水分胁迫下不同耐旱性糜子叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化特性

选取耐旱品种陇糜4号和旱敏感品种晋黍7号,利用防雨旱棚与人工控水相结合的方法,研究了水分胁迫对糜子产量、叶片保护酶活性及膜脂过氧化作用的影响。结果表明,与CK处理相比,水分胁迫降低了糜子的穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,重度水分胁迫下差异达显著（P<0.05）水平,且旱敏感品种晋黍7号的降低幅度大于耐旱品种陇糜4号。整个生育时期,糜子叶片的SOD、POD和CAT活性表现为先升高后降低的趋势,在抽穗期达到最大值; 水分胁迫降低了糜子叶片的SOD、POD和CAT活性,与对照相比,重度水分胁迫下达到显著性差异（P＜0.05）,重度水分胁迫下,耐旱品种陇糜4号SOD活性2年内平均降低22.58%,而旱敏感品种晋黍7号2年内平均降低44.94%。水分胁迫处理增加了糜子叶片的膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量和可溶性糖的含量,随着生育期的推进,糜子叶片可溶性糖含量表现为先升后降的趋势,在灌浆期表现为最大值。相关性分析结果表明,糜子产量与叶绿素含量、SOD活性、POD活性和CAT活性呈正相关关系。     

糜子叶片衰老与活性氧代谢研究

以榆糜3号为试验材料,研究糜子叶片衰老与活性氧代谢特性。结果表明,随着植株衰老,不同叶位超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶等保护性酶活性呈由高到低的变化趋势,旗叶活性氧保护酶含量高且下降缓慢,丙二醛含量低且增长缓慢,在籽粒灌浆中后期表现更为明显。研究认为,在旱作农业生产中,延缓叶片衰老,对促进糜子籽粒充实,提高糜子产量和品质具有重要作用。     

干旱条件下糜子叶片衰老与保护酶活性变化

在干旱棚栽培条件下以宁糜13号、内糜5号和晋糜4号糜子品种为材料,观测分析不同品种花后叶片叶绿素含量、保护酶活性(SOD、CAT、POD)以及丙二醛含量变化。结果表明,参试品种各功能叶片叶绿素含量及SOD、CAT、POD活性均在开花14 d后逐渐下降,MDA含量随着叶片的衰老而升高;参试品种叶片衰老的总体变化趋势一致,但衰老进程存在差异。与内糜5号和晋糜4号相比,宁糜13号叶绿素下降幅度小,各功能叶片衰老过程中SOD、CAT活性下降较慢,POD活性下降较快,MDA含量增加幅度小,叶片功能期长,衰老缓慢,有利于光合产物的积累;干旱条件下,叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶CAT、超氧化物歧化酶SOD与单株产量呈正相关,而过氧化物酶POD、丙二醛MDA与单株产量呈负相关。     

糜子幼苗对不同强度干旱胁迫的形态与生理响应

采用盆栽方法,研究了人工控水条件下,不同糜子品种苗期干旱条件下的形态和生理特性.结果表明,(1)与正常供水条件相比,轻度水分胁迫下陇糜4号、5283黄、晋黍7号3个品种在株高、叶面积、总根长、根系总体积等形态指标方面变化不大,但在重度胁迫时差异达显著水平;且随着胁迫程度的加剧,3品种各值呈下降趋势,晋黍7号的降幅小于陇糜4号和5283黄;(2)3品种根系的活性氧清除系统和渗透调节物质,随着胁迫程度的增加,SOD、POD、脯氨酸和可溶性糖的含量均呈上升趋势,上升幅度表现为陇糜4号＜5283黄＜晋黍7号,与正常供水相比,3品种的SOD、脯氨酸和可溶性糖在不同处理下与对照相比差异显著,除陇糜4号外,其它2品种的POD在中度和重度水分胁迫下与对照相比差异显著;(3)对叶绿素含量、叶片相对含水量和光合速率,随着胁迫程度的增加,3品种各值均呈下降趋势,晋黍7号受影响最大,3品种的各值在重度胁迫下与对照相比差异显著;(4)对根系活力及细胞膜透性而言,晋黍7号的根系活力受水分胁迫的影响较大,且晋黍7号的细胞膜透性和MDA含量增加幅度大,受干旱损害也大,抵御干旱的能力较弱,其抗旱性相对较弱,雨陇糜4号的抗旱性较强.     

