Effects of Plastic Film Mulching of Millet on Soil Moisture and Temperature in Semi-Arid Areas in South Ningxia of China

The effects of film mulching of millet on soil water content were studied in semi-arid areas in the Loess Plateau of South Ningxia, China. Different mulching methods including water micro-collecting farming （WF）, water micro-collecting farming in winter fallow （WW）, hole seeding on film （HF）, hole seeding on film in winter fallow （HW） were compared to determine the effects of mulching methods on soil water collecting and conservation during millet growth periods of 2003-2004, as well as the variation tendency of water content after rainfall, output of millet and water use efficiency （WUE）. The experimental results in the two successive years indicated that water micro-collecting farming had a better function of collecting water after rainfall, and side infiltrated water was stored under the ridges and the top layer 0-40 cm soil water changes were great. WF had obvious role in water collection and preservation of soil moisture. It effectively improved the water supply capacity by about 19.05% in the end of growth seasons. The storage of HW and WW increased by 24.9 and 7.1 mm compared with CK, and output of yield were obviously increased. Film mulching increased the yield of millet and enhanced water use efficiency （WUE）. During different growth periods, WF exhibited better water storage function with lower water consumption, and demonstrated optimal social and ecological benefits.     

The Effects of Different Fertilizing Methods on Nitrification and Denitrification in Black Soil in Songnen Plain

The paper compared the effects of application of farm manure with chemical fertilizers on nitrification and denitrification in black soil, the result showed that the numbers of nitrobacterias and denitrobacterias in farm manure treatment were both higher than that of other treatments. The intensity of denitrification in chemical treatment was higher than that of manure treatment. The content of organic matter in soil was correlated with the intensity of nitrification and denitrification, and the coefficients were resnectively 0.9981 and 0.8693.     

Effects of N and K Fertilization on Cotton in Saline Soil

海涂棉花施用氮钾肥的田间试验于１９９５年在浙江省上虞市海涂实验场进行．试验结果表明，施用氮肥能大大促进棉花生长，显著增加棉花产量，而施用钾肥对棉花生长和产量无显著影响，这与土壤有效钾含量较高有关．从经济效果和产量来看，最适施氮量（Ｎ）为２７０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２．     

The Effects of Applying Organic Matter in Wind Blown Soil on Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activity

Field experiment was conducted to study the effect of applying organic matter in wind blown soil on microbial biomass and enzyme activity. The results showed that microbial biomass and enzyme activity keep dynamic changes during wheat growing season in wind blown soil, and reached the peak level in wheat booting stage. Compared with chemical fertilizer ,all the other treatments could increase the microbial biomass in different degree, the same as catalsae and alkaline phosphatase activity,But urease activity was slightly difference from them.     

Effects of Tetcyclacis on Plant Growth and Development in Triticale cv.Lasko

Experiments with tecyclacis applied as a seed-dressing carried out with triticale cv.Lasko in pots in the glasshouse and in hand-sown plots in the field.The sesults showed that tetcyclacis significantly delayed seedling emergence and inhibited the elongating growth in plant seedling stage,but not affected the growth and development of the adult plant during the late stage of stem extension and the stage of grain expansionl.No significant difference was found in fertile stem number,grain quality and yield between the treated plants with tetcyclacis and control.     

Influence of P and Cd Interaction on Spinach Growth and Uptake P and Cd in Calcareous Soil

采用盆栽试验,研究了石灰性土壤中磷、镉交互作用对菠菜生长的影响。结果表明,磷的添加可减轻镉对菠菜生长的毒害,随着向土壤中添加磷浓度的增加,菠菜叶片中叶绿素含量和菠菜生物量呈先增后降的趋势。当镉浓度相同条件下,随着向土壤中添加磷浓度的升高,菠菜叶片中叶绿素含量和菠菜生物量也呈现先增后降的趋势,其中土壤中磷浓度为150mg/kg时,菠菜的生物量达到最大,且叶片中叶绿素含量也最高。当向土壤中添加镉浓度为1.5、20mg/kg时,施磷均明显降低了菠菜植株中镉的含量。研究还发现,植株体内磷、镉的含量与土壤环境中的磷、镉浓度呈显著正相关关系。     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Distribution of Organic Matters and Nitrogen in Cinnamon Soil Macro-Aggregates

