation were compared. The results showed that the average number of ovulation in PGC+PMSG+HCG group was significantly higher than that of PGC+HCG,PMSG+HCG and the natural estrus groups (P<0.05). The oocytes collected in vivo could be used for the construction, and the available oocytes rate reached more than 90%,and there was no significant difference among the four groups (P>0.05),which indicated that groups treated by hormone could obtain more available oocytes and the quality of oocytes was not significant different. In vivo and in vitro matured oocytes were used as nuclear transfer embryos of recombinant receptor,the fusion efficiency (80.31% and 79.29%) and cleavage rate (90.40% and 86.51%) were not significant different (P>0.05), but the proportion of in vivo matured oocytes cloned embryos developed into the blastocyst stage was significantly higher (P<0.05). The reconstructed embryos made from in vivo and in vitro matured oocytes were transplanted into surrogate sows (transferred 30 or 60 embryos),10 piglets were born in in vivo maturation of cloned embryo transfer group,while there was no implantation in in vitro maturation of cloned embryo transfer group. The results showed that high quality oocytes obtained by superovulation could significantly increase the blastocyst rate of embryos,reduce the number of embryos transferred and improve the pregnancy rate of surrogate sows.     

Effect of culture medium and prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)) analogue on in vitro development of parthenogenetically activated cat oocytes

A method of reliably producing developmentally competent cat embryos in vitro is a prerequisite for study of the physiology of early development and application of assisted reproductive techniques. Oocytes were collected and then cultured in TCM-199 + 10% FBS for 4 h. The matured oocytes were activated with a 20 microsec electric pulse at 1.2 kV/mm. The activated oocytes were incubated in 2 mM of 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) for 4 h and were then divided randomly among the treatment groups. In experiment 1, we compared the effects of three culture systems (TCM-199, CR1-aa and Tyrode's) on the in vitro development of parthenogenetically activated cat oocytes. In experiment 2, we investigated the effect of addition of Iloprost (a stable prostaglandin I(2) analogue) to Tyrode's medium on in vitro development of parthenogenetically activated oocytes. As a control, we recovered in vivo produced blastocysts and determined their average cell number. In experiment 1, the cleavage frequency of the oocytes cultured in TCM199, CR1-aa and Tyrode's media were similar (74, 72 and 83%, respectively). However, the incidence of in vitro development to the blastocyst stage was significantly higher in Tyrode's medium (20.4%) than in TCM-199 (2.4%) or CR1-aa (11.1%). Likewise, the average cell number of in vitro activated blastocysts was higher in Tyrode's than in CR1-aa or TCM-199 (106.5 +/- 45.2 vs. 68.3 +/- 25.4 and 35.0 +/- 7.7, respectively; P<0.05). In experiment 2, the percentage of parthenogenetically activated oocytes that underwent in vitro blastocyst development was significantly improved by addition of Iloprost to the culture medium (33.6 vs. 19.1%; P<0.05). The average cell number of in vivo blastocysts (909.0 +/- 226.4) was significantly higher than those of in vitro blastocysts cultured in Tyrode's medium supplemented with or without Iloprost (103.2 +/- 31.3 and 112.2 +/- 39.3, respectively; P<0.05). This result indicated that the current culture method for cat pathogenetically activated oocytes requires further improvement.     

胚胎质量和发育阶段对奶牛胚胎移植妊娠率的影响

[目的]为了评估胚胎质量和发育阶段对奶牛胚胎移植妊娠率的影响。[方法]使用63头青年奶牛作为供体进行超数排卵,评估回收胚胎质量和发育阶段。选择334头青年奶牛作为受体鲜胚移植不同质量和发育阶段胚胎。对胚胎质量分布、发育阶段分布、不同质量胚胎和不同发育阶段胚胎移植30 d妊娠率进行统计分析。[结果]可用胚胎中A级胚胎比例(60.78%)显著高于B级和C级胚胎比例(36.70%和2.52%)(P<0.05);致密桑椹胚比例(54.36%)显著高于早期囊胚,囊胚和扩张囊胚比例(18.35%,25.0%和2.29%)(P<0.05)。A级和B级胚胎移植30 d妊娠率(63.55%和64.35%)显著高于C级胚胎移植30 d妊娠率(44.44%)(P<0.05);致密桑椹胚、早期囊胚、囊胚和扩张囊胚移植30 d妊娠率差异不显著(P<0.05),早期囊胚、囊胚移植30 d妊娠率高于致密桑椹胚、扩张囊胚移植30 d妊娠率(P<0.05)。[结论]选择不同发育阶段的A级和B级胚胎能够获得较高胚胎移植妊娠率,增加早期囊胚和囊胚阶段胚胎移植数量能够提高胚胎移植妊娠率。     

In vitro developmental potential of nuclear transfer embryos cloned with enucleation methods using pre-denuded bovine oocytes

Enucleation of a recipient oocyte is an important essential process in the procedure of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The present study investigated a method for the improvement of enucleation efficiency. Oocytes were denuded of cumulus cells before the completion of nuclear maturation (pre-denuded) after 12 h of culture at MI stage and subsequently cultured for additional 6 h until the completion of nuclear maturation and extrusion of the first polar body (PB1). The extrusion rate of PB1 was not significantly different in the pre-denuded oocyte group, compared with control oocyte group matured for 18 h. However, the number of oocytes showing the metaphase II (MII) located just underneath the PB1 was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the pre-denuded oocyte group than those in control oocyte group. To test the effect of pre-denuding on the enucleation rate and developmental potential of embryos to blastocyst stage, subsequent somatic cell nuclear transfer comparisons were made with three different methods of enucleation at MII stage using vital dyes (demicoline and Hoescht) or the PB1 (blind enucleation) to localize the chromosome plate. Enucleation rate of the oocytes with demicoline, Hoechst and pre-denuding enucleation groups were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of blind enucleation groups. However, cleavage rate to two-cell stage and, developmental rate to blastocyst and hatched blastocyst stage, the mean numbers of total and ICM cells in the SCNT embryos with Hoechst enucleation groups were significantly decreased (p<0.05), compared to those of blind, demicoline and pre-denuding enucleation groups. Moreover, the level of telomerase activity was also significantly (p<0.05) decreased in SCNT blastocysts of Hoechst enucleation group, compared to those of blind, demicoline and pre-denuding enucleation groups. Taken together, pre-denuding enucleation group using pre-denuded oocytes was a useful and simple enucleation method for bovine SCNT embryos.