干旱和盐胁迫对向日葵叶片蜡质积累的影响及蜡质烷烃合成基因的克隆

植物表皮蜡质在植物逆境胁迫响应中发挥重要作用。为了研究干旱和盐胁迫对向日葵叶片蜡质积累的影响,对三周龄向日葵分别进行干旱和盐胁迫处理,7 d后提取蜡质并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行分析。结果表明：向日葵幼苗叶片蜡质主要由初级醇、烷烃和脂肪酸组成,其含量分别占蜡质总含量的79%、10%和9%。干旱和盐胁迫均没有改变向日葵幼苗叶片蜡质的组成,但是能够显著提高蜡质总含量,与对照相比,分别增加了8.8%和8.5%。所有蜡质组分中,烷烃含量变化最大,分别在干旱和盐胁迫后较对照增加了62.5%和47.0%,表明了向日葵幼苗叶片蜡质组分中,烷烃积极响应干旱和盐胁迫。为进一步研究参与向日葵蜡质烷烃合成的基因,在向日葵基因组中进行同源检索,共获得6个差异表达的候选基因,克隆了两个在叶片中表达水平较高的HaCER1-1和HaCER3-1。测序结果显示,HaCER1-1和HaCER3-1编码区长度分别为1 869 bp和1 674 bp,编码622个和557个氨基酸的蛋白质。利用qRT-PCR技术进一步分析了NaCl和PEG溶液处理下HaCER3-1的表达水平,结果显示,在处理后的12 h时,HaCER3-1在叶片中的表达分别增加了11倍和3.5倍,表明HaCER3-1的表达受到干旱和盐胁迫的诱导。本研究为解析向日葵蜡质响应渗透胁迫和烷烃合成机制奠定了分子基础。     

不同节水种植模式对糜子籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响

以榆糜2号为材料,研究了长城沿线风沙区不同节水种植模式对糜子籽粒产量及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,节水种植可以有效地提高农田集水与保墒效果,明显提高土壤水分含量,降低糜子全生育期耗水量与耗水强度,其中,双沟覆膜产量达6 927.43 kg/hm2,比对照增产40.00％,其水分利用效率为17.22 kg/(hm2· ...     

棉花叶片中叶绿素、蜡质含量和叶片厚度与抗绿盲蝽的关系

为明确不同棉花品种(系)对绿盲蝽的抗性及其机制,通过网室内抗性鉴定和室内生化物质测定分析,系统研究了不同棉花品种(系)对绿盲蝽的抗性水平及棉花叶片中叶绿素和蜡质含量及叶片厚度与抗绿盲蝽的关系。结果表明,不同棉花品种对绿盲蝽抗性水平存在明显差异,其中石亚系1号综合抗性指数为179.49,达高抗水平。不同棉花品种(系)不同时期叶片中叶绿素和蜡质含量及叶片厚度均存在显著差异;苗期和蕾期棉花叶片中叶绿素含量和蕾期叶片中蜡质含量与其对绿盲蝽的抗性呈显著正相关;花铃期棉花叶片中叶绿素含量、苗期和花铃期叶片中蜡质含量及不同时期叶片厚度与其对绿盲蝽的抗性无明显相关性。     

基于高光谱反射率的糜子冠层叶片叶绿素含量估算

连续两年大田试验研究不同糜子品种叶绿素含量与冠层光谱反射率,并基于不同植被指数建立糜子叶片叶绿素含量的估测模型。结果表明,参试糜子品种叶绿素含量在整个生育期呈现"低-高-低"的抛物线变化趋势,最大值出现在抽穗期到开花期之间;不同品种各生育期内冠层光谱反射率趋势一致,在近红外波段,冠层光谱反射率与叶绿素含量呈稳定正相关,灌浆初期光谱反射率达到最大值;可见光波段,拔节期、开花期和灌浆初期冠层光谱反射率与冠层叶绿素含量呈正相关,成熟期呈负相关;糜子冠层叶绿素含量与760~900、630~690、550 nm波段组合的植被指数具有较高相关性;基于RVI、PSNDb、GNDVI750能较好地建立糜子叶绿素含量统一检测模型,决定系数分别为0.791、0.779、0.748;模型验证的相对误差分别为9.58%、8.93%、11.80%;均方根误差分别为0.045、0.140、0.196。表明利用RVI、PSNDb、GNDVI750建立的模型能较为准确地预测糜子冠层叶绿素含量。     

240份糜子种质资源萌芽期耐冷性综合评价及筛选

耐冷品种的选育是农业生产上解决低温冷害问题最直接有效的手段。以240份糜子资源为供试材料,研究了10℃低温胁迫（将25℃环境视为对照处理）对糜子萌芽期生长发育的影响,采用描述统计分析、相关线性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析,评估各糜子品种资源对冷胁迫的耐受性。结果表明：240份糜子资源在10℃冷胁迫下,萌发期各项指标平均值均低于对照处理,但不同品种的降幅存在显著差异,各指标变异系数的变化范围为20.59%～100.03%,表明参试糜子资源具有丰富的遗传多样性。相关分析表明：相对发芽势、相对发芽指数和相对发芽率之间呈极显著正相关,相对芽鲜重、相对活力指数和相对根鲜重之间呈极显著正相关,表明上述耐冷性状存在很大关联。主成分分析表明,前 3个主成分累计贡献率达到 87.22%,第1主成分主要与发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数有关,第2主成分主要与芽鲜重和根鲜重有关,第3主成分主要与根长和芽长有关。糜子资源耐冷性综合得分聚类分析结果显示,‘景泰疙瘩红’等22个品种为高度耐冷品种资源、‘张川麻糜子’等138个品种为耐冷品种资源、‘札达糜’等64个品种为冷敏感品种资源、‘PAN 21’等16个品种为高度冷敏感品种资源。     