Soil samples collected from a 25-year long-term fertilizer experiment carried out on the Earth-cumulic-Orthic Anthrosols in semi-humid farmland ecological system, were used to study the distribution of soil organic matters, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammoniate nitrogen in different grades of soil macro-aggregates in order to study the effects of long-term application of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers. It is showed that the percentage of mass of the soil macro-aggregates with long-term application of fertilizers with sizes of 5-2 mm is increased compared with that of the samples with no fertilizer. It is easier to form lager size soil macro-aggregates by the long-term application of organic manures in combination with chemical fertilizers. The contents of organic matters, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen are all higher after treatments with different combinations of fertilizers, while there is a little effect on the contents of ammoniate nitrogen. The contents of organic matters, total nitrogen in the grades of soil macro-aggregates from the plough layers of the treated farmland exhibited significant difference. Moreover, the contents of organic matters and total nitrogen in the soil macro-aggregates with the size of 1-0.25 mm is the highest in all treated soil samples. The contents of nitrate nitrogen in soil macro-aggregates increased with the increasing of soil macro-aggregate size except those applied with chemical fertilizer and lower amount of corn stover. The results of correlation analysis revealed that there exists a significantly positive correlation between the percentage of mass of soil macro-aggregates with the size of 5-2 mm and the contents of organic matters, total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the soil samples. However, the correlation between the percentage of mass of soil macro-aggregates with the size of 1-0.25 rnm and the contents of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen is significantly negative.The study showed that the highest contributing rates of macro-aggregates fractions to soil fertility is from the soil macro-aggregates fraction with the size of 1-0.25 mm in most of the cases.     

Effects of Magnesium Compound with Fertilizer on Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） Growth and Soil Nutrients

Effects of two kinds of magnesium compound with fertilizer on Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） growth, yield, and soil nutrients in red soil were studied. The results indicated that significant effects of magnesium applied to soils were observed in increasing Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） yield, improving its growth, and strengthening its antivirus property as well as increasing the amount of exchangeable Mg, N, P, and K in red soil. In particular, the effects of magnesium compound fertilizer Ⅱ （MCF2） with higher Mg content were better than that of the others, which increased Daylily （Hemerocallis citrina Baroni） yield by 57.4, 32.8, and 14.5% compared to that of control treatment （CK）, chemical fertilizer with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium treatment （CF）, and magnesium compound fertilizer Ⅰ treatment （MCF1） with lower Mg content. It increased soil Alkali N, available P, exchangeable K, and exchangeable Mg by 94.9, 46.5, 31.1, and 35.3%, respectively, compared with that of CK treatment. Therefore, the application of magnesium compound with fertilizer is an optimum method for improving red soil quality.     

Characteristics of Soil Fertility of Buried Ancient Paddy at Chuodun Site in Yangtze River Delta, China

Field investigation and laboratory analysis of 22 ancient paddy soils excavated at Chuodun site, Kunshan City, Jiangsu Province, China were carried out in 2003 to （1） understand the basic characteristics of ancient paddy soils, （2） compare the difference of soil fertility between ancient paddy soils and recent paddy soils, and （3） inquire into mechanisms of the sustainability of paddy soil. The oldest paddy soils at Chuodun site can be dated back to Neolithic age, around 6000 aBP. These ancient fields were buried in about 1-m deep from the soil surface and their areas ranged from 0.32 to 12.9 m^2 with an average of 5.2 m^2. The paddy soils with 〉 5 000 pellets phytolith g^-1 soil were termed intensively cultivated paddy soils （ICPS） and those with 〈5000 pellets phytolith g^-1 soil were called weakly cultivated soils （WCPS）. The contents of organic carbon （OC）, and total N in the former were significantly higher than that in the latter. Ancient paddy soils had higher soil pH and C/N, total and available P, and lower contents of OC, DOC, total N, S, Cu, Fe, and available K, S, Fe, Mn, and Cu compared with recent paddy soils, which were attributed to application of chemical and manure fertilizers, pollution and acidification in recent paddy soils. The variation coefficients of OC and other nutrients in ancient paddy soils with higher PI were greater than that in ancient paddy soils with low PI, which indicated that human activities had a great impact on the spatial variability of soil nutrients. The contents of OC, total N, P and S in ancient paddy soils were higher than that in ancient moss of the same age, which indicated that planting rice during Majiabang culture period was beneficial to the accumulation of those life elements.     

Single and Combined Effects of As （Ⅲ） and Acetochlor on Phosphatase Activity in Soil

The actions and interactions of acetochlor and As on the soil phosphatase activity were investigated after 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 30 and 60 d of exposure under control conditions. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of acetochlor and As individually and simultaneously. The results showed that acetochlor, As only, and combined pollution all clearly inhibited soil phosphatase activity. The maximum inhibition ratios of soil phosphatase activity by acetochlor, As only and combined pollution were 36.44, 74.12 and 61.29%, respectively. Two kinetic models, ν=c/(1+bi) (model 1) and ν=c(1+ai)/(l+bi) (model 2), were used to describe the relationship between the concentrations of As and acetochlor and the activity of soil phosphatase. The semi-effect dose (ED 50 ) values induced by As and acetochlor stress based on the inhibition of soil phosphatase were 18.1 and 33.11 mg kg-1, respectively, according to calculation by model 1. The interactive effect of acetochlor with As on soil phosphatase primarily consisted of significant antagonism effects at the higher concentrations tested. The step regression results show that the toxicity order was As (III)>acetochlor>As (III)×acetochlor throughout the incubation period.     

Effects of Chinese Medicinal Herb on Growth and Immunization of Laying Chicks

1　Introduction　　 The results of many animal experiments and clinical trails have shown that Chinese medicinal herb( CMH) are very active on immunological functions of animals and contain many immunomodulating a-gents,such as polysaccharides or saponins isolated from Astragalus membranacens( AM) ,Schisandra chi-nensis( SC) ,Ligustrum Lucidum( LL) ,Codonopsis,Scutellaria baicalensis( SB) ,Atractylodes macrocepha-la( AMA) ,Haw,Ginger,Acanthopanax scenticosns ( AS) ,Angelica and Lyci…     

Effects of Fertilizing Materials on Rapidly Available-N in Black Soil in Songnen Plain

The analyses on the mathematical models of the long- term location test in black soil in Song-nen Plain shows that farm manure and chemical fertilizers make great contribution to rapidly available-N in soil, while stalk makes less contribution. The most optimal pattern of fertilizing materials is 28 t / ha of farm manure, 630 kg / ha chemical fertilizers and 2.41 / ha of stalk.     

The Application of Soil and Water Conservation Measures in Farmland Water Conservancy Planning of the Yellow River Flood Area——Take Zhoukou area as an example

简要地介绍了周口地区的自然概况,针对该地区现有的农田水利规划进行分析集中概括了目前存在的主要问题,最后提出解决问题的策略和方法以及带来的实际效益。     

Dormancy Characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ and Effects of Spraying 6-benzyladenine on Its Germination and Flowering in Long-day Treatment

[Objective] The dormancy characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were studied, and 6-BA was used to break the dormancy, with the aim to achieve the purpose of flowering in autumn. [Method] The new shoots of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were conducted with hydroponics to investigate their dormancy time. And cytokinin 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)was used to treat the dormant shoots, to investigate the budding, flowering and flower bud differentiation. [Result] The shoots in long-day treatment entered endodormancy after August 7~(th) and the shoots in the natural daylight entered endodormancy before July 18~(th). In long-day treatment, 116 buds, 198 flowers were observed after 6-BA spraying. [Conclusion] The optimum concentration of 6-BA was 300 mg/L. And the flower bud differentiation of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment was faster than those in natural daylight after 6-BA spraying.     