不同生育阶段灌水处理对糜子农艺性状及产量的影响

在年降雨量不足40 mm的甘肃省敦煌市,以陇糜10号为指示品种,研究了不同生育阶段灌水处理对糜子主要农艺性状及产量的影响,应用灰色关联度法分析了主要农艺性状与产量的相关性。结果表明：水分亏缺延迟糜子成熟,延长了拔节至抽穗阶段的生长发育天数;生育期内任何阶段水分亏缺都降低了糜子株高、千粒重和产量,主穗长缩短,主茎粗变细,抽穗灌浆期水分亏缺极显著地影响单株穗重、单株粒重及单位面积穗数。不同土壤水分条件下,糜子单株粒重、单株穗重、千粒重、株高、主茎粗、主穗长、单位面积穗数都与糜子产量相关性较大。     

Mobilities of Organic Compounds in Reconstituted Cuticular Wax of Barley Leaves: Effects of Monodisperse Alcohol Ethoxylates on Diffusion of Pentachlorophenol and Tetracosanoic Acid

Effects of monodisperse alcohol ethoxylates on mobilities of ¹⁴C-labelled pentachlorophenol (PCP) and tetracosanoic acid (C₂₄AC) in reconstituted cuticular wax of barley leaves were measured. Depending on the respective alcohol ethoxylate investigated, the diffusion coefficient (D) of PCP in barley wax was increased by factors ranging from 3·3 to 19·6, whereas D of C₂₄AC, was increased by factors varying between 22 and 315. In order to analyse the relationship between the concentration of surfactants in the wax and their effects on D, the amounts of alcohol ethoxylates dissolved in the wax at equilibrium with external concentrations well above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) were determined. Wax/water partition coefficients (K_ww) of the alcohol ethoxylates were about one order of magnitude lower than cuticle/water partition coefficients (K_cw), which is a consequence of the semi-crystalline structure of the wax compared with amorphous cutin. Correlations between effects on D and maximum amounts of alcohol ethoxylates dissolved in the wax were obtained indicating an unspecific wax/surfactant interaction. This was solely dependent on the amount of surfactant sorbed to the wax, leading to increased mobilities of pesticides in the wax. Applying ESR-spectroscopy, which gave an insight into the molecular structure of the wax, supported this interpretation of an unspecific plasticising effect of the alcohol ethoxylates on the molecular structure of the wax. The results obtained in this study are in good accordance with the results obtained in a recent study investigating the effects of the same group of alcohol ethoxylates on mobilities of pesticides in isolated, but intact, cuticular membranes of Citrus. This demonstrates that the investigation of isolated and subsequently reconstituted cuticular wax is a useful model system analysing the mechanisms of the surfactant interaction with the transport-limiting barrier of plant cuticles.     

Investigations on the role of cuticular wax in resistance to powdery mildew in grapevine

Cuticular wax on the plant epidermis inhibits or enhances prepenetration events of powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator Schwein). We examined the role of cuticular leaf and berry waxes as a resistance mechanism in four grapevine genotypes (Italia?×?Mercan-174, Gürcü, Isabella, Özer Karas?) resistant to powdery mildew after natural infection and inoculation. To understand cuticular wax properties, we determined the amount of wax and antifungal effects of thin layer chromatography (TLC) fractions from cuticular leaf and berry waxes, then assessed the chemical composition of fractions with different antifungal activities using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Susceptible genotypes Cabernet Sauvignon and Italia were used for comparison. Resistant and sensitive genotypes did not differ significantly in the total amount of wax on leaves and berries; however, 27 fatty acids, 26 alkanes, 6 terpenes, 4 indole derivatives and 4 ketones, and 3 amides, 3 phenols and 3 steroids were detected in fractions with high antifungal activity (≥75% inhibition of germination) in leaf and/or berry cuticular waxes of resistant genotypes only. These compounds may be evaluated as markers for powdery mildew resistance during genotype selection in a grapevine breeding program.     

Modelling the effects of alcohol ethoxylates on diffusion of pesticides in the cuticular wax of Chenopodium album leaves

Cuticular waxes represent the first and, in most cases, the limiting barrier for foliar uptake of pesticides from solution. Sorption of pesticides in reconstituted cuticular wax (wax/water partition coefficients) of Chenopodium album L. and in isolated cuticular membranes (cuticle/water partition coefficients) of Prunus laurocerasus L. was determined. Diffusion coefficients of pesticides in reconstituted cuticular wax of C. album leaves were size-dependent, increasing with increasing molar volume. In the presence of alcohol ethoxylates, diffusion coefficients were enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude, and size selectivity was significantly decreased. The accelerating effect and the decrease in size selectivity were attributed to plasticisation of the cuticular wax by the alcohol ethoxylates increasing the fluidity in the wax. A free volume model adopted from polymer science was successfully applied to predict diffusion coefficients of pesticides on the basis of the transport properties of the wax (size selectivity and crystallinity), the molar volume of the diffusing compound and the accelerator concentration in the wax.     

Influence of metolachlor and the metolachlor protectant CGA 43089 on the biosynthesis of epicuticular waxes on the primary leaves of Sorghum bicolor Moench

Epicuticular wax synthesis by the primary leaf of Sorghum bicolor seedlings is inhibited when the germinating seeds are treated with 5 ppm metolachlor before germination. The composition of the free and esterified primary alcohols plus free and esterified fatty acids and aldehydes have been analysed. The predominant alcohol (75%) had 32 carbons while the 28- and 30-carbon homologues accounted for 78% of the fatty acids. Treatment of the germinating seeds with metolachlor strongly inhibited formation of the C₂₈, C₃₀ and C₃₂ alcohols. Synthesis of C₃₀ and C₃₂ fatty acids was decreased while that of the C₂₆ homologues was somewhat elevated. Simultaneous treatment of the germinating seed with metolachlor and the herbicide protectant CGA 43089 (α-[cyanomethoximino]-benzacetonitrile) resulted in normal wax synthesis. The results lead to the conclusion that the protectant prevents metolachlor from inhibiting synthesis of the dominating C₂₈ to C₃₀ chain-length constituents of the sorghum epicuticular wax.     

Mobilities of organic compounds in reconstituted cuticular wax of barley leaves: Determination of diffusion coefficients

Isolated cuticular wax, obtained from barley leaves, was mixed with ¹⁴Clabelled organic chemicals including aromatic pesticides and long-chain linear alkanes, alcohols and acids. These mixtures were reconstituted from the melt and labelled chemicals were desorbed from the wax by immersing the wax samples in aqueous phospholipid suspensions. Diffusion coefficients (D) of radiolabelled test compounds in the wax were derived from desorption kinetics. Diffusion coefficients ranged from 10^?17 to 10^?22 m² s^?1 and decreased rapidly with increasing molar volumes of solutes. However, size selectivity of D was much more pronounced with the linear, long-chain molecules than with the aromatic compounds. It is argued that the two different groups of chemicals (compounds occurring naturally in cuticular waxes vs pesticide molecules) were trapped in different fractions of wax during crystallization from the melt. The normal long-chain aliphatic compounds appear to be incorporated into the crystalline fraction of the wax, while the cyclic pesticide molecules are confined to the solid amorphous regions. Our data indicate that constituents of cuticular waxes are not immobile. In fact, relatively small linear aliphatic molecules have mobilities that do not differ too much from those of cyclic pesticides. However, the pronounced size selectivity of diffusivities of long-chain aliphatic compounds causes a rapid decrease in D with increasing chain length. The value of D of hexadecanoic acid was 3.81 × 10^?18 m² s^?1 while that of dotriacontane was only 4.07 × 10^?22 m² s^?1. Thus, increasing the carbon number by a factor of two resulted in a decrease in mobility by almost four orders of magnitude. Diffusivities of selected pesticide molecules in reconstituted wax were compared with permeances measured using intact barley leaves and were found to be in satisfactory agreement.     

The biochemical correlation between the epicuticular wax of upland cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis> L.) and the wax of different mealybug species

The study aimed to find the possible differences, existing between the cuticular waxes of cotton and mealybug insects, using advanced analytical studies. The biochemical composition of the leaf wax of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and the cuticular wax of the different mealybug species, including Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink, and Drosicha mangiferae Green were analyzed in detail by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results clearly confirmed that the cotton wax is dominated by the six-carbon alkanes, while the mealybug wax is a mixture of both the five-carbon alkanes and the six-carbon alkanes. Apart from these differences, the common hydrocarbons such as hexadecane, icosane, and heneicosane, the uncommon hydrocarbons such as ethane, cyclobutanone, decane, and cyclododecane, the species-specific compounds of mealybugs such as myristyl alcohol, quinoline, hexacosane, and pentacosane were also identified and their retention times (RT) were listed out in detail. The outcome of this study will be useful to develop pest management techniques targeting the waxy cuticle of mealybugs without obstructing the normal physiology and growth of the cotton crop.