Effects of Cropping System Change for Paddy Field with Double Harvest Rice on the Crops Growth and Soil Nutrient

The effects of the cropping system change for paddy field with double harvest rice on crops growth and soil nutrient in red soil were studied. The results indicated that the economic benefit and the ratio of the output to input were all increased in terms of the market price for the crops under various treatments. The greatest economic benefit was obtained in the treatment of paddy-upland rotation, and the corresponding economic benefit was increased by 34.7, 21.4, and 2.2% in comparison with that of control （rice-rice-astragali）, pasture, and upland cropping treatments. The economic benefits in pasture and upland cultivation treatments were increased by I 1.0 and 31.8%, respectively, when compared with that of the control treatment （CK）. The ratio of output to input in pasture, paddy-upland rotation, and upland cropping treatments was enhanced by 0.9, 0.6, and 0.3, respectively, in comparison with that of control. To grow pasture is beneficial for improving soil fertility since the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available phosphorus are all enhanced significantly. However, the concentrations of the soil available nitrogen, the total potassium, the available potassium were somewhat reduced in all the treatments, suggesting that increasing the input of nitrogen, particularly potassium, was necessary under the present fertilization level. Based on the conditions of fertility, climate, cultivation, and management of paddy field with double harvest rice in red soil regions, it is feasible to alter the cultivation system of paddy field with bad irrigation condition. In particular, cultivation systems such as pasture and paddy-upland rotation can be selected to extend because better economic benefit and improvement of soil fertility in the purpose region were obtained.     

The Efect of High Temperature and Clenb-uterol on Performance and Carcas Composition of Broilers

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Soil Phosphorus Release to the Water Bodies in the Upland Fields of Yellow Soil Areas and Impacting Factor

Soil phosphorus release to the water bodies in the upland fields of yellow soil areas and impacting factor was studied in Guizhou province. The results showed that the content of dissolved active P of surface runoff from various upland fields of yellow-soil were significantly different, which the concentrations of dissolved active P of runoff correlated with the contents of available-P, amorphous oxides of A1, and organic matter in the soils. The amount of soil phosphorus release to the water bodies affected by the level of applying P fertilizer and the process of corn growth, which with fertilizing from 150 to 900 kg P205 ha^-1 in the soil with high P level, the average contents of dissolved active P in the permeability-water of the soil increased from 0.020 mg L^-1 to 0.137 mg L^-1. The amount of soil phosphorus release to the water bodies also affected by environmental factor, which the amount of soil phosphorus release significantly increased under the conditions that temperature is 30℃-35℃, water/soil ratios is 15：1-25：1, submergence-time by water is 12-18 h and pH value of acid rains is 3.82-3.73.     

Effect of Different Iron Compounds on Growth of Rice in a Selected Pakistani Calcareous Soil

为了评价ＦｅＳＯ４、Ｆｅ２（ＳＯ４）３、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、Ｆｅ（ＮＯ３）３和Ｆｅ－ＥＤＴＡ在巴基斯坦钙积干旱土上对水稻产量和化学组成的影响，进行了盆栽试验．结果表明：每千克土壤施用１０和１５ｍｇＦｅ后，５种铁源均使水稻植株株高、稻草产量、总分蘖数、有效分蘖和千粒重明显增加．稻谷和稻草中的铁、氮、钾含量显著增加，而磷、铜、锰则减少，不同铁化合物对水稻生长和水稻植物养分含量相对影响次序为Ｆｅ－ＥＤＴＡ＞Ｆｅ２ＳＯ４＞Ｆｅ（ＮＯ３）３＞Ｆｅ２（ＳＯ４）３＞Ｆｅ２Ｏ